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Tan J, Liu T, Fan W, Wei J, Zhu B, Liu Y, Liu L, Zhang X, Chen S, Lin H, Zhang Y, Li J. Anti-PD-L1 antibody enhances curative effect of cryoablation via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mediating PD-L1 highCD11b + cells elimination in hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:632-647. [PMID: 36873191 PMCID: PMC9978915 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryoablation (CRA) and microwave ablation (MWA) are two main local treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, which one is more curative and suitable for combining with immunotherapy is still controversial. Herein, CRA induced higher tumoral PD-L1 expression and more T cells infiltration, but less PD-L1highCD11b+ myeloid cells infiltration than MWA in HCC. Furthermore, CRA had better curative effect than MWA for anti-PD-L1 combination therapy in mouse models. Mechanistically, anti-PD-L1 antibody facilitated infiltration of CD8+ T cells by enhancing the secretion of CXCL9 from cDC1 cells after CRA therapy. On the other hand, anti-PD-L1 antibody promoted the infiltration of NK cells to eliminate PD-L1highCD11b+ myeloid cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) effect after CRA therapy. Both aspects relieved the immunosuppressive microenvironment after CRA therapy. Notably, the wild-type PD-L1 Avelumab (Bavencio), compared to the mutant PD-L1 atezolizumab (Tecentriq), was better at inducing the ADCC effect to target PD-L1highCD11b+ myeloid cells. Collectively, our study uncovered the novel insights that CRA showed superior curative effect than MWA in combining with anti-PD-L1 antibody by strengthening CTL/NK cell immune responses, which provided a strong rationale for combining CRA and PD-L1 blockade in the clinical treatment for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Tan
- Department of Interventional Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenzhe Fan
- Department of Interventional Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Department of Interventional Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Department of Interventional Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yafang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lingwei Liu
- Department of Interventional Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- Department of Interventional Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Songling Chen
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haibiao Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional, Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaping Li
- Department of Interventional Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Combined Immune Checkpoint Blockade Enhances Antiviral Immunity against Bovine Leukemia Virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0143022. [PMID: 36598199 PMCID: PMC9888214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01430-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) in cattle and is widespread in many countries, including Japan. Recent studies have revealed that the expression of immunoinhibitory molecules, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and PD-ligand 1, plays a critical role in immunosuppression and disease progression during BLV infection. In addition, a preliminary study has suggested that another immunoinhibitory molecule, T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), is involved in immunosuppression during BLV infection. Therefore, this study was designed to further elucidate the immunoinhibitory role of immune checkpoint molecules in BLV infection. TIM-3 expression was upregulated on peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in BLV-infected cattle. Interestingly, in EBL cattle, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating lymphomas expressed TIM-3. TIM-3 and PD-1 were upregulated and coexpressed in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from BLV-infected cattle. Blockade by anti-bovine TIM-3 monoclonal antibody increased CD69 expression on T cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BLV-infected cattle. A syncytium formation assay also demonstrated the antiviral effects of TIM-3 blockade against BLV infection. The combined inhibition of TIM-3 and PD-1 pathways significantly enhanced IFN-γ production and antiviral efficacy compared to inhibition alone. In conclusion, the combined blockade of TIM-3 and PD-1 pathways shows strong immune activation and antiviral effects and has potential as a novel therapeutic method for BLV infection. IMPORTANCE Enzootic bovine leukosis caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an important viral disease in cattle, causing severe economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of BLV-host interactions are complex. Previously, it was found that immune checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1, suppress BLV-specific Th1 responses as the disease progresses. To date, most studies have focused only on how PD-1 facilitates escape from host immunity in BLV-infected cattle and the antiviral effects of the PD-1 blockade. In contrast, how T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), another immune checkpoint molecule, regulates anti-BLV immune responses is rarely reported. It is also unclear why PD-1 inhibition alone was insufficient to exert anti-BLV effects in previous clinical studies. In this study, the expression profile of TIM-3 in T cells derived from BLV-infected cattle suggested that TIM-3 upregulation is a cause of immunosuppression in infected cattle. Based on these results, anti-TIM-3 antibody was used to experimentally evaluate its function in influencing immunity against BLV. Results indicated that TIM-3 upregulation induced by BLV infection suppressed T-cell activation and antiviral cytokine production. Some T cells coexpressed PD-1 and TIM-3, indicating that simultaneous inhibition of PD-1 and TIM-3 with their respective antibodies synergistically restored antiviral immunity. This study could open new avenues for treating bovine chronic infections.
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Gao Y, Wang Z, Cui Y, Xu M, Weng L. Emerging Strategies of Engineering and Tracking Dendritic Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:24-43. [PMID: 36520013 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), a kind of specialized immune cells, play key roles in antitumor immune response and promotion of innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, many strategies have been developed to utilize DCs in cancer therapy, such as delivering antigens and adjuvants to DCs and using scaffold to recruit and activate DCs. Here we outline how different DC subsets influence antitumor immunity, summarize the FDA-approved vaccines and cancer vaccines under clinical trials, discuss the strategies for engineering DCs and noninvasive tracking of DCs to improve antitumor immunotherapy, and reveal the potential of artificial neural networks for the design of DC based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhixuan Wang
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Cui
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Miaomiao Xu
- School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lixing Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Geography and Biological Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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54
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Chakraborty B, Byemerwa J, Krebs T, Lim F, Chang CY, McDonnell DP. Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Immune System. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:117-141. [PMID: 35709009 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune function in normal homeostasis and in autoimmunity is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how estrogens affect innate and adaptive immune cell activity and how dysregulation of estrogen signaling underlies the pathobiology of some autoimmune diseases and cancers. The potential roles of the major circulating estrogens, and each of the 3 estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled receptor) in the regulation of the activity of different immune cells are considered. This provides the framework for a discussion of the impact of ER modulators (aromatase inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and selective estrogen receptor downregulators) on immunity. Synthesis of this information is timely given the considerable interest of late in defining the mechanistic basis of sex-biased responses/outcomes in patients with different cancers treated with immune checkpoint blockade. It will also be instructive with respect to the further development of ER modulators that modulate immunity in a therapeutically useful manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binita Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jovita Byemerwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Taylor Krebs
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Known Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Felicia Lim
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Wang S, Liu Y, Liang Y, Sun L, Du X, Shi Y, Meng J. Excessive Immune Activation and the Correlation with Decreased Expression of PD-1 at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:192-202. [PMID: 35708884 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of preeclampsia (PE) is still unknown, and excessive immune activation is an important component of its pathogenesis. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is one of immune checkpoints which may prevent overactivated immune attack and lead to a tolerant immune microenvironment. Little is known about the involvement of PD-1-mediated immunoregulation at the maternal-fetal interface in PE. To investigate the inflammatory pattern and the involvement of PD-1 in the decidua of women with PE, decidual tissues were obtained from PE and control pregnant women. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA levels of the inflammatory cytokines was performed. PD-1 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, and flow cytometry. To prove the role of PD-1, decidual immune cells were incubated with blocking antibodies, and the inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA. We observed that the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were higher in the decidua of the PE group than in the decidua of the control group. The mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were lower in PE. The expression level of PD-1 was significantly downregulated, and the proportion (%) of PD-1 + CD45 + cells was significantly lower in PE. There was a significant linear correlation between PD-1 expression and common proinflammatory cytokines in the decidua. Anti-PD-1 blocking antibody significantly increased the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Our data suggested that the inflammatory pattern and decreased PD-1 expression in the decidua might play an active role in the local immunoregulatory mechanisms of PE. The PD-1 pathway in the maternal-fetal interface possibly function to break the tolerant immune microenvironment in PE via inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yining Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yueyang Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinlai Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, 250021, Shandong Province, China.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Li Y, Shen F, Tan Q, Chen Y, Gu Y. Research Progress of Immuno-Inhibitory Receptors in Gynecological Cervical Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231208846. [PMID: 37908109 PMCID: PMC10621300 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231208846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of cervical cancer is the highest among female malignant tumors and seriously threatens women's lives and health. Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer, which provides the basis for immunotherapy. In recent years, owing to progress in targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the survival time of patients with cervical cancer has been significantly extended. However, effective treatments for advanced, recurrent, and metastatic cancers are lacking. "Tumor immunotherapy" has been described as a viable option for tumor therapy but the efficacy of immunotherapy for cervical cancer has only been demonstrated in phase I or II clinical trials. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promising clinical results particularly for treating recurrent and advanced cervical cancer, however, they remain inadequate in some patients. Immune checkpoint is the target of immunotherapy. Therefore, the identification of novel therapeutic targets is essential. In this paper, the structure, expression, function, biological effect of immune inhibitory receptors (IRs) and related clinical studies were reviewed, in order to further explore the application potential of these immune checkpoints and apply them to the future clinical treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fangrong Shen
