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Larimore K, Liang L, Bakkour S, Sha WC. B7h-expressing dendritic cells and plasma B cells mediate distinct outcomes of ICOS costimulation in T cell-dependent antibody responses. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:29. [PMID: 22686515 PMCID: PMC3477010 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ICOS-B7h costimulatory receptor-ligand pair is required for germinal center formation, the production of isotype-switched antibodies, and antibody affinity maturation in response to T cell-dependent antigens. However, the potentially distinct roles of regulated B7h expression on B cells and dendritic cells in T cell-dependent antibody responses have not been defined. Results We generated transgenic mice with lineage-restricted B7h expression to assess the cell-type specific roles of B7h expression on B cells and dendritic cells in regulating T cell-dependent antibody responses. Our results show that endogenous B7h expression is reduced on B cells after activation in vitro and is also reduced in vivo on antibody-secreting plasma B cells in comparison to both naïve and germinal center B cells from which they are derived. Increasing the level of B7h expression on activated and plasma B cells in B-B7hTg mice led to an increase in the number of antibody-secreting plasma cells generated after immunization and a corresponding increase in the concentration of antigen-specific high affinity serum IgG antibodies of all isotypes, without affecting the number of responding germinal center B cells. In contrast, ICOS costimulation mediated by dendritic cells in DC-B7hTg mice contributed to germinal center formation and selectively increased IgG2a production without affecting the overall magnitude of antibody responses. Conclusions Using transgenic mice with lineage-restricted B7h expression, we have revealed distinct roles of ICOS costimulation mediated by dendritic cells and B cells in the regulation of T cell-dependent antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Larimore
- Immunology Division, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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Turner JE, Paust HJ, Bennstein SB, Bramke P, Krebs C, Steinmetz OM, Velden J, Haag F, Stahl RAK, Panzer U. Protective role for CCR5 in murine lupus nephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1503-15. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00382.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration is a characteristic feature of human and experimental lupus nephritis and is closely correlated with loss of renal function. The chemokine receptor CCR5 is expressed on monocyte and T cell subsets and is thought to play an important role in recruiting these cells into inflamed organs. To investigate the functional role of CCR5 in lupus nephritis, CCR5-deficient mice were backcrossed onto the lupus-prone MRL- Faslpr (MRL/lpr) genetic background. Unexpectedly, CCR5−/− MRL/lpr mice developed an aggravated course of lupus nephritis in terms of glomerular tissue injury and albuminuria. Deterioration of the nephritis was associated with an overall increase in mononuclear cell infiltration into the kidney, whereas renal leukocyte subtype balance, systemic T cell response, and autoantibody formation were unaffected by CCR5 deficiency. Renal and systemic protein levels of the CCR5 ligand CCL3, which can also attract leukocytes via its alternate receptor CCR1, were significantly increased in nephritic CCR5−/− MRL/lpr mice. Further studies revealed that the systemic increase in the CCR5/CCR1 ligand is also observed in nonimmune CCR5−/− C57BL/6 mice and that this increase was due to a reduced clearance, rather than an overproduction, of CCL3. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that CCR5-dependent consumption of its own ligands may act as a negative feedback loop to restrain local chemokine levels within inflamed tissues, thereby limiting inflammatory cell influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Eric Turner
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf,
| | | | | | - Phillip Bramke
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf,
| | - Christian Krebs
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf,
| | | | - Joachim Velden
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, and
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institut für Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf A. K. Stahl
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf,
| | - Ulf Panzer
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf,
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Seavey MM, Lu LD, Stump KL. Animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and ex vivo assay design for drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 5:Unit 5.60. [PMID: 21935901 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0560s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a debilitating and often fatal autoimmune disease that involves multiple organ systems. It can develop for years before being diagnosed. Current treatments for SLE usually involve the use of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive agents that can lead to infection or cancer. The design of appropriate models and assays will determine the efficiency and speed with which an investigator can test a new chemical entity (NCE) or expect results to move a drug discovery program forward. This unit describes a series of preclinical assays for the identification of new agents for the treatment of SLE. Most importantly, this unit will guide the reader through a step-by-step process to select appropriate models, validation drugs, and readouts, depending on the objective of the study. The reader will acquire a working knowledge of what models are available and the potential advantages and disadvantages of each, including ex vivo assays relevant to the discovery of new SLE therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Seavey
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
