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Foulks JM, Carpenter KJ, Luo B, Xu Y, Senina A, Nix R, Chan A, Clifford A, Wilkes M, Vollmer D, Brenning B, Merx S, Lai S, McCullar MV, Ho KK, Albertson DJ, Call LT, Bearss JJ, Tripp S, Liu T, Stephens BJ, Mollard A, Warner SL, Bearss DJ, Kanner SB. A small-molecule inhibitor of PIM kinases as a potential treatment for urothelial carcinomas. Neoplasia 2014; 16:403-12. [PMID: 24953177 PMCID: PMC4198696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene proviral integration site for moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases (PIM-1, PIM-2, and PIM-3) are serine/threonine kinases that are involved in a number of signaling pathways important to cancer cells. PIM kinases act in downstream effector functions as inhibitors of apoptosis and as positive regulators of G1-S phase progression through the cell cycle. PIM kinases are upregulated in multiple cancer indications, including lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and prostate, gastric, and head and neck cancers. Overexpression of one or more PIM family members in patient tumors frequently correlates with poor prognosis. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate PIM expression in low- and high-grade urothelial carcinoma and to assess the role PIM function in disease progression and their potential to serve as molecular targets for therapy. One hundred thirty-seven cases of urothelial carcinoma were included in this study of surgical biopsy and resection specimens. High levels of expression of all three PIM family members were observed in both noninvasive and invasive urothelial carcinomas. The second-generation PIM inhibitor, TP-3654, displays submicromolar activity in pharmacodynamic biomarker modulation, cell proliferation studies, and colony formation assays using the UM-UC-3 bladder cancer cell line. TP-3654 displays favorable human ether-à-go-go-related gene and cytochrome P450 inhibition profiles compared with the first-generation PIM inhibitor, SGI-1776, and exhibits oral bioavailability. In vivo xenograft studies using a bladder cancer cell line show that PIM kinase inhibition can reduce tumor growth, suggesting that PIM kinase inhibitors may be active in human urothelial carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bai Luo
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Yong Xu
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Anna Senina
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Rebecca Nix
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Ashley Chan
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuping Lai
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Koc-Kan Ho
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Daniel J Albertson
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Jared J Bearss
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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van der Meer R, Song HY, Park SH, Abdulkadir SA, Roh M. RNAi screen identifies a synthetic lethal interaction between PIM1 overexpression and PLK1 inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3211-21. [PMID: 24771642 PMCID: PMC4086184 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify genes whose depletion is detrimental to Pim1-overexpressing prostate cancer cells and to validate this finding in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RNAi screening was used to identify genes whose depletion is detrimental to Pim1-overexpressing cells. Our finding was validated using shRNA or PLK1-specific inhibitor BI 2536. Xenograft studies were performed using both PLK1-knockdown cells and BI 2536 to investigate the effects of PLK1 inhibition on tumorigenesis in Pim1-overexpressing cells. Finally, PLK1 and PIM1 expression patterns in human prostate tumors were examined by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays. RESULTS We identified the mitotic regulator polo-like kinase (PLK1) as a gene whose depletion is particularly detrimental to the viability of Pim1-overexpressing prostate cancer. Inhibition of PLK1 by shRNA or BI 2536 in Pim1-overexpressing prostate cancer xenograft models resulted in a dramatic inhibition of tumor progression. Notably, Pim1-overexpressing cells were more prone to mitotic arrest followed by apoptosis due to PLK1 inhibition than control cells. Furthermore, inhibition of PLK1 led to the reduction of MYC protein levels both in vitro and in vivo. Our data also suggest that PIM1 and PLK1 physically interact and PIM1 might phosphorylate PLK1. Finally, PLK1 and PIM1 are frequently co-expressed in human prostate tumors, and co-expression of PLK1 and PIM1 was significantly correlated to higher Gleason grades. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that PIM1-overexpressing cancer cells are particularly sensitive to PLK1 inhibition, suggesting that PIM1 might be used as a marker for identifying patients who will benefit from PLK1 inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riet van der Meer
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ha Yong Song
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Meejeon Roh
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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53