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingqing Tan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Affiliated Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Vaishampayan P, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Dickinson SE. Review: PD-L1 as an emerging target in the treatment and prevention of keratinocytic skin cancer. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:52-61. [PMID: 36121318 PMCID: PMC9771956 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding and targeting of immune checkpoints have led to great progress in immune therapies against many forms of cancer. While many types of immune checkpoints are currently targeted in the clinic, this review will focus on recent research implicating the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis as an emerging focus for the treatment of keratinocytic tumors. PD-L1 is of particular interest in nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), as it is not only upregulated in these tumors but is stimulated by environmental ultraviolet exposure. This response may also make PD-L1 an excellent target for photochemoprevention using topically applied small molecule inhibitors. Here, we summarize recent investigations on PD-L1 expression and clinically relevant immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, as well as small molecule agents targeting PD-L1 that may be useful for clinical development aiming at treatment or prevention of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Curiel-Lewandrowski
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Division of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sally E Dickinson
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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58
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Liu Z, Wan H, Tan Y, Li D, Huang J, Zhang C, Liu F, Qin B. Bibliometric and visual analyses of trends in the field of T cell exhaustion research: Findings from 2000 to 2022. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2023; 37:3946320231215219. [PMID: 37975658 PMCID: PMC10656813 DOI: 10.1177/03946320231215219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell exhaustion refers to a state wherein T cells become less functional as a result of their prolonged exposure to cognate antigens. A wealth of T cell exhaustion-focused research has been conducted in recent decades, transforming the current understanding of this biologically relevant process. However, there have not been any comprehensive bibliometric analyses to date focused on clarifying the T cell exhaustion-related research landscape. Here, a bibliometric analysis was thus conducted with the goal of better elucidating the current state of knowledge and emerging research hotspots in this field. METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection was searched for articles and reviews related to T cell exhaustion, with the CiteSpace and VOSviewer programs then being employed to analyze the countries, institutions, authors, references, and keywords associated with studies in this research space. RESULTS In total, 2676 studies were incorporated in this analysis, highlighting progressive annual increases in the number of T cell exhaustion-focused publications over the study period. These publications were affiliated with 3117 institutions in 85 countries, with the USA and China being the largest contributors to the field. Of the 18,032 authors associated with these publications, E. John Wherry exhibited the highest publication count and the greatest citation frequency. Keyword analyses indicated that immunotherapy, T cell exhaustion, and PD-1 are the dominant foci for T cell exhaustion-related research. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the importance of collaborations among institutions and nations in order to further propel novel studies of T cell exhaustion. Efforts to unravel the signal transduction and transcriptional mechanisms underlying the onset of T cell exhaustion were also identified as an emerging hotspot in this field. Ultimately, these results support the pivotal status of T cell exhaustion research as a key direction for immunotherapeutic research and development efforts in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Liu
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Aier Ophthalmic Technology Institute, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Wan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Tan
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deshuang Li
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanhe Zhang
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutics and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Qin
- Shenzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
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Pourhamzeh M, Asadian S, Mirzaei H, Minaei A, Shahriari E, Shpichka A, Es HA, Timashev P, Hassan M, Vosough M. Novel antigens for targeted radioimmunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:23-37. [PMID: 35708866 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth common cancer and forth cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Based on usually advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the time of diagnosis, therapeutic options are limited and, in many cases, not effective, and typically result in the tumor recurrence with a poor prognosis. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) offers a selective internal radiation therapy approach using beta or alpha emitting radionuclides conjugated with tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), or specific selective peptides. When compared to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, radiolabeled mAbs against cancer-associated antigens could provide a high therapeutic and exclusive radiation dose for cancerous cells while decreasing the exposure-induced side effects to healthy tissues. The recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, such as blockade of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has changed the landscape of cancer therapy, and the efficacy of different classes of immunotherapy has been tested in many clinical trials. Taking into account the use of ICIs in the liver tumor microenvironment, combined therapies with different approaches may enhance the outcome in the future clinical studies. With the development of novel immunotherapy treatment options in the recent years, there has been a great deal of information about combining the diverse treatment modalities to boost the effectiveness of immunomodulatory drugs. In this opinion review, we will discuss the recent advancements in RIT. The current status of immunotherapy and internal radiotherapy will be updated, and we will propose novel approaches for the combination of both techniques. Potential target antigens for radioimmunotherapy in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC radioimmunotherapy target antigens are the most specific and commonly accessible antigens on the surface of HCC cells. CTLA-4 ligand and receptor, TAMs, PD-1/PD-L, TIM-3, specific IEXs/TEXs, ROBO1, and cluster of differentiation antigens CD105, CD147 could all be used in HCC radioimmunotherapy. Abbreviations: TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4; PD-1, Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L, programmed death-ligand1; TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and mucin-domain containing protein-3; IEXs, immune cell-derived exosomes; TEXs, tumor-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Pourhamzeh
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Departments of Pathology and Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Samieh Asadian
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Azita Minaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Elahe Shahriari
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia. .,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia. .,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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60
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Gu X, Liu Y, Dai X, Yang YG, Zhang X. Deciphering the potential roles of ferroptosis in regulating tumor immunity and tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1137107. [PMID: 36926345 PMCID: PMC10011099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1137107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and adoptive immune cells therapy, are promising therapeutic strategies. They reactivate the function of immune cells and induce immune responses to attack tumor cells. Although these novel therapies benefited a large amount of cancer patients, many cancer patients have shown fair responses even resistance to cancer immunotherapies, limiting their wide clinical application. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the underlying mechanisms of low response and resistance of cancer immunotherapy to enhance their treatment efficacy. The programmed cell death (PCD) including the ferroptosis, has been demonstrated to play essential roles in antitumor immunity and in regulating the immune response to ICIs. Ferroptosis, a phospholipid peroxidation-mediated, iron-dependent membrane damage, exhibite three critical hallmarks: the oxidation of phospholipids, the lack of lipid peroxide repair capability and the overloading of redox-active iron. Notably, ferroptosis was found to plays important roles in regulating tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. Therefore, targeting ferroptosis alone or in combination with immunotherapy may provide novel options to promote their antitumor efficacy. However, the effect of ferroptosis on tumor immunity and immunotherapy is affected by the interaction of ferroptosis and cancer cells, immune cells, tumor microenvironment (TME) and others. In this review, we summarized and discussed the critical roles of ferroptosis in regulating antitumor immunity, TME and in the improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu'e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangpeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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61
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Wirges A, Bunse M, Joedicke JJ, Blanc E, Gudipati V, Moles MW, Shiku H, Beule D, Huppa JB, Höpken UE, Rehm A. EBAG9 silencing exerts an immune checkpoint function without aggravating adverse effects. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3358-3378. [PMID: 35821635 PMCID: PMC9637585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have revolutionized treatment of B cell malignancies. However, enhancing the efficacy of engineered T cells without compromising their safety is warranted. The estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated antigen 9 (EBAG9) inhibits release of cytolytic enzymes from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Here, we examined the potency of EBAG9 silencing for the improvement of adoptive T cell therapy. MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated EBAG9 downregulation in transplanted cytolytic CD8+ T cells (CTLs) from immunized mice improved their cytolytic competence in a tumor model. In tolerant female recipient mice that received organ transplants, a minor histocompatibility antigen was turned into a rejection antigen by Ebag9 deletion, indicating an immune checkpoint function for EBAG9. Considerably fewer EBAG9-silenced human CAR T cells were needed for tumor growth control in a xenotransplantation model. Transcriptome profiling did not reveal additional risks regarding genotoxicity or aberrant differentiation. A single-step retrovirus transduction process links CAR or TCR expression with miRNA-mediated EBAG9 downregulation. Despite higher cytolytic efficacy, release of cytokines associated with cytokine release syndrome remains unaffected. Collectively, EBAG9 silencing enhances effector capacity of TCR- and CAR-engineered T cells, results in improved tumor eradication, facilitates efficient manufacturing, and decreases the therapeutic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthea Wirges
- Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Bunse
- Microenvironmental Regulation in Autoimmunity and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jara J Joedicke
- Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Blanc
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael W Moles
- Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Department of Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu city, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Dieter Beule
- Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Uta E Höpken
- Microenvironmental Regulation in Autoimmunity and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin Rehm
