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Aydin S. Three new players in energy regulation: preptin, adropin and irisin. Peptides 2014; 56:94-110. [PMID: 24721335 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of energy is regulated by genetic factors, food intake, and energy expenditure. When energy input is greater than expenditure, the balance is positive, which can lead to weight gain and obesity. When the balance is negative, weight is lost. Regulation of this homeostasis is multi-factorial, involving many orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) and anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) peptide hormones. Peripheral tissues are now known to be involved in weight regulation and research on its endocrine characteristics proceeds apace. Preptin with 34 amino acids (MW 3948 Da), adropin with 43 amino acids and a molecular weight of (4999 Da), and irisin with 112 amino acids (12587 Da), are three newly discovered peptides critical for regulating energy metabolism. Preptin is synthesized primarily in pancreatic beta cells, and adropin mainly in the liver and brain, and many peripheral tissues. Irisin, however, is synthesized principally in the heart muscle, along with peripheral tissues, including salivary glands, kidney and liver. The prime functions of preptin and adropin include regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolisms by moderating glucose-mediated insulin release. Irisin is an anti-obesitic and anti-diabetic hormone regulating adipose tissue metabolism and glucose homeostasis by converting white to brown adipose tissue. This review offers a historical account of these discovery and function of these peptides, including their structure, and physiological and biochemical properties. Their roles in energy regulation will be discussed. Their measurement in biological fluids will be considered, which will lead to further discussion of their possible clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Aydin
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), Elazig 23119, Turkey.
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Pardo M, Crujeiras AB, Amil M, Aguera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Baños R, Botella C, de la Torre R, Estivill X, Fagundo AB, Fernández-Real JM, Fernández-García JC, Fruhbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Rodríguez R, Tinahones FJ, Fernández-Aranda F, Casanueva FF. Association of irisin with fat mass, resting energy expenditure, and daily activity in conditions of extreme body mass index. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:857270. [PMID: 24864142 PMCID: PMC4016898 DOI: 10.1155/2014/857270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FNDC5/irisin has been recently postulated as beneficial in the treatment of obesity and diabetes because it is induced in muscle by exercise, increasing energy expenditure. However, recent reports have shown that WAT also secretes irisin and that circulating irisin is elevated in obese subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate irisin levels in conditions of extreme BMI and its correlation with basal metabolism and daily activity. The study involved 145 female patients, including 96 with extreme BMIs (30 anorexic (AN) and 66 obese (OB)) and 49 healthy normal weight (NW). The plasma irisin levels were significantly elevated in the OB patients compared with the AN and NW patients. Irisin also correlated positively with body weight, BMI, and fat mass. The OB patients exhibited the highest REE and higher daily physical activity compared with the AN patients but lower activity compared with the NW patients. The irisin levels were inversely correlated with daily physical activity and directly correlated with REE. Fat mass contributed to most of the variability of the irisin plasma levels independently of the other studied parameters. Conclusion. Irisin levels are influenced by energy expenditure independently of daily physical activity but fat mass is the main contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pardo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Obesidómica Group, Laboratory 3, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *María Pardo:
| | - Ana B. Crujeiras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Amil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Zaida Aguera
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the Jaume I University, Castelló, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Estivill
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B. Fagundo
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M. Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi),Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - José C. Fernández-García
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, 29010 Maálaga, Spain
| | - Gema Fruhbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Clinic de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Clinic de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roser Rodríguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi),Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Cliínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, 29010 Maálaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS) and Santiago de Compostela University (USC), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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