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Couser WG. Basic and translational concepts of immune-mediated glomerular diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:381-99. [PMID: 22282593 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified immune responses to infections and self-antigens initiate most forms of GN by generating pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns that stimulate Toll-like receptors and complement. These innate immune responses activate circulating monocytes and resident glomerular cells to release inflammatory mediators and initiate adaptive, antigen-specific immune responses that collectively damage glomerular structures. CD4 T cells are needed for B cell-driven antibody production that leads to immune complex formation in glomeruli, complement activation, and injury induced by both circulating inflammatory and resident glomerular effector cells. Th17 cells can also induce glomerular injury directly. In this review, information derived from studies in vitro, well characterized experimental models, and humans summarize and update likely pathogenic mechanisms involved in human diseases presenting as nephritis (postinfectious GN, IgA nephropathy, antiglomerular basement membrane and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-mediated crescentic GN, lupus nephritis, type I membranoproliferative GN), and nephrotic syndrome (minimal change/FSGS, membranous nephropathy, and C3 glomerulopathies). Advances in understanding the immunopathogenesis of each of these entities offer many opportunities for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Couser
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Abstract
Mouse models of lupus have for many years provided accessible and reliable research systems for the pathogenesis and therapy of systemic autoimmune disease, spanning a spectrum of inbred strains that develop spontaneous disease to experimentally induced, sometimes genetically manipulated animals. Nearly all the models share in common the development of glomerulonephritis and autoantibodies, including antinuclear and DNA specificities, the most common endpoints examined in experimental studies, but exhibit specific differences in the incidence of other end-organ manifestations such as hemolytic anemia, arthritis, dermatitis, and vasculitis. This chapter contrasts the clinical characteristics of these various models, providing an outline for their use and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanford L Peng
- Rheumatology Clinical Research Unit, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Berthier CC, Kretzler M, Davidson A. From the Large Scale Expression Analysis of Lupus Nephritis to Targeted Molecular Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3. [PMID: 23626922 DOI: 10.4172/2153-0602.1000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Current treatments for LN lack sufficient efficacy as they do not necessarily target the LN responsible pathways and therapeutic responses vary widely in the patient population. LN mouse models have been useful in delineating disease pathogenesis and for testing novel therapies, but they do not entirely represent the events happening in human LN. This review describes how recently developed systems biology technologies can help to integrate current knowledge with large scale experimental data to generate new hypotheses and insight into the regulatory events occurring in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine C Berthier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Lindenmeyer M, Noessner E, Nelson PJ, Segerer S. Dendritic cells in experimental renal inflammation--Part I. Nephron Clin Pract 2011; 119:e83-90. [PMID: 22133868 DOI: 10.1159/000332029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived professional antigen-presenting cells that act as master regulators of acquired and innate immune responses. While descriptions of cells with dendritic morphology in rodent kidneys date back to the early 1970s, a network of DCs in the mouse kidney has only recently been described. DCs acquire distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics depending on the microenvironment and the disease stages. Concomitantly, their communication with cells of the adaptive immunity might have tissue-protective or tissue-deleterious consequences. This review summarizes results from recent studies on the role of DCs in experimental renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lindenmeyer
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, and Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Seredkina N, Rekvig OP. Acquired loss of renal nuclease activity is restricted to DNaseI and is an organ-selective feature in murine lupus nephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1120-8. [PMID: 21723244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An acquired loss of renal DNaseI promotes transformation of mild mesangial lupus nephritis into membranoproliferative end-stage organ disease. In this study, we analyzed expression profiles of DNaseI in other organs of lupus-prone (NZB×NZW)F1 mice during disease progression to determine whether silencing of the renal DNaseI gene is an organ-specific feature or whether loss of DNaseI reflects a systemic error in mice with sever lupus nephritis. The present results demonstrate normal or elevated levels of DNaseI mRNA and enzyme activity in liver, spleen, and serum samples from (NZB×NZW)F1 mice throughout all the stages of lupus nephritis. DNaseI activity was dramatically reduced only in kidneys of mice with sever nephritis and was the only nuclease that was down-regulated, whereas six other nucleases (DNaseII1 to 3, caspase-activated DNase, Dnase2a, and endonuclease G) were approximately normally expressed in kidneys, liver, and spleen. Loss of renal DNaseI was not accompanied by changes in serum DNaseI activity, suggesting independent mechanisms of DNaseI regulation in circulation and in kidneys and an absence of compensatory up-regulation of serum DNaseI activity in the case of renal DNaseI deficiency. Thus, silencing of renal DNaseI is a unique renal feature in membranoproliferative lupus nephritis. Determining the mechanism(s) responsible for DNaseI down-regulation might lead to the generation of new therapeutic targets to treat and prevent progressive lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Seredkina
