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Kleist C, Mohr E, Gaikwad S, Dittmar L, Kuerten S, Platten M, Mier W, Schmitt M, Opelz G, Terness P. Autoantigen-specific immunosuppression with tolerogenic peripheral blood cells prevents relapses in a mouse model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Transl Med 2016; 14:99. [PMID: 27131971 PMCID: PMC4852098 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) rendered suppressive by treatment with mitomycin C and loaded with the autoantigen myelin basic protein demonstrated earlier their ability to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). This provides an approach for prophylactic vaccination against autoimmune diseases. For clinical application such DCs are difficult to generate and autoantigens hold the risk of exacerbating the disease. METHODS We replaced DCs by peripheral mononuclear cells and myelin autoantigens by glatiramer acetate (Copaxone(®)), a drug approved for the treatment of MS. Spleen cells were loaded with Copaxone(®), incubated with mitomycin C (MICCop) and injected into mice after the first bout of relapsing-remitting EAE. Immunosuppression mediated by MICCop was investigated in vivo by daily assessment of clinical signs of paralysis and in in vitro restimulation assays of peripheral immune cells. Cytokine profiling was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Migration of MICCop cells after injection was examined by biodistribution analysis of (111)Indium-labelled MICCop. The number and inhibitory activity of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells were analysed by histology, flow cytometry and in vitro mixed lymphocyte cultures. In order to assess the specificity of MICCop-induced suppression, treated EAE mice were challenged with the control protein ovalbumin. Humoral and cellular immune responses were then determined by ELISA and in vitro antigen restimulation assay. RESULTS MICCop cells were able to inhibit the harmful autoreactive T-cell response and prevented mice from further relapses without affecting general immune responses. Administered MICCop migrated to various organs leading to an increased infiltration of the spleen and the central nervous system with CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) cells displaying a suppressive cytokine profile and inhibiting T-cell responses. CONCLUSION We describe a clinically applicable cell therapeutic approach for controlling relapses in autoimmune encephalomyelitis by specifically silencing the deleterious autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kleist
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Mohr
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hexal AG, 83607, Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Sadanand Gaikwad
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Quintiles GmbH, 63263, Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Laura Dittmar
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Becton Dickinson GmbH, BD Life Sciences, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurooncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Opelz
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Terness
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kohno S, Kitajima S, Sasaki N, Takahashi C. Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor functions shared by stem cell and cancer cell strategies. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:170-84. [PMID: 27114748 PMCID: PMC4835675 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenic transformation of somatic cells resembles nuclear reprogramming toward the generation of pluripotent stem cells. These events share eternal escape from cellular senescence, continuous self-renewal in limited but certain population of cells, and refractoriness to terminal differentiation while maintaining the potential to differentiate into cells of one or multiple lineages. As represented by several oncogenes those appeared to be first keys to pluripotency, carcinogenesis and nuclear reprogramming seem to share a number of core mechanisms. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor product retinoblastoma (RB) seems to be critically involved in both events in highly complicated manners. However, disentangling such complicated interactions has enabled us to better understand how stem cell strategies are shared by cancer cells. This review covers recent findings on RB functions related to stem cells and stem cell-like behaviors of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kohno
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kitajima
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Nobunari Sasaki
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Susumu Kohno, Chiaki Takahashi, Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Prieto C, Stam RW, Agraz-Doblas A, Ballerini P, Camos M, Castaño J, Marschalek R, Bursen A, Varela I, Bueno C, Menendez P. Activated KRAS Cooperates with MLL-AF4 to Promote Extramedullary Engraftment and Migration of Cord Blood CD34+ HSPC But Is Insufficient to Initiate Leukemia. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2478-89. [PMID: 26837759 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The MLL-AF4 (MA4) fusion gene is the genetic hallmark of an aggressive infant pro-B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Our understanding of MA4-mediated transformation is very limited. Whole-genome sequencing studies revealed a silent mutational landscape, which contradicts the aggressive clinical outcome of this hematologic malignancy. Only RAS mutations were recurrently detected in patients and found to be associated with poorer outcome. The absence of MA4-driven B-ALL models further questions whether MA4 acts as a single oncogenic driver or requires cooperating mutations to manifest a malignant phenotype. We explored whether KRAS activation cooperates with MA4 to initiate leukemia in cord blood-derived CD34(+) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC). Clonogenic and differentiation/proliferation assays demonstrated that KRAS activation does not cooperate with MA4 to immortalize CD34(+) HSPCs. Intrabone marrow transplantation into immunodeficient mice further showed that MA4 and KRAS(G12V) alone or in combination enhanced hematopoietic repopulation without impairing myeloid-lymphoid differentiation, and that mutated KRAS did not cooperate with MA4 to initiate leukemia. However, KRAS activation enhanced extramedullary hematopoiesis of MA4-expressing cell lines and CD34(+) HSPCs that was associated with leukocytosis and central nervous system infiltration, both hallmarks of infant t(4;11)(+) B-ALL. Transcriptional profiling of MA4-expressing patients supported a cell migration gene signature underlying the mutant KRAS-mediated phenotype. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that KRAS affects the homeostasis of MA4-expressing HSPCs, suggesting that KRAS activation in MA4(+) B-ALL is important for tumor maintenance rather than initiation. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2478-89. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Prieto
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronald W Stam
- Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio Agraz-Doblas
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC-CSIC-UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA-SODERCAN), Santander, Spain
| | - Paola Ballerini
- Pediatric Hematology Department, A. Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Mireia Camos
- Hematology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Castaño
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rolf Marschalek
- Institute Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Aldeheid Bursen
- Institute Pharmaceutical Biology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC-CSIC-UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA-SODERCAN), Santander, Spain
| | - Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Instituciò Catalana Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Polo-like kinase 3 inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation and tumorigenesis via cooperative interaction with p21. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6789-96. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Alfranca A, Martinez-Cruzado L, Tornin J, Abarrategi A, Amaral T, de Alava E, Menendez P, Garcia-Castro J, Rodriguez R. Bone microenvironment signals in osteosarcoma development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3097-113. [PMID: 25935149 PMCID: PMC11113487 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The bone is a complex connective tissue composed of many different cell types such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells, among others. The interaction between them is finely balanced through the processes of bone formation and bone remodeling, which regulates the production and biological activity of many soluble factors and extracellular matrix components needed to maintain the bone homeostasis in terms of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Osteosarcoma (OS) emerges in this complex environment as a result of poorly defined oncogenic events arising in osteogenic lineage precursors. Increasing evidence supports that similar to normal development, the bone microenvironment (BME) underlies OS initiation and progression. Here, we recapitulate the physiological processes that regulate bone homeostasis and review the current knowledge about how OS cells and BME communicate and interact, describing how these interactions affect OS cell growth, metastasis, cancer stem cell fate and therapy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantzazu Alfranca
- Unidad de Biotecnología Celular, Área de Genética Humana, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Martinez-Cruzado
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Tornin
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ander Abarrategi
- Unidad de Biotecnología Celular, Área de Genética Humana, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Teresa Amaral
- Molecular Pathology Program, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBSAL-CIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Biobank, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrique de Alava
- Molecular Pathology Program, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca-Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (IBSAL-CIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Biobank, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Cell Therapy Program, School of Medicine, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituciò Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Garcia-Castro
- Unidad de Biotecnología Celular, Área de Genética Humana, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rene Rodriguez
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Miao X, Yin S, Shao Z, Zhang Y, Chen X. Nanosecond pulsed electric field inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma. J Orthop Surg Res 2015; 10:104. [PMID: 26148858 PMCID: PMC4496869 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-015-0247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies suggest that nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) is a novel minimal invasive and non-thermal ablation method that can induce apoptosis in different solid tumors. But the efficacy of nsPEF on bone-related tumors or bone metastasis