- Translational Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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de la Torre M, Sangro P, D Avola D, Sangro B. Immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2022; 114:663-670. [PMID: 35704367 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2022.8876/2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a highly prevalent tumor worldwide and when it reaches an advanced stage, few systemic treatments are available to improve the survival of these patients. However, greater knowledge about the tumor microenvironment and the role of the immune system in the control of tumor progression has allowed the development of treatments targeting immune checkpoints, which result in encouraging tumor response rates and prolonged survival. Although most of these treatments are well tolerated, up to 20 % of patients may experience side effects derived from non-specific stimulation of the immune system. In the cirrhotic patient, the early diagnosis and treatment of such adverse events is particularly challenging. Therefore, the ongoing investigation on the use of these new therapies will allow us to better understand the profile of the patients who will benefit most.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Sangro
- Hepatología, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, España
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63
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Wen Y, Wang X, Meng W, Guo W, Duan C, Cao J, Kang L, Guo N, Lin Q, Lv P, Zhang R, Xing L, Zhang X, Shen H. TNF-α-dependent lung inflammation upregulates PD-L1 in monocyte-derived macrophages to contribute to lung tumorigenesis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22595. [PMID: 36205325 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200434rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, which is dominated by macrophage-involved inflammatory responses, is an instigator of cancer initiation. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in healthy lungs, and associated with lung tumor development and promotion. PD-L1 is a negative molecule in macrophages and correlated with an immunosuppressive function in tumor environment. Macrophages expressing PD-L1, rather than tumor cells, exhibits a critical role in tumor growth and progression. However, whether and how PD-L1 in macrophages contributes to inflammation-induced lung tumorigenesis requires further elucidation. Here, we found that higher expression of PD-L1 in CD11b+ CD206+ macrophages was positively correlated with tumor progression and PD-1+ CD8+ T cells population in human adenocarcinoma patients. In the urethane-induced inflammation-driven lung adenocarcinoma (IDLA) mouse model, the infiltration of circulating CD11bhigh F4/80+ monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMs) was increased in pro-tumor inflamed lung tissues and lung adenocarcinoma. PD-L1 was mainly upregulated in MoMs associated with enhanced T cells exhaustion in lung tissues. Anti-PD-L1 treatment can reduce T cells exhaustion at pro-tumor inflammatory stage, and then inhibit tumorigenesis in IDLA. The pro-tumor lung inflammation depended on TNF-α to upregulate PD-L1 and CSN6 expression in MoMs, and induced cytokines production by alveolar type-II cells (AT-II). Furthermore, inflammatory AT-II cells could secret TNF-α to upregulate PD-L1 expression in bone-marrow driven macrophages (BM-M0). Inhibition of CSN6 decreased PD-L1 expression in TNF-α-activated macrophage in vitro, suggesting a critical role of CSN6 in PD-L1 upregulation. Thus, pro-tumor inflammation can depend on TNF-α to upregulate PD-L1 in recruited MoMs, which may be essential for lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Ultrasound, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research (CMCR), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research (CMCR), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenli Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chenyang Duan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research (CMCR), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research (CMCR), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lifei Kang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Chest Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ningfei Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Oncology, North China Petroleum Bureau General Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Renqiu, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingxiao Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research (CMCR), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research (CMCR), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research (CMCR), Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Hu B, Shen X, Qin W, Zhang L, Zou T, Dong Q, Qin LX. A Prognostic Nomogram for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Wound Healing and Immune Checkpoint Genes. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:891-900. [PMID: 36304515 PMCID: PMC9547254 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wound healing and tumor progression share some common biological features; however, how variations in wound healing patterns affect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis remains unclear. METHODS We analyzed the wound healing patterns of 594 HCC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and correlated them with immune infiltration and the expression levels of immune checkpoint genes. A risk score, which we named the "heal.immune" score, was established via stepwise Cox estimation. We constructed a nomogram based on age, sex, TNM stage, and heal.immune score and explored its predictive value for HCC prognosis. Seventy-four clinical patients were enrolled in this study, and all were from Huashan Hospital of Fudan University between 2015 and 2017 to serve as an independent validation group. RESULTS We identified two distinct wound healing patterns in HCC. The biological processes of healing cluster 1 (C1) are related to metabolism, while those of healing cluster 2 (C2) are related to the inflammatory response and immune cell accumulation. A total of 565 wound healing-related genes (based on Gene Ontology) and 25 immune checkpoint genes were considered. By analyzing differentially expressed genes and implementing a stepwise Cox estimation analysis, six genes with p values less than 0.02 in a multivariate Cox estimation were chosen as the "heal.immune" gene set (FCER1G, PLAT, ITGA5, CCNB1, CD86 and CD40). The "heal.immune" gene set, as an OS risk factor, was further validated in Fudan cohort. We constructed a nomogram to predict the 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) in the TCGA cohort. The area under curve vales of the receiver characteristic operator curves were 0.82, 0.76 and 0.73 in the training group and 0.84, 0.76 and 0.72 in the test group. CONCLUSIONS We established a prognostic nomogram based on the heal.immune gene signature, which includes six wound healing- and immunity-related genes. This nomogram accurately predicts the OS of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lun-Xiu Qin
- Correspondence to: Lun-Xiu Qin, Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital & Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4805-8239. Tel: +86-21-54237960, Fax: +86-21-54237960, E-mail:
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Nakamura K, Okuyama R. Changes in the Immune Cell Repertoire for the Treatment of Malignant Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12991. [PMID: 36361781 PMCID: PMC9658693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been used for the treatment of various types of cancers, including malignant melanoma. Mechanistic exploration of tumor immune responses is essential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs. Since tumor immune responses are based on antigen-specific immune responses, investigators have focused on T cell receptors (TCRs) and have analyzed changes in the TCR repertoire. The proliferation of T cell clones against tumor antigens is detected in patients who respond to treatment with ICIs. The proliferation of these T cell clones is observed within tumors as well as in the peripheral blood. Clonal proliferation has been detected not only in CD8-positive T cells but also in CD4-positive T cells, resident memory T cells, and B cells. Moreover, changes in the repertoire at an early stage of treatment seem to be useful for predicting the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs. Further analyses of the repertoire of immune cells are desirable to improve and predict the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Feng H, Zhuo Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Li Y, Duan X, Shi J, Xu C, Gao Y, Yu Z. Tumor Microenvironment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Key Players for Immunotherapy. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1109-1125. [PMID: 36320666 PMCID: PMC9618253 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s381764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a serious medical therapeutic challenge as conventional curative avenues such as surgery and chemotherapy only benefit for few patients with limited tumor burden. Immunotherapy achieves clinical progress in the treatment of this prevalent malignant disease by virtue of the development of tumor immunology; however, most patients have experienced minimal or no clinical benefit in terms of overall survival. The complexity and diversity of tumor microenvironment (TME) built by immune and stromal cell subsets has been considered to be responsible for the insufficiency of immunotherapy. The advance of bioanalytical technology boosts the exploration of the composition and differentiation of these infiltrated cells, which reflect the immune state of the TME and impact the efficacy of the antitumor immune response. Targeting these cells to remodel the TME is one of the important immunotherapeutic approaches to improve HCC treatment. In this review, we focused on the role of these non-cancerous cells in the tumor progression, and elaborated their function on cancer immunotherapy when manipulating them as potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Feng
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Zhuo
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyao Li
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangjuan Duan
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Shi
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Xu
- Department of Informatics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yueqiu Gao, Institute of Infectious Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 20256507, Fax +86 21 20256699, Email
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Zhuo Yu, Department of Liver Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 21 20256507, Fax +86 21 20256699, Email
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GAO Z, LING X, SHI C, WANG Y, LIN A. Tumor immune checkpoints and their associated inhibitors. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:823-843. [PMID: 36226537 PMCID: PMC9561405 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunological evasion is one of the defining characteristics of cancers, as the immune modification of an immune checkpoint (IC) confers immune evasion capabilities to tumor cells. Multiple ICs, such as programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), can bind to their respective receptors and reduce tumor immunity in a variety of ways, including blocking immune cell activation signals. IC blockade (ICB) therapies targeting these checkpoint molecules have demonstrated significant clinical benefits. This is because antibody-based IC inhibitors and a variety of specific small molecule inhibitors can inhibit key oncogenic signaling pathways and induce durable tumor remission in patients with a variety of cancers. Deciphering the roles and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules will provide crucial theoretical guidance for clinical treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the functional and regulatory mechanisms of these IC molecules at multiple levels, including epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, and post-translational modifications. In addition, we provide a summary of the medications targeting various nodes in the regulatory pathway, and highlight the potential of newly identified IC molecules, focusing on their potential implications for cancer diagnostics and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui GAO
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China,Chu Kochen Honors College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Xingyi LING
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Chengyu SHI
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Ying WANG
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Aifu LIN
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou310058, China,Breast Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310003, China,International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu322000, China,ZJU-QILU Joint Research Institute, Hangzhou310058, China,Aifu LIN,