- Molecular Pathology Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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59
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The safety evaluation of adjuvants during vaccine development: The AS04 experience. Vaccine 2011; 29:4453-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dong W, Zhu P, Wang Y, Wang Z. Follicular helper T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: A potential therapeutic target. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ichinose K, Juang YT, Crispín JC, Kis-Toth K, Tsokos GC. Suppression of autoimmunity and organ pathology in lupus-prone mice upon inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:523-9. [PMID: 20954187 DOI: 10.1002/art.30085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with aberrant immune cell function. Treatment involves the use of indiscriminate immunosuppression, which results in significant side effects. SLE T cells express high levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV (CaMKIV), which translocates to the nucleus upon engagement of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex and accounts for abnormal T cell function. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inhibition of CaMKIV would improve disease pathology. METHODS We treated MRL/lpr mice with KN-93, a CaMKIV inhibitor, starting at week 8 or week 12 of age and continuing through week 16 and evaluated skin lesions, proteinuria, kidney histopathology, proinflammatory cytokine production, and costimulatory molecule expression. We also determined the effect of silencing of CAMK4 on interferon-γ (IFNγ) expression by human SLE T cells. RESULTS CaMKIV inhibition in MRL/lpr mice resulted in significant suppression of nephritis and skin disease, decreased expression of the costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD80 on B cells, and suppression of IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor α production. In human SLE T cells, silencing of CAMK4 resulted in suppression of IFNγ production. CONCLUSION We conclude that suppression of CaMKIV mitigates disease development in lupus-prone mice by suppressing cytokine production and costimulatory molecule expression. Specific silencing of CAMK4 in human T cells results in similar suppression of IFNγ production. Our data justify the development of small-molecule CaMKIV inhibitors for the treatment of patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Ichinose
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Chang A, Henderson SG, Brandt D, Liu N, Guttikonda R, Hsieh C, Kaverina N, Utset TO, Meehan SM, Quigg RJ, Meffre E, Clark MR. In situ B cell-mediated immune responses and tubulointerstitial inflammation in human lupus nephritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:1849-60. [PMID: 21187439 PMCID: PMC3124090 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The most prevalent severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus is nephritis, which is characterized by immune complex deposition, inflammation, and scarring in glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium. Numerous studies indicated that glomerulonephritis results from a systemic break in B cell tolerance, resulting in the local deposition of immune complexes containing Abs reactive with ubiquitous self-Ags. However, the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus tubulointerstitial disease is not known. In this article, we demonstrate that in more than half of a cohort of 68 lupus nephritis biopsies, the tubulointerstitial infiltrate was organized into well-circumscribed T:B cell aggregates or germinal centers (GCs) containing follicular dendritic cells. Sampling of the in situ-expressed Ig repertoire revealed that both histological patterns were associated with intrarenal B cell clonal expansion and ongoing somatic hypermutation. However, in the GC histology, the proliferating cells were CD138(-)CD20(+) centroblasts, whereas they were CD138(+)CD20(low/-) plasmablasts in T:B aggregates. The presence of GCs or T:B aggregates was strongly associated with tubular basement membrane immune complexes. These data implicate tertiary lymphoid neogenesis in the pathogenesis of lupus tubulointerstitial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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63
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Abstract
Proliferative lupus nephritis is the most severe form of lupus nephritis. Outcomes of this disease are affected by ethnicity, clinical characteristics, irreversible damage on renal biopsy, initial response to treatment and future disease course (for example, the occurrence of renal flares). Initial intensive (induction) treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis is aimed at achieving remission, but optimal duration and intensity are not well defined. A combination of intravenous cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids have been shown to decrease the risk of end-stage renal disease, but are associated with substantial acute toxic effects (such as infections) and chronic toxic effects (such as ovarian failure). In white populations, low-dose cyclophosphamide is a reasonable alternative to high-dose cyclophosphamide as it is similarly effective and associated with less toxicity. Mycophenolate mofetil is as effective as high-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide in terms of inducing remission and similar in terms of safety. Although most patients respond to induction treatment, remission is often only achieved after patients are switched to maintenance treatment. As maintenance treatment, mycophenolate mofetil is superior to azathioprine and azathioprine is similarly effective to ciclosporin in terms of prevention or reducing the risk of relapse. Rituximab should be reserved for patients with refractory disease. Treatment of lupus nephritis should be individually tailored to patients, with more aggressive therapy reserved for patients at high risk of renal dysfunction and progression of renal disease.