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Aguirre E, Renner O, Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C. Genetic Modeling of PIM Proteins in Cancer: Proviral Tagging and Cooperation with Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Carcinogens. Front Oncol 2014; 4:109. [PMID: 24860787 PMCID: PMC4030178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM proteins, which were initially discovered as proviral insertion sites in Moloney-murine leukemia virus infection, are a family of highly homologous serine/threonine kinases that have been reported to be overexpressed in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The PIM proteins have also been associated with metastasis and overall treatment responses and implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, metabolism, the cell cycle, and homing and migration, which makes these proteins interesting targets for anti-cancer drug discovery. The use of retroviral insertional mutagenesis and refined approaches such as complementation tagging has allowed the identification of myc, pim, and a third group of genes (including bmi1 and gfi1) as complementing genes in lymphomagenesis. Moreover, mouse modeling of human cancer has provided an understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in tumor initiation and progression at the physiological level. In particular, genetically modified mice have allowed researchers to further elucidate the role of each of the Pim isoforms in various tumor types. PIM kinases have been identified as weak oncogenes because experimental overexpression in lymphoid tissue, prostate, and liver induces tumors at a relatively low incidence and with a long latency. However, very strong synergistic tumorigenicity between Pim1/2 and c-Myc and other oncogenes has been observed in lymphoid tissues. Mouse models have also been used to study whether the inhibition of specific PIM isoforms is required to prevent carcinogen-induced sarcomas, indicating that the absence of Pim2 and Pim3 greatly reduces sarcoma growth and bone invasion; the extent of this effect is similar to that observed in the absence of all three isoforms. This review will summarize some of the animal models that have been used to understand the isoform-specific contribution of PIM kinases to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enara Aguirre
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Oliver Renner
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
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54
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Yoshida K, Itoyama R, Yamahira M, Tanaka J, Loaëc N, Lozach O, Durieu E, Fukuda T, Ishibashi F, Meijer L, Iwao M. Synthesis, Resolution, and Biological Evaluation of Atropisomeric (aR)- and (aS)-16-Methyllamellarins N: Unique Effects of the Axial Chirality on the Selectivity of Protein Kinases Inhibition. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7289-301. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400719y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenyu Yoshida
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Itoyama
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamahira
- Division
of Marine Life Science and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Fisheries
Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga
Koen 6-1, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- Protein
Phosphorylation and Human Disease Group, Station Biologique, CNRS, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Olivier Lozach
- Protein
Phosphorylation and Human Disease Group, Station Biologique, CNRS, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Emilie Durieu
- Protein
Phosphorylation and Human Disease Group, Station Biologique, CNRS, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Tsutomu Fukuda
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Fumito Ishibashi
- Division
of Marine Life Science and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Fisheries
Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Laurent Meijer
- Protein
Phosphorylation and Human Disease Group, Station Biologique, CNRS, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
- ManRos Therapeutics, Centre de Perharidy, 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Masatomo Iwao
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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55
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Mori M, Tintori C, Christopher RSA, Radi M, Schenone S, Musumeci F, Brullo C, Sanità P, Delle Monache S, Angelucci A, Kissova M, Crespan E, Maga G, Botta M. A combination strategy to inhibit Pim-1: synergism between noncompetitive and ATP-competitive inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:484-96. [PMID: 23436791 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pim-1 is a serine/threonine kinase critically involved in the initiation and progression of various types of cancer, especially leukemia, lymphomas and solid tumors such as prostate, pancreas and colon, and is considered a potential drug target against these malignancies. In an effort to discover new potent Pim-1 inhibitors, a previously identified ATP-competitive indolyl-pyrrolone scaffold was expanded to derive structure-activity relationship data. A virtual screening campaign was also performed, which led to the discovery of additional ATP-competitive inhibitors as well as a series of 2-aminothiazole derivatives, which are noncompetitive with respect to both ATP and peptide substrate. This mechanism of action, which resembles allosteric inhibition, has not previously been characterized for Pim-1. Notably, further evaluation of the 2-aminothiazoles indicated a synergistic inhibitory effect in enzymatic assays when tested in combination with ATP-competitive inhibitors. A synergistic effect in the inhibition of cell proliferation by ATP-competitive and ATP-noncompetitive compounds was also observed in prostate cancer cell lines (PC3), where all Pim-1 inhibitors tested in showed synergism with the known anticancer agent, paclitaxel. These results further establish Pim-1 as a target in cancer therapy, and highlight the potential of these agents for use as adjuvant agents in the treatment of cancer diseases in which Pim-1 is associated with chemotherapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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56