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Shao D, Chen Y, Huang H, Liu Y, Chen J, Zhu D, Zheng X, Chen L, Jiang J. LAG3 blockade coordinates with microwave ablation to promote CD8 + T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. J Transl Med 2022; 20:433. [PMID: 36180876 PMCID: PMC9524118 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with other therapeutic strategies have shown exciting results in various malignancies, and ICIs have now become the gold standard for current cancer treatment. In several preclinical and clinical investigations, ablation coupled with immunotherapy has proved to be quite effective. Our previous studies have shown that ablation coupled with ICI is a potential anti-cancer regimen for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM). Furthermore, we have reported that following microwave ablation (MWA), the expression of LAG3 is up-regulated in tumor microenvironment (TME), indicating that LAG3 is implicated in the regulation of immunosuppressive immune response, and combination therapy of MWA and LAG3 blockade can serve as a promising therapeutic strategy against cancer. Methods The expression of LAG3 was investigated in this study utilizing a preclinical mouse model treated with MWA. Moreover, we monitored the tumor development and survival in mice to assess the anti-cancer effects of MWA alone or in combination with LAG3 blockade. Flow cytometry was also used to phenotype the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and CD8+ T cell effector molecules. We finally analyzed the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of infiltrating CD45+ immune cells in the tumors from the MWA alone and MWA combined with LAG3 blockade groups. Results After MWA, the expression of LAG3 was up-regulated on sub-populations of TILs, and introducing LAG3 blockade to MWA postponed tumor development and extended survival in the MC38 tumor model. Flow cytometry and scRNA-seq revealed that LAG3 blockade in combination with MWA markedly boosted the proliferation and the function of CD8+ TILs, leading to altered myeloid cells in the TME. Conclusion Combination therapy of LAG3 blockade and MWA was a unique therapeutic regimen for some solid tumors, and such combination therapy might reprogram the TME to an anti-tumor manner. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03646-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Shao
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yingting Liu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dawei Zhu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu Province, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Patterson A, Auslander N. Mutated processes predict immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy benefit in metastatic melanoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5151. [PMID: 36123351 PMCID: PMC9485158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) therapy has revolutionized treatment for advanced melanoma; however, only a subset of patients benefit from this treatment. Despite considerable efforts, the Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB) is the only FDA-approved biomarker in melanoma. However, the mechanisms underlying TMB association with prolonged ICI survival are not entirely understood and may depend on numerous confounding factors. To identify more interpretable ICI response biomarkers based on tumor mutations, we train classifiers using mutations within distinct biological processes. We evaluate a variety of feature selection and classification methods and identify key mutated biological processes that provide improved predictive capability compared to the TMB. The top mutated processes we identify are leukocyte and T-cell proliferation regulation, which demonstrate stable predictive performance across different data cohorts of melanoma patients treated with ICI. This study provides biologically interpretable genomic predictors of ICI response with substantially improved predictive performance over the TMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Patterson
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Noam Auslander
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Irabor OC, Nelson N, Shah Y, Niazi MK, Poiset S, Storozynsky E, Singla DK, Hooper DC, Lu B. Overcoming the cardiac toxicities of cancer therapy immune checkpoint inhibitors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:940127. [PMID: 36185227 PMCID: PMC9523689 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.940127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led recent advances in the field of cancer immunotherapy improving overall survival in multiple malignancies with abysmal prognoses prior to their introduction. The remarkable efficacy of ICIs is however limited by their potential for systemic and organ specific immune-related adverse events (irAEs), most of which present with mild to moderate symptoms that can resolve spontaneously, with discontinuation of therapy or glucocorticoid therapy. Cardiac irAEs however are potentially fatal. The understanding of autoimmune cardiotoxicity remains limited due to its rareness. In this paper, we provide an updated review of the literature on the pathologic mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of autoimmune cardiotoxicity resulting from ICIs and their combinations and provide perspective on potential strategies and ongoing research developments to prevent and mitigate their occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omoruyi Credit Irabor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Omoruyi Credit Irabor,
| | - Nicolas Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College (SKMC), Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yash Shah
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College (SKMC), Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Muneeb Khan Niazi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Spencer Poiset
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eugene Storozynsky
- Division of Cardiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dinender K. Singla
- Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Douglas Craig Hooper
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College (SKMC), Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bo Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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71
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Ge Y, Zhang Y, Zhao KN, Zhu H. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies of Different Immunotherapy Approaches Combined with PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade in Cervical Cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3055-3070. [PMID: 36110399 PMCID: PMC9470119 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s374672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Ge
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Haiyan Zhu, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, No. 2699 Gaokexi Road, Shanghai, 200092, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13758465255, Email
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Pi C, Jing P, Li B, Feng Y, Xu L, Xie K, Huang T, Xu X, Gu H, Fang J. Reversing PD-1 Resistance in B16F10 Cells and Recovering Tumour Immunity Using a COX2 Inhibitor. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174134. [PMID: 36077671 PMCID: PMC9455073 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an effective method for tumour treatment. Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies play a significant role in immunotherapy of most tumours; however, some patients develop drug resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) is expressed in various solid tumours, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) drives the development of malignant tumours. We developed a drug-resistant B16F10 (B16F10-R) tumour mouse model through four rounds of selection in vivo. Subsequently, we investigated changes in PD-L1 expression and lymphocyte infiltration in B16F10-NR and B16F10-R tumours. Additionally, we explored the role of COX2 in acquired resistance to pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 treatment. Immune cell infiltration was significantly decreased in resistant tumours compared to B16F10-NR tumours; however, ptgs2 gene expression was significantly elevated in resistant tumours. Aspirin or celecoxib combined with pembrolizumab can effectively reverse tumour drug resistance. In addition, ptgs2 knockout or the use of the EP4 inhibitor E7046 abrogated drug resistance to anti-PD-1 treatment in B16F10-R tumour cells. Our study showed that inhibition of the COX2/PGE2/EP4 axis could increase the number of immune cells infiltrating the tumour microenvironment and recover drug-resistant tumour sensitivity to pembrolizumab. Thus, we highlight COX2 inhibition as a promising therapeutic target for drug-resistant tumours for future consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Pi
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ping Jing
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bingyu Li
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- College of Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- College of Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Kun Xie
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hua Gu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (J.F.); Tel.: +86-021-6598-2878 (H.G. & J.F.)
| | - Jianmin Fang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Biomedical Research Center, Suzhou 230031, China
- Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai 200065, China
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (J.F.); Tel.: +86-021-6598-2878 (H.G. & J.F.)
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73
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Kuzevanova A, Apanovich N, Mansorunov D, Korotaeva A, Karpukhin A. The Features of Checkpoint Receptor—Ligand Interaction in Cancer and the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Their Inhibition. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092081. [PMID: 36140182 PMCID: PMC9495440 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, certain problems have been identified in cancer immunotherapy using the inhibition of immune checkpoints (ICs). Despite the excellent effect of cancer therapy in some cases when blocking the PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) ligand and the immune cell receptors PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) with antibodies, the proportion of patients responding to such therapy is still far from desirable. This situation has stimulated the exploration of additional receptors and ligands as targets for immunotherapy. In our article, based on the analysis of the available data, the TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3), LAG-3 (lymphocyte-activation gene 3), TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains), VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) receptors and their ligands are comprehensively considered. Data on the relationship between receptor expression and the clinical characteristics of tumors are presented and are analyzed together with the results of preclinical and clinical studies on the therapeutic efficacy of their blocking. Such a comprehensive analysis makes it possible to assess the prospects of receptors of this series as targets for anticancer therapy. The expression of the LAG-3 receptor shows the most unambiguous relationship with the clinical characteristics of cancer. Its inhibition is the most effective of the analyzed series in terms of the antitumor response. The expression of TIGIT and BTLA correlates well with clinical characteristics and demonstrates antitumor efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies, which indicates their high promise as targets for anticancer therapy. At the same time, the relationship of VISTA and TIM-3 expression with the clinical characteristics of the tumor is contradictory, and the results on the antitumor effectiveness of their inhibition are inconsistent.
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74
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Yin J, Fu J, Zhao Y, Xu J, Chen C, Zheng L, Wang B. Comprehensive Analysis of the Significance of Ferroptosis-Related Genes in the Prognosis and Immunotherapy of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Bioinform Biol Insights 2022; 16:11779322221115548. [PMID: 35966810 PMCID: PMC9373167 DOI: 10.1177/11779322221115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a life-threatening disease, associated
with poor prognosis and the absence of specific biomarkers. Studies have shown
that the ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) can be used as tumor prognostic
markers. However, FRGs’ prognostic value in OSCC needs further exploration. In
our study, gene expression profile and clinical data of OSCC patients were
collected from a public domain. We performed univariate and multivariate Cox
regression analyses to construct a multigene signature. The Kaplan-Meier and
receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methods were used to test the
effectiveness of the signature, followed by the expression analysis of human
leukocyte antigen (HLA) and immune checkpoints. The Cox regression analysis
identified 4 hubs from 103 FRGs expressed in OSCC that were associated with
overall survival (OS). A risk model based on the 4 FRGs was established to
classify patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. Compared with the low-risk
group, the survival time of the high-risk group was significantly reduced.