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Bao L, Haas M, Quigg RJ. Complement factor H deficiency accelerates development of lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 22:285-95. [PMID: 21148254 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010060647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (CfH) is a key regulator of the alternative pathway, and its presence on mouse platelets and podocytes allows the processing of immune complexes. Because of the role of immune complexes in the pathophysiology of lupus nephritis, we studied the role of CfH in the development of nephritis in MRL-lpr mice, an animal model of lupus. At 12 weeks, CfH-deficient MRL-lpr mice had significantly more albuminuria and higher BUN levels than MRL-lpr controls. Cfh-deficient MRL-lpr mice also experienced earlier mortality: at 14 weeks, 6 of 9 CfH-deficient MRL-lpr mice had died of renal failure, whereas all 11 littermate CfH-sufficient MRL-lpr mice were alive (P ≤ 0.001). Histologically, CfH-deficient MRL-lpr mice developed severe diffuse lupus nephritis by 12 weeks (glomerulonephritis scores of 2.6 ± 0.4 versus 0.4 ± 0.2 in littermate controls, P = 0.001). Similar to other CfH-deficient mouse models on nonautoimmune backgrounds, immunofluorescence staining showed extensive linear C3 staining along glomerular capillary walls. IgG was present in the mesangium and peripheral capillary walls along with excessive infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils. Ultrastructurally, there were subendothelial and subepithelial immune deposits and extensive podocyte foot process effacement. In summary, the loss of CfH accelerates the development of lupus nephritis and recapitulates the functional and structural features of the human disease. This illustrates the critical role of complement regulation and metabolism of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Bao
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC5100, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Roszer T, Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Lefterova MI, Alameda D, Núñez V, Lazar MA, Fischer T, Ricote M. Autoimmune kidney disease and impaired engulfment of apoptotic cells in mice with macrophage peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma or retinoid X receptor alpha deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:621-31. [PMID: 21135166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune glomerulonephritis is a common manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we show that mice lacking macrophage expression of the heterodimeric nuclear receptors PPARγ or RXRα develop glomerulonephritis and autoantibodies to nuclear Ags, resembling the nephritis seen in SLE. These mice show deficiencies in phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells, and they are unable to acquire an anti-inflammatory phenotype upon feeding of apoptotic cells, which is critical for the maintenance of self-tolerance. These results demonstrate that stimulation of PPARγ and RXRα in macrophages facilitates apoptotic cell engulfment, and they provide a potential strategy to avoid autoimmunity against dying cells and to attenuate SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Roszer
- Departamento de Cardiología Regenerativa, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Rajaiah R, Puttabyatappa M, Polumuri SK, Moudgil KD. Interleukin-27 and interferon-gamma are involved in regulation of autoimmune arthritis. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2817-25. [PMID: 21123181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.187013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation underlying immune pathology and tissue damage involves an intricate interplay between multiple immunological and biochemical mediators. Cytokines represent the key immune mediators that trigger a cascade of reactions that drive processes such as angiogenesis and proteolytic damage to tissues. IL-17 has now been shown to be a pivotal cytokine in many autoimmune diseases, supplanting the traditional Th1-Th2 paradigm. Also, the dual role of proinflammatory IFN-γ has unraveled new complexities in the cytokine biology of such disorders. A major hurdle in fully understanding the effector pathways in these disorders is the lack of information regarding the temporal kinetics of the cytokines during the course of the disease, as well as the interplay among the key cytokines. Using an experimental model of arthritic inflammation, we demonstrate that the temporal expression of cytokines during the incubation phase is a critical determinant of disease susceptibility. The susceptible rats raised a vigorous IL-17 response early, followed by IFN-γ and IL-27 response in that sequence, whereas the resistant rats displayed an early and concurrent response to these three cytokines. Accordingly, treatment with exogenous IFN-γ/IL-27 successfully controlled arthritic inflammation and inhibited the defined mediators of inflammation, angiogenesis, cell survival, apoptosis, and tissue damage. Furthermore, IFN-γ enhanced IL-27 secretion, revealing a cooperative interplay between the two cytokines. Our