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Padmanabhan A, Gosc EB, Bieberich CJ. Stabilization of the prostate-specific tumor suppressor NKX3.1 by the oncogenic protein kinase Pim-1 in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1050-7. [PMID: 23129228 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Loss of NKX3.1 is an early and consistent event in prostate cancer and is associated with increased proliferation of prostate epithelial cells and poor prognosis. NKX3.1 stability is regulated post-translationally through phosphorylation at multiple sites by several protein kinases. Here, we report the paradoxical stabilization of the prostate-specific tumor suppressor NKX3.1 by the oncogenic protein kinase Pim-1 in prostate cancer cells. Pharmacologic Pim-1 inhibition using the small molecule inhibitor CX-6258 decreased steady state levels and half-life of NKX3.1 protein but mRNA was not affected. This effect was reversed by inhibition of the 26S-proteasome, demonstrating that Pim-1 protects NKX3.1 from proteasome-mediated degradation. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed Thr89, Ser185, Ser186, Ser195, and Ser196 as Pim-1 phospho-acceptor sites on NKX3.1. Through mutational analysis, we determined that NKX3.1 phosphorylation at Ser185, Ser186, and within the N-terminal PEST domain is essential for Pim-1-mediated stabilization. Further, we also identified Lys182 as a critical residue for NKX3.1 stabilization by Pim-1. Pim-1-mediated NKX3.1 stabilization may be important in maintaining normal cellular homeostasis in normal prostate epithelial cells, and may maintain basal NKX3.1 protein levels in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achuth Padmanabhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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57
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Logan M, Anderson PD, Saab ST, Hameed O, Abdulkadir SA. RAMP1 is a direct NKX3.1 target gene up-regulated in prostate cancer that promotes tumorigenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:951-63. [PMID: 23867798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain-containing transcription factor, NKX3.1, plays an important role in the suppression of prostate tumorigenesis. Herein, we identify the receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) as a direct NKX3.1 target gene through analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to massively parallel sequencing and gene expression data. RAMP1 is a coreceptor for certain G-protein-coupled receptors, such as the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, to the plasma membrane. We found that RAMP1 expression is specifically elevated in human prostate cancer relative to other tumor types. Furthermore, RAMP1 mRNA and protein levels are significantly higher in human prostate cancer compared with benign glands. We identified multiple NKX3.1 binding sites in the RAMP1 locus in human prostate cancer cells and in the normal mouse prostate. Analyses of Nkx3.1 knockout mice and human prostate cancer cell lines indicate that NKX3.1 represses RAMP1 expression. Knockdown of RAMP1 by shRNA decreased prostate cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. By using gene expression profiling and pathway analyses, we identified several cancer-related pathways that are significantly altered in RAMP1 knockdown cells, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Further experiments confirmed a reduction in MAP2KI (MEK1) expression and phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 levels in RAMP1 knockdown cells. These data provide novel insights into the role of RAMP1 in promoting prostate tumorigenesis and support the potential of RAMP1 as a novel biomarker and possible therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Logan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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58
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Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. The PIM family of serine/threonine kinases in cancer. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:136-59. [PMID: 23576269 DOI: 10.1002/med.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proviral insertion site in Moloney murine leukemia virus, or PIM proteins, are a family of serine/threonine kinases composed of three different isoforms (PIM1, PIM2, and PIM3) that are highly evolutionarily conserved. These proteins are regulated primarily by transcription and stability through pathways that are controlled by Janus kinase/Signal transducer and activator of transcription, JAK/STAT, transcription factors. The PIM family proteins have been found to be overexpressed in hematological malignancies and solid tumors, and their roles in these tumors were confirmed in mouse tumor models. Furthermore, the PIM family proteins have been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, metabolism, cell cycle, and homing and migration, which has led to the postulation of these proteins as interesting targets for anticancer drug discovery. In the present work, we review the importance of PIM kinases in tumor growth and as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
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59
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Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C, Cecilia Y, Perez M, Muñoz-Galvan S, Cañamero M, Carnero A. Conditional transgenic expression of PIM1 kinase in prostate induces inflammation-dependent neoplasia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60277. [PMID: 23565217 PMCID: PMC3614961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pim proteins are a family of highly homologous protein serine/threonine kinases that have been found to be overexpressed in cancer. Elevated levels of Pim1 kinase were first discovered in human leukemia and lymphomas. However, more recently Pim1 was found to be increased in solid tumors, including pancreatic and prostate cancers, and has been proposed as a prognostic marker. Although the Pim kinases have been identified as oncogenes in transgenic models, they have weak transforming abilities on their own. However, they have been shown to greatly enhance the ability of other genes or chemical carcinogens to induce tumors. To explore the role of Pim1 in prostate cancer, we generated conditional Pim1 transgenic mice, expressed Pim1 in prostate epithelium, and analyzed the contribution