According to the multivariate Cox regression analysis, the risk score acted as
an independent predictor for OS. The accuracy of the 4 FRGs risk predictive
model was confirmed by ROC curve analysis. Moreover, the low-risk group had the
characteristics of higher expression of HLA and immune checkpoints, a lower
tumor purity, and a higher immune infiltration, indicating a more sensitive
response to immunotherapy. The novel FRGs-OSCC risk score system can be used to
predict the prognosis of OSCC patients and their response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Yin
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayao Fu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijie Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabao Xu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyu Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Zheng
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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75
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Zhang J, Tang Z, Guo X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Cai W. Synergistic effects of nab-PTX and anti-PD-1 antibody combination against lung cancer by regulating the Pi3K/AKT pathway through the Serpinc1 gene. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933646. [PMID: 35992834 PMCID: PMC9381811 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a type of cancer with higher morbidity and mortality. In spite of the impressive response rates of nab-paclitaxel (nab-PTX) or programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand inhibitors, the effective treatment remains limited. Currently, alternative strategies aim at drug combination of nab-PTX and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Even as the clinical impact of the combined agents continues to increase, basic research studies are still limited and the mechanisms underlying this synergy are not well studied. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor efficacy and the molecular mechanisms of action of nab-PTX in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody, using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell and subcutaneously transplanted tumor models. The combination of nab-PTX and anti-PD-1 antibody displayed stronger antitumor effects, manifested at tumor volume, proliferation and apoptosis through Ki67 and TUNEL staining. In-vivo experiments showed significant increases in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, PF, and Gzms-B, exerting antitumor effects with reductions in MDSCs and IL-10 after the treatments. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis indicated 20 overlapped differentially expressed genes, and Serpin peptidase inhibitor clade C Member 1 (Serpinc1) was downregulated during treatment in vivo, whose expression level was markedly related to metastasis and overall survival of lung cancer patients. Functional enrichment analysis of the target gene revealed primary GO terms related to tumor, which warrants further investigation. We also found that Serpinc1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and inhibited cell apoptosis of LLC cells in vitro, possibly regulating the associated factors via the Pi3K/AKT pathway. In summary, our results reveal the synergistic antitumor responses of nab-PTX combined with anti-PD-1 antibody, in which Serpinc1 may play an important role, providing a target gene for combination treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijia Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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76
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Barshidi A, Karpisheh V, Noukabadi FK, Kiani FK, Mohammadi M, Afsharimanesh N, Ebrahimi F, Kiaie SH, Navashenaq JG, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Zolbanin NM, Mahmoodpoor A, Hassannia H, Nami S, Jalali P, Jafari R, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Dual Blockade of PD-1 and LAG3 Immune Checkpoints Increases Dendritic Cell Vaccine Mediated T Cell Responses in Breast Cancer Model. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1851-1866. [PMID: 35715669 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing the efficiency of unsuccessful immunotherapy methods is one of the most important research fields. Therefore, the use of combination therapy is considered as one of the ways to increase the effectiveness of the dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. In this study, the inhibition of immune checkpoint receptors such as LAG3 and PD-1 on T cells was investigated to increase the efficiency of T cells in response to the DC vaccine. METHODS We used trimethyl chitosan-dextran sulfate-lactate (TMC-DS-L) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with siRNA molecules to quench the PD-1 and LAG3 checkpoints' expression. RESULTS Appropriate physicochemical characteristics of the generated NPs led to efficient inhibition of LAG3 and PD-1 on T cells, which was associated with increased survival and activity of T cells, ex vivo. Also, treating mice with established breast tumors (4T1) using NPs loaded with siRNA molecules in combination with DC vaccine pulsed with tumor lysate significantly inhibited tumor growth and increased survival in mice. These ameliorative effects were associated with increased anti-tumor T cell responses and downregulation of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment and spleen. CONCLUSION These findings strongly suggest that TMC-DS-L NPs loaded with siRNA could act as a novel tool in inhibiting the expression of immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment. Also, combination therapy based on inhibition of PD-1 and LAG3 in combination with DC vaccine is an effective method in treating cancer that needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Barshidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Karpisheh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Fariba Karoon Kiani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Advanced Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, , Iran
| | - Negin Afsharimanesh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Farbod Ebrahimi
- Nanoparticle Process Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Bioclinicum, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center,, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, , Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Imam Reza Medical Research & Training Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassannia
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sanam Nami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pooya Jalali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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77
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Liu Z, Yu X, Xu L, Li Y, Zeng C. Current insight into the regulation of PD-L1 in cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:44. [PMID: 35907881 PMCID: PMC9338491 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying cancer immune escape are a core topic in cancer immunology research. Cancer cells can escape T cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity by exploiting the inhibitory programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274) immune checkpoint. Studying the PD-L1 regulatory pattern of tumor cells will help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of tumor immune evasion and improve cancer treatment. Recent studies have found that tumor cells regulate PD-L1 at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels and influence the anti-tumor immune response by regulating PD-L1. In this review, we focus on the regulation of PD-L1 in cancer cells and summarize the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuandi Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xibao Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chengwu Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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78
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Warmuth S, Gunde T, Snell D, Brock M, Weinert C, Simonin A, Hess C, Tietz J, Johansson M, Spiga FM, Heiz R, Flückiger N, Wagen S, Zeberer J, Diem D, Mahler D, Wickihalder B, Muntwiler S, Chatterjee B, Küttner B, Bommer B, Yaman Y, Lichtlen P, Urech D. Engineering of a trispecific tumor-targeted immunotherapy incorporating 4-1BB co-stimulation and PD-L1 blockade. Oncoimmunology 2022; 10:2004661. [PMID: 35844969 PMCID: PMC9278964 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2004661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulatory 4-1BB receptors on tumor-infiltrating T cells are a compelling target for overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors, but initial clinical studies of 4-1BB agonist mAbs were accompanied by liver toxicity. We sought to engineer a tri-specific antibody-based molecule that stimulates intratumoral 4-1BB and blocks PD-L1/PD-1 signaling without systemic toxicity and with clinically favorable pharmacokinetics. Recombinant fusion proteins were constructed using scMATCH3 technology and humanized antibody single-chain variable fragments against PD-L1, 4-1BB, and human serum albumin. Paratope affinities were optimized using single amino acid substitutions, leading to design of the drug candidate NM21-1480. Multiple in vitro experiments evaluated pharmacodynamic properties of NM21-1480, and syngeneic mouse tumor models assessed antitumor efficacy and safety of murine analogues. A GLP multiple-dose toxicology study evaluated its safety in non-human primates. NM21-1480 inhibited PD-L1/PD-1 signaling with a potency similar to avelumab, and it potently stimulated 4-1BB signaling only in the presence of PD-L1, while exhibiting an EC50 that was largely independent of PD-L1 density. NM21-1480 exhibited high efficacy for co-activation of pre-stimulated T cells and dendritic cells. In xenograft models in syngeneic mice, NM21-1480 induced tumor regression and tumor infiltration of T cells without causing systemic T-cell activation. A GLP toxicology study revealed no evidence of liver toxicity at doses up to 140 mg/kg, and pharmacokinetic studies in non-human primates suggested a plasma half-life in humans of up to 2 weeks. NM21-1480 has the potential to overcome checkpoint resistance by co-activating tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes without liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tea Gunde
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Tietz
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Robin Heiz
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Dania Diem
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dana Mahler
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Urech
- Numab Therapeutics AG, Waedenswil, Switzerland
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79
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Berg J, Halvorsen AR, Bengtson MB, Lindberg M, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P, Helland Å, Ueland T. Circulating T Cell Activation and Exhaustion Markers Are Associated With Radiation Pneumonitis and Poor Survival in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875152. [PMID: 35911763 PMCID: PMC9329944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Persistent inflammation and immune activation in the lungs are associated with adverse outcomes such as radiation pneumonitis (RP) and poor survival in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, it is unknown how this is reflected by leukocyte activation markers in serum. Objective The aim was to evaluate the serum levels of activation of different leukocyte subsets and to examine those in relation to the pathogenesis of RP and survival in NSCLC. Methods We analyzed the serum levels of MPO, sCD25, sTIM-3, sPD-L1, sCD14, sCD163, CCL19 and CCL21 in 66 inoperable NSCLC patients with stage IA-IIIA disease. The patients were treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT), followed by regular blood sampling for 12 months after treatment and for 5 years for survival. Results Nineteen (29%) patients developed RP, which occurred more frequently and earlier in patients receiving CCRT than in those receiving SBRT. Increases in sCD25, sTIM-3 and CCL21 levels were observed at the last 6 months of follow-up in patients who had RP after SBRT. Patients who had RP after CCRT had higher sTIM-3 levels during the first 3 months of follow-up. Baseline sCD25 was independently associated with both 2- and 5-year mortality outcomes, while baseline sTIM-3 was independently associated with 2-year mortality. Conclusion We showed that T cell activation and exhaustion markers such as sCD25 and sTIM-3 are enhanced in patients developing RP and are associated with poor survival in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Berg
- Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Janna Berg,
| | - Ann Rita Halvorsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Morten Lindberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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80
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LAG3 ectodomain structure reveals functional interfaces for ligand and antibody recognition. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1031-1041. [PMID: 35761082 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint receptor lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG3) inhibits T cell function upon binding to major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) or fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1). Despite the emergence of LAG3 as a target for next-generation immunotherapies, we have little information describing the molecular structure of the LAG3 protein or how it engages cellular ligands. Here we determined the structures of human and murine LAG3 ectodomains, revealing a dimeric assembly mediated by Ig domain 2. Epitope mapping indicates that a potent LAG3 antagonist antibody blocks interactions with MHC class II and FGL1 by binding to a flexible 'loop 2' region in LAG3 domain 1. We also defined the LAG3-FGL1 interface by mapping mutations onto structures of LAG3 and FGL1 and established that FGL1 cross-linking induces the formation of higher-order LAG3 oligomers. These insights can guide LAG3-based drug development and implicate ligand-mediated LAG3 clustering as a mechanism for disrupting T cell activation.