results offer a novel immunobiochemical perspective on the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and its therapeutic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Lu LD, Stump KL, Seavey MM. Novel method of monitoring trace cytokines and activated STAT molecules in the paws of arthritic mice using multiplex bead technology. BMC Immunol 2010; 11:55. [PMID: 21073728 PMCID: PMC2992046 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-11-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of mouse models to study human disease provides useful data that can provide support for research projects or an existing drug discovery program. How well a model recapitulates the human condition and the ease and reproducibility of data collected will determine how much confidence a scientist can place on results obtained. Designing new treatments for rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), requires complex immunocompetent models that depend on intricate cytokine networks. Using local cytokines, signal transduction and transcription factor molecules as potential biomarkers to monitor disease and treatment efficacy is the best method to follow the progression of tissue damage and repair when testing an unknown compound or biologic. Described here in this report, a novel method for the non-enzymatic extraction and measurement of cytokines and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) molecules using Luminex® bead array technology in two different mouse models for human RA - collagen antibody-dependent arthritis (CAIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Results Dynamic expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines responsible for promoting disease augmentation overtime were monitored, such as IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-12, locally in the paws of affected animals directly ex vivo. Local cytokine responses could be matched with serum cytokine levels and joint pathology results. In addition, STAT1, 3, and 5a/b activation status could be monitored with confidence using specifically formulated extraction buffer that protected the phosphorylation site. STAT3 activation followed paw swelling and cytokine levels in both models and correlates of disease could be ablated upon treatment with dexamethasone. Here reported a novel method of extracting joint fluid from the paws of inflamed mice coupled with powerful multiplex bead technology allowing us to measure cytokine responses, pharmacodynamic markers such as STATs and pharmacokinetic analysis of dosed agent all from the same sample directly ex vivo. Conclusions This method is powerful in that it is applicable to multiple autoimmunity model types, streamlines ex vivo readouts in a high-throughput manner, and allows multiplexing providing the investigator with an array of options and possible analytes when developing preclinical animal models to support drug discovery efforts in the search for new treatments for rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily D Lu
- Worldwide Discovery Research, Cephalon, Inc, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19380, USA
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68
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Abstract
The long history of elevated interferon (IFN)-alpha in association with disease activity in patients who have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has assumed high significance in the past decade, with accumulating data strongly supporting broad activation of the type I IFN pathway in cells of patients who have lupus, and association of IFN pathway activation with significant clinical manifestations of SLE and increased disease activity based on validated measures. In addition, a convincing association of IFN pathway activation with the presence of autoantibodies specific for RNA-binding proteins has contributed to delineation of an important role for Toll-like receptor activation by RNA-containing immune complexes in amplifying innate immune system activation and IFN pathway activation. Although the primary triggers of SLE and the IFN pathway remain undefined, rapid progress in lupus genetics is helping define lupus-associated genetic variants with a functional relationship to IFN production or response in patients. Together, the explosion of data and understanding related to the IFN pathway in SLE have readied the lupus community for translation of those insights to improved patient care. Patience will be needed to allow collection of clinical data and biologic specimens across multiple clinical centers required to support testing of IFN activity, IFN-inducible gene expression and chemokine gene products as candidate biomarkers. Meanwhile, promising clinical trials are moving forward to test the safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibody inhibitors of IFN-alpha. Other therapeutic approaches to target the IFN pathway may follow close behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Crow
- Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Rheumatology Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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