of PIM1 to neoplastic initiation and progression. Accordingly, we explored the effect of PIM1 overexpression in 3 different settings: upon hormone treatment, during aging, and in combination with the absence of one Pten allele. We have found that Pim1 overexpression increased the severity of mouse prostate intraepithelial neoplasias (mPIN) moderately in all three settings. Furthermore, Pim1 overexpression, in combination with the hormone treatment, increased inflammation surrounding target tissues leading to pyelonephritis in transgenic animals. Analysis of senescence induced in these prostatic lesions showed that the lesions induced in the presence of inflammation exhibited different behavior than those induced in the absence of inflammation. While high grade prostate preneoplastic lesions, mPIN grades III and IV, in the presence of inflammation did not show any senescence markers and demonstrated high levels of Ki67 staining, untreated animals without inflammation showed senescence markers and had low levels of Ki67 staining in similar high grade lesions. Our data suggest that Pim1 might contribute to progression rather than initiation in prostate neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Experimental Therapeutics programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cecilia
- Experimental Therapeutics programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Perez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sandra Muñoz-Galvan
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marta Cañamero
- Biotechnology programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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60
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Kiriazis A, Vahakoski RL, Santio NM, Arnaudova R, Eerola SK, Rainio EM, Aumüller IB, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Koskinen PJ. Tricyclic Benzo[cd]azulenes selectively inhibit activities of Pim kinases and restrict growth of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55409. [PMID: 23405147 PMCID: PMC3566155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Pim family kinases are often overexpressed in human hematopoietic malignancies as well as in solid tumours. These kinases contribute to tumorigenesis by promoting cell survival and by enhancing resistance against chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Furthermore, we have recently shown that they increase the metastatic potential of adherent cancer cells. Here we describe identification of tricyclic benzo[cd]azulenes and their derivatives as effective and selective inhibitors of Pim kinases. These compounds inhibit Pim autophosphorylation and abrogate the anti-apoptotic effects of Pim kinases. They also reduce cancer cell motility and suppress proliferation of lymphoblastoid cell lines infected and immortalized by the Epstein-Barr virus. Thus, these novel Pim-selective inhibitors provide promising compounds for both research and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Kiriazis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Pharmacy Section, FinPharma Doctoral Program, Finland
| | - Riitta L. Vahakoski
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland
- Drug Discovery Section, FinPharma Doctoral Program, Finland
| | - Niina M. Santio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland
- Drug Discovery Section, FinPharma Doctoral Program, Finland
| | - Ralica Arnaudova
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Ingo B. Aumüller
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (JYK); (PJK)
| | - Päivi J. Koskinen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland
- * E-mail: (JYK); (PJK)
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61
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Ogawa N, Yuki H, Tanaka A. Insights from Pim1 structure for anti-cancer drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1177-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.727394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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62
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Anderson PD, McKissic SA, Logan M, Roh M, Franco OE, Wang J, Doubinskaia I, van der Meer R, Hayward SW, Eischen CM, Eltoum IE, Abdulkadir SA. Nkx3.1 and Myc crossregulate shared target genes in mouse and human prostate tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1907-19. [PMID: 22484818 DOI: 10.1172/jci58540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperativity between oncogenic mutations is recognized as a fundamental feature of malignant transformation, and it may be mediated by synergistic regulation of the expression of pro- and antitumorigenic target genes. However, the mechanisms by which oncogenes and tumor suppressors coregulate downstream targets and pathways remain largely unknown. Here, we used ChIP coupled to massively parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) and gene expression profiling in mouse prostates to identify direct targets of the tumor suppressor Nkx3.1. Further analysis indicated that a substantial fraction of Nkx3.1 target genes are also direct targets of the oncoprotein Myc. We also showed that Nkx3.1 and Myc bound to and crossregulated shared target genes in mouse and human prostate epithelial cells and that Nkx3.1 could oppose the transcriptional activity of Myc. Furthermore, loss of Nkx3.1 cooperated with concurrent overexpression of Myc to promote prostate cancer in transgenic mice. In human prostate cancer patients, dysregulation of shared NKX3.1/MYC target genes was associated with disease relapse. Our results indicate that NKX3.1 and MYC coregulate prostate tumorigenesis by converging on, and crossregulating, a common set of target genes. We propose that coregulation of target gene expression by oncogenic/tumor suppressor transcription factors may represent a general mechanism underlying the cooperativity of oncogenic mutations during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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