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81
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Gao W, Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang X, Yu Y. Autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in tumor immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:196. [PMID: 35725836 PMCID: PMC9208265 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led to unprecedented breakthroughs in cancer treatment. However, the fact that many tumors respond poorly or even not to ICIs, partly caused by the absence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), significantly limits the application of ICIs. Converting these immune “cold” tumors into “hot” tumors that may respond to ICIs is an unsolved question in cancer immunotherapy. Since it is a general characteristic of cancers to resist apoptosis, induction of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) is emerging as a new cancer treatment strategy. Recently, several studies have revealed the interaction between non-apoptotic RCD and antitumor immunity. Specifically, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis exhibit synergistic antitumor immune responses while possibly exerting inhibitory effects on antitumor immune responses. Thus, targeted therapies (inducers or inhibitors) against autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in combination with immunotherapy may exert potent antitumor activity, even in tumors resistant to ICIs. This review summarizes the multilevel relationship between antitumor immunity and non-apoptotic RCD, including autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, and the potential targeting application of non-apoptotic RCD to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China.
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82
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Wang B, Hu J, Zhang J, Zhao L. Radiation therapy regulates TCF-1 to maintain CD8+T cell stemness and promotes anti-tumor immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Synergistic anti-tumor efficacy of a hollow mesoporous silica-based cancer vaccine and an immune checkpoint inhibitor at the local site. Acta Biomater 2022; 145:235-245. [PMID: 35398544 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors elicit durable tumor regression in multiple types of tumor, but may induce potential side effects with low response rates in many tumors. Herein, to increase the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, a hollow mesoporous silica (HMS) nanosphere-based cancer vaccine was combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) antibody. The HMS nanospheres function as adjuvants that promote dendritic cell activation and antigen cross-presentation. Mice immunized with the HMS-based cancer vaccine show suppressed tumor growth with increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels in their spleens compared with those without HMS-based cancer vaccine. Moreover, the HMS-based cancer vaccine synergistically acts with the anti-PD-L1 antibody on the tumor. The combination of an HMS-based cancer vaccine and an antibody markedly decreases the required dose of the immune checkpoint inhibitor. Mice locally administered with the HMS-based cancer vaccine and 1/8 dose of a standard anti-PD-L1 antibody (25 µg/mouse) show comparable anti-tumor effect and significantly increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations, compared with those systemically immunized with the standard anti-PD-L1 antibody done at 200 µg/mouse. Our work presents a promising cancer treatment strategy of combining an immune checkpoint inhibitor with an HMS-based cancer vaccine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The clinical benefits of checkpoint blockade therapy rekindle the hope of cancer immunotherapy. However, objective response rates in checkpoint blockade therapy remain at about 10-40% owing to multiple immunosuppressive factors. To solve these problems, herein, a hollow mesoporous silica (HMS) nanosphere-based cancer vaccine was combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, anti-PD-L1 antibody. The HMS-based cancer vaccine synergistically acts with the anti-PD-L1 antibody on the tumor. Mice locally administered with the HMS-based cancer vaccine and 1/8 dose of a standard anti-PD-L1 antibody (25 µg/mouse) show comparable anti-tumor effect and significantly increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations, compared with those systemically immunized with the standard anti-PD-L1 antibody done at 200 µg/mouse. Our work presents a promising cancer treatment strategy of combining an immune checkpoint inhibitor with an HMS-based cancer vaccine.
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84
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Zhou X, Ren T, Zan H, Hua C, Guo X. Novel Immune Checkpoints in Esophageal Cancer: From Biomarkers to Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864202. [PMID: 35669786 PMCID: PMC9163322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer ranks as the sixth most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Due to the limited efficacy of conventional therapeutic strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, treatments are still far from satisfactory in terms of survival, prompting the search for novel treatment methods. Immune checkpoints play crucial roles in immune evasion mediated by tumor cells, and successful clinical outcomes have been achieved via blocking these pathways. However, only a small fraction of patients can benefit from current immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4. Unfortunately, some patients show primary and/or acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Until now, novel immune checkpoint pathways have rarely been studied in esophageal cancer, and there is a great need for biomarkers to predict who will benefit from existing strategies. Herein, we primarily discuss the roles of new immune checkpoints as predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for esophageal cancer. In addition, we summarize the ongoing clinical trials and provide future research directions targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyin Zhou
- School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyuan Zan
- School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Hua, ; Xufeng Guo,
| | - Xufeng Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Hua, ; Xufeng Guo,
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85
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Callejas-Valera JL, Vermeer DW, Lucido CT, Williamson C, Killian M, Vermeer PD, Spanos WC, Powell SF. Characterization of the Immune Response to PD-1 Blockade during Chemoradiotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2499. [PMID: 35626103 PMCID: PMC9139476 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoradiotherapy is a standard treatment for HNSCC. Blockade of the PD-1/L1-2 interaction may represent a target to overcome immune escape during this treatment. METHODS Utilizing a HNSCC mEERL C57BL/6 mouse model, we evaluated a PD-1 blockade alone or in combination with cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy. Next, we evaluated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with relative PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3 expression, and myeloid-derived suppressor-like (MDSC-like) populations from a clinical trial evaluating PD-1 blockade with chemoradiotherapy in HNSCC. Finally, we analyzed the effect of therapy on human T-cell clonality through T-cell Receptor (TCR) sequencing. RESULTS Anti-PD-1 monotherapy induced no response in the mEERL model; however, combination with chemoradiotherapy improved tumor clearance and survival. PBMCs from patients treated with this combination therapy demonstrate a decline in circulating T-cell populations with knockdown of PD-1 expressing CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells during treatment. However, TIM-3, LAG-3 expressing T-cell and MDSC-like populations concordantly rose. During treatment, the TCR repertoire demonstrates overall clonal expansion, with both unique and previously reported T-cell clones. CONCLUSIONS Our murine HNSCC model demonstrates efficacy of PD-1 blockade during chemoradiotherapy. However, while PD-1-expressing T cells decreased with this therapy, human PBMC findings also identified an increase in populations contributing to immune exhaustion. These findings further characterize PD-1 blockade during chemoradiotherapy for HNSCC and highlight potential competing mechanisms of immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L. Callejas-Valera
- Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (J.L.C.-V.); (D.W.V.); (C.W.); (M.K.); (P.D.V.); (W.C.S.)
| | - Daniel W. Vermeer
- Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (J.L.C.-V.); (D.W.V.); (C.W.); (M.K.); (P.D.V.); (W.C.S.)
| | - Christopher T. Lucido
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W 22nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA;
| | - Caitlin Williamson
- Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (J.L.C.-V.); (D.W.V.); (C.W.); (M.K.); (P.D.V.); (W.C.S.)
| | - Marisela Killian
- Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (J.L.C.-V.); (D.W.V.); (C.W.); (M.K.); (P.D.V.); (W.C.S.)
| | - Paola D. Vermeer
- Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (J.L.C.-V.); (D.W.V.); (C.W.); (M.K.); (P.D.V.); (W.C.S.)
| | - William C. Spanos
- Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (J.L.C.-V.); (D.W.V.); (C.W.); (M.K.); (P.D.V.); (W.C.S.)
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W 22nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA;
| | - Steven F. Powell
- Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; (J.L.C.-V.); (D.W.V.); (C.W.); (M.K.); (P.D.V.); (W.C.S.)
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W 22nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA;
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86
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Niedbała M, Malarz K, Sharma G, Kramer-Marek G, Kaspera W. Glioblastoma: Pitfalls and Opportunities of Immunotherapeutic Combinations. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:437-468. [PMID: 35509452 PMCID: PMC9060812 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s215997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary central nervous system tumour in adults. It has extremely poor prognosis since the current standard of care, comprising of gross total resection and temozolomide (TMZ) chemoradiotherapy, prolongs survival, but does not provide a durable response. To a certain extent, this is due to GBM's heterogeneous, hostile and cold tumour microenvironment (TME) and the unique ability of GBM to overcome the host's immune responses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic approaches. This review provides critical insights from completed and ongoing clinical studies investigating novel immunotherapy strategies for GBM patients, ranging from the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in different settings of GBM treatment to novel combinatorial therapies. In particular, we discuss how treatment regimens based on single antigen peptide vaccines evolved into fully personalised, polyvalent cell-based vaccines, CAR-T cell, and viral or gene therapies. Furthermore, the results of the most influential clinical trials and a selection of innovative preclinical studies aimed at activating the immunologically cold GBM microenvironment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Niedbała
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Silesia, Regional Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Gitanjali Sharma
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Wojciech Kaspera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Silesia, Regional Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
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87
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Pan X, Gao A, Lin Z. Fluorescence imaging of tumor immune contexture in immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108617. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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88
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Liu Y, Wang H, Taylor M, Cook C, Martínez-Berdeja A, North JP, Harirchian P, Hailer AA, Zhao Z, Ghadially R, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Grekin RC, Mauro TM, Kim E, Choi J, Purdom E, Cho RJ, Cheng JB. Classification of human chronic inflammatory skin disease based on single-cell immune profiling. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9165. [PMID: 35427179 PMCID: PMC9301819 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions represent the largest class of chronic skin disease, but the molecular dysregulation underlying many individual cases remains unclear. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has increased precision in dissecting the complex mixture of immune and stromal cell perturbations in inflammatory skin disease states. We single-cell-profiled CD45+ immune cell transcriptomes from skin samples of 31 patients (7 atopic dermatitis, 8 psoriasis vulgaris, 2 lichen planus (LP), 1 bullous pemphigoid (BP), 6 clinical/histopathologically indeterminate rashes, and 7 healthy controls). Our data revealed active proliferative expansion of the Treg and Trm components and universal T cell exhaustion in human rashes, with a relative attenuation of antigen-presenting cells. Skin-resident memory T cells showed the greatest transcriptional dysregulation in both atopic dermatitis and psoriasis, whereas atopic dermatitis also demonstrated recurrent abnormalities in ILC and CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes. Transcript signatures differentiating these rash types included genes previously implicated in T helper cell (TH2)/TH17 diatheses, segregated in unbiased functional networks, and accurately identified disease class in untrained validation data sets. These gene signatures were able to classify clinicopathologically ambiguous rashes with diagnoses consistent with therapeutic response. Thus, we have defined major classes of human inflammatory skin disease at the molecular level and described a quantitative method to classify indeterminate instances of pathologic inflammation. To make this approach accessible to the scientific community, we created a proof-of-principle web interface (RashX), where scientists and clinicians can visualize their patient-level rash scRNA-seq-derived data in the context of our TH2/TH17 transcriptional framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710004, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mark Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Christopher Cook
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey P North
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Paymann Harirchian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Ashley A Hailer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA 95128, USA
| | - Ruby Ghadially
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Roberto R Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Roy C Grekin
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Esther Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Jaehyuk Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth Purdom
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raymond J Cho
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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Kwiecień I, Rutkowska E, Raniszewska A, Sokołowski R, Bednarek J, Jahnz-Różyk K, Rzepecki P, Domagała-Kulawik J. Immunosuppressive properties of human PD-1 + , PDL-1 + and CD80 + dendritic cells from lymph nodes aspirates of lung cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2469-2483. [PMID: 35254478 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the homeostasis of the immune system. The tumor microenvironment impairs the proper function of DCs. The immunomodulatory properties of DCs in lung cancer are of interest. In the present study, we analysed DCs subsets and immune cells with the expression of immunomodulatory molecules: PD-1 and PD-L1 and co-stimulatory molecule CD80 in metastatic, non-metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) and peripheral blood (PB). LNs aspirates were obtained during the EBUS/TBNA procedure of 29 patients with primary lung cancer. The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. We reported a higher percentage of DCs in the metastatic than in the non-metastatic LNs and the PB (0.709% vs. 0.166% vs. 0.043%, p < 0.0001). The proportions of PD-1 + , PD-L1 + and CD80 + DCs were higher in the metastatic LNs than in the non-metastatic ones. A higher proportion of regulatory DCs (DCregs) was found in the metastatic ones than in the non-metastatic LNs (22.5% vs. 3.1%, p = 0.0189). We report that DCs cells show increased expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and CD80 molecules that can interact with T lymphocytes. It can be assumed that mature DCs infiltrating metastatic LNs can develop into DCregs, which are involved in the suppression of anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Kwiecień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Laboratory of Hematology and Flow Cytometry, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserów 128 Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Rutkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Laboratory of Hematology and Flow Cytometry, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserów 128 Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Raniszewska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Laboratory of Hematology and Flow Cytometry, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserów 128 Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Sokołowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserów 128 Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bednarek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserów 128 Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karina Jahnz-Różyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserów 128 Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rzepecki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserów 128 Street, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Domagała-Kulawik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Hu J, Pei W, Jiang M, Huang Y, Dong F, Jiang Z, Xu Y, Li Z. DFNA5 regulates immune cells infiltration and exhaustion. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:107. [PMID: 35248047 PMCID: PMC8897971 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DFNA5 (GSDME) belongs to Gasdermin familily that is involved in a variety of cancers and triggers cell pyroptosis after chemical treatment. However, the relationship in DFNA5 between prognosis and immune cells in diverse cancers has been receiving little attention. Tumor immune cells infiltration and exhaustion may associate with patients prognosis. The roles of DFNA5 in tumor immune cells infiltration and exhaustion have not been clarified. Methods The expression level of DFNA5 was determined by the Tumour Immune Estimation Resource and the Oncomine database. Then the impacts of DFNA5 in prognosis were assessed by Kaplan–Meier plotter and ULACAN. The correlations between DFNA5 and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were explored by TIMER. In addition, the relationships in the expression levels of DFNA5 and typical genes combination of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were analysed by GEPIA and TIMER. In this study, we screened the chemokine and immune related proteins interacted with DFNA5 using TurboID system to explore the instantaneous or weak interactions. Results DFNA5 significantly influences the prognosis in different cancers according to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The expression levels of DFNA5 showed positive correlations to the infiltration of macrophages, CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). DFNA5 expression displayed obvious correlations with multiple lymphocytes gene makers in COAD, LIHC and LUAD. DFNA5 expression has effects on the prognosis of liver hepatocellular carcinoma and LUAD. DFNA5 upregulated the expression levels of PDCD1 and CD274 in a dose-dependent manner. Chemokine and immune related proteins interact with DFNA5. Conclusions These results indicate that DFNA5 is related to patient prognosis and immune cells, consisting of macrophages, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells, in diverse cancers. In addition, DFNA5 expression might contribute to the regulation of T cell exhaustion, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), and Tregs in COAD, LIHC and LUAD. DFNA5 may regulate immune infiltration via EIF2AK2. IFNGR1 was related to the functions of PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway. These results indicate that DFNA5 levels may be act as a prognostic factor and predict the degrees of immune cells infiltration in LIHC and LUAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02487-0.
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91
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Park SJ, Kang YE, Kim JH, Park JL, Kim SK, Baek SW, Chu IS, Yi S, Lee SE, Park YJ, Jung EJ, Kim JM, Ko HM, Kim JR, Jung SN, Won HR, Chang JW, Koo BS, Kim SY. Transcriptomic analysis of papillary thyroid cancer focused on immune-subtyping, oncogenic fusion, and recurrence. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 15:183-193. [PMID: 35255661 PMCID: PMC9149236 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2021.02215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine tumor, with rapidly increasing incidence worldwide. However, its transcriptomic characteristics associated with immunological signatures, driver fusions, and recurrence markers remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the transcriptomic characteristics of advanced papillary thyroid cancer. Methods This study included 282 papillary thyroid cancer tumor samples and 155 normal samples from Chungnam National University Hospital and Seoul National University Hospital. Transcriptomic quantification was determined by high-throughput RNA sequencing. We investigated the associations of clinical parameters and molecular signatures using RNA sequencing. We validated predictive biomarkers using the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Results Through a comparison of differentially expressed genes, gene sets, and pathways in papillary thyroid cancer compared to normal tumor-adjacent tissue, we found increased immune signaling associated with cytokines or T cells and decreased thyroid hormone synthetic pathways. In addition, patients with recurrence presented increased CD8+ T-cell and Th1-cell signatures. Interestingly, we found differentially overexpressed genes related to immune-escape signaling such as CTLA4, IDO1, LAG3, and PDCD1 in advanced papillary thyroid cancer with a low thyroid differentiation score. Fusion analysis showed that the PI3K and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were regulated differently according to the RET fusion partner genes (CCDC6 or NCOA4). Finally, we identified HOXD9 as a novel molecular biomarker that predicts the recurrence of thyroid cancer in addition to known risk factors (tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and extrathyroidal extension). Conclusion We identified a high association with immune-escape signaling in the immune-hot group with aggressive clinical characteristics among Korean thyroid cancer patients. Moreover, RET fusion differentially regulated PI3K and MAPK signaling depending on the partner gene of RET, and HOXD9 was found to be a recurrence marker for advanced papillary thyroid cancer.
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92
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Favorable response to nivolumab in sarcomatoid malignant pleural mesothelioma: A case report. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CANCER: CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpccr.2022.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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93
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Zhang X, Liang B. Advances in understanding role of gut microbiota in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:147-151. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in the health of human being. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal flora is also associated with tumorigenesis and tumor immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have made significant progress in treating liver cancer. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors improve the survival of patients with liver cancer, there are still some patients who do not benefit from the therapy. Therefore, it is expected to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of immunotherapy by altering the composition of the intestinal flora, particularly enriching the flora that may improve the effect of immunotherapy. This review focuses on the role of the gut microbiota in immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
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94
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Zhao L, Zhou X, Xie F, Zhang L, Yan H, Huang J, Zhang C, Zhou F, Chen J, Zhang L. Ferroptosis in cancer and cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:88-116. [PMID: 35133083 PMCID: PMC8822596 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of tumorigenesis is the successful circumvention of cell death regulation for achieving unlimited replication and immortality. Ferroptosis is a newly identified type of cell death dependent on lipid peroxidation which differs from classical programmed cell death in terms of morphology, physiology and biochemistry. The broad spectrum of injury and tumor tolerance are the main reasons for radiotherapy and chemotherapy failure. The effective rate of tumor immunotherapy as a new treatment method is less than 30%. Ferroptosis can be seen in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and tumor immunotherapy; therefore, ferroptosis activation may be a potential strategy to overcome the drug resistance mechanism of traditional cancer treatments. In this review, the characteristics and causes of cell death by lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis are briefly described. In addition, the three metabolic regulations of ferroptosis and its crosstalk with classical signaling pathways are summarized. Collectively, these findings suggest the vital role of ferroptosis in immunotherapy based on the interaction of ferroptosis with tumor immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, thus, indicating the remarkable potential of ferroptosis in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Epartment of urology surgery Zhejiang hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- School of MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhou
- School of MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Feng Xie
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery the Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Rui'an Jiangsu 325000 P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- School of Medicine Zhejiang University City College Hangzhou Zhejiang 310015 China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Medicine Zhejiang University City College Hangzhou Zhejiang 310015 China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science Soochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Epartment of urology surgery Zhejiang hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Long Zhang
- School of MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network Life Sciences Institute Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
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95
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Shi AP, Tang XY, Xiong YL, Zheng KF, Liu YJ, Shi XG, Lv Y, Jiang T, Ma N, Zhao JB. Immune Checkpoint LAG3 and Its Ligand FGL1 in Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 12:785091. [PMID: 35111155 PMCID: PMC8801495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
LAG3 is the most promising immune checkpoint next to PD-1 and CTLA-4. High LAG3 and FGL1 expression boosts tumor growth by inhibiting the immune microenvironment. This review comprises four sections presenting the structure/expression, interaction, biological effects, and clinical application of LAG3/FGL1. D1 and D2 of LAG3 and FD of FGL1 are the LAG3-FGL1 interaction domains. LAG3 accumulates on the surface of lymphocytes in various tumors, but is also found in the cytoplasm in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. FGL1 is found in the cytoplasm in NSCLC cells and on the surface of breast cancer cells. The LAG3-FGL1 interaction mechanism remains unclear, and the intracellular signals require elucidation. LAG3/FGL1 activity is associated with immune cell infiltration, proliferation, and secretion. Cytokine production is enhanced when LAG3/FGL1 are co-expressed with PD-1. IMP321 and relatlimab are promising monoclonal antibodies targeting LAG3 in melanoma. The clinical use of anti-FGL1 antibodies has not been reported. Finally, high FGL1 and LAG3 expression induces EGFR-TKI and gefitinib resistance, and anti-PD-1 therapy resistance, respectively. We present a comprehensive overview of the role of LAG3/FGL1 in cancer, suggesting novel anti-tumor therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ping Shi
- Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Xi-Yang Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Lu Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Fu Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xian-Gui Shi
- College of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Lv
- College of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Bo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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96
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Carloni R, Rizzo A, Ricci AD, Frega G, Federico AD, Palloni A, Marco MD, Gadaleta-Caldarola G, Brandi G. Dual immune checkpoint blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma: where do we stand? Future Oncol 2022; 18:1023-1034. [PMID: 35109664 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death. Surgery, local ablative therapies and liver transplantation are the only potentially curative strategies, but the majority of patients present with advanced disease at diagnosis or develop recurrence after surgery. In recent years, immunotherapy for HCC has received growing interest, and one of the most promising strategies is the association of two immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which has already demonstrated its potential in other solid tumors such as melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Herein, we discuss the role and the biologic rationale of dual immune checkpoint blockade in HCC patients, focusing on the two ICI combinations: nivolumab plus ipilimumab and durvalumab plus tremelimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Carloni
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit, 'Mons. R. Dimiccoli' Hospital, Barletta (BT), Azienda Sanitaria Locale Barletta, 76121, Italy
| | - Angela Dalia Ricci
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy.,Medical Oncology Unit, 'Mons. R. Dimiccoli' Hospital, Barletta (BT), Azienda Sanitaria Locale Barletta, 76121, Italy
| | - Giorgio Frega
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Federico
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Palloni
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Di Marco
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gadaleta-Caldarola
- Medical Oncology Unit, 'Mons. R. Dimiccoli' Hospital, Barletta (BT), Azienda Sanitaria Locale Barletta, 76121, Italy
| | - Giovanni Brandi
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, Bologna, Italy
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97
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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Tian Y, Wang D, Liu S, Li L, Hao N, Qin G, Zhao X, Yang S, Huang J, Shen C, Lei Q, Wang L, Zhang Y. Long-term clinical efficacy of cytokine-induced killer cell-based immunotherapy in early-stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:526-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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98
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Prognostic Value of Programmed Death Ligand-1 Expression in Solid Tumors Irrespective of Immunotherapy Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2022; 26:153-168. [PMID: 35106739 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway, which plays a crucial role in cancer immune surveillance, is the target of several approved immunotherapeutic agents and is used as a predictive biomarker in some solid tumors. However, its use as a prognostic marker (i.e., regardless of therapy used) is not established clearly with available data demonstrating inconsistent prognostic impact of PD-L1 expression in solid tumors. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search of electronic databases and identified publications exploring the effect of PD-L1 expression on overall survival and/or disease-free survival. Hazard ratios were pooled in a meta-analysis using generic inverse-variance and random-effects modeling. We used the Deeks method to explore subgroup differences based on disease site, stage of disease, and method of PD-L1 quantification. RESULTS One hundred and eighty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Programmed cell death ligand-1 expression was associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio 1.33, 95% confidence interval 1.26-1.39; p < 0.001). There was significant heterogeneity between disease sites (subgroup p = 0.002) with pancreatic, hepatocellular, and genitourinary cancers associated with the highest magnitude of adverse outcomes. Programmed cell death ligand-1 was also associated with worse overall disease-free survival (hazard ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.30; p < 0.001). Stage of disease did not significantly affect the results (subgroup p = 0.52), nor did the method of quantification via immunohistochemistry or messenger RNA (subgroup p = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS High expression of PD-L1 is associated with worse survival in solid tumors albeit with significant heterogeneity among tumor types. The effect is consistent in early-stage and metastatic disease and is not sensitive to method of PD-L1 quantification. These data can provide additional information for the counseling of patients with cancer about prognosis.
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99
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Exploring the synergistic effects of cabozantinib and a programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma with machine learning. Oncotarget 2022; 13:237-256. [PMID: 35106125 PMCID: PMC8794707 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence supports the combination of cabozantinib with an immune checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) and suggests a synergistic antitumour activity of this combination. Nevertheless, the biological basis of this synergy is not fully characterized. We studied the mechanisms underpinning the potential synergism of cabozantinib combined with a PD1 inhibitor in mccRCC and delved into cabozantinib monotherapy properties supporting its role to partner these combinations. To model physiological drug action, we used a machine learning-based technology known as Therapeutic Performance Mapping Systems, applying two approaches: Artificial Neural Networks and Sampling Methods. We found that the combined therapy was predicted to exert a wide therapeutic action in the tumour and the microenvironment. Cabozantinib may enhance the effects of PD1 inhibitors on immunosurveillance by modulating the innate and adaptive immune system, through the inhibition of VEGF-VEGFR and Gas6-AXL/TYRO3/MER (TAM) axes, while the PD1 inhibitors may boost the antiangiogenic and pro–apoptotic effects of cabozantinib by modulating angiogenesis and T-cell cytotoxicity. Cabozantinib alone was predicted to restore cellular adhesion and hamper tumour proliferation and invasion. These data provide a biological rationale and further support for cabozantinib plus PD1 inhibitor combination and may guide future nonclinical and clinical research.
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100
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Bausart M, Préat V, Malfanti A. Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: the promise of combination strategies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:35. [PMID: 35078492 PMCID: PMC8787896 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment has remained almost unchanged for more than 20 years. The current standard of care involves surgical resection (if possible) followed by concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy strategies have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers, increasing the hope for GBM therapy. However, mostly due to the high, multifactorial immunosuppression occurring in the microenvironment, the poor knowledge of the neuroimmune system and the presence of the blood-brain barrier, the efficacy of immunotherapy in GBM is still low. Recently, new strategies for GBM treatments have employed immunotherapy combinations and have provided encouraging results in both preclinical and clinical studies. The lessons learned from clinical trials highlight the importance of tackling different arms of immunity. In this review, we aim to summarize the preclinical evidence regarding combination immunotherapy in terms of immune and survival benefits for GBM management. The outcomes of recent studies assessing the combination of different classes of immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., immune checkpoint blockade and vaccines) will be discussed. Finally, future strategies to ameliorate the efficacy of immunotherapy and facilitate clinical translation will be provided to address the unmet medical needs of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bausart
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Préat
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alessio Malfanti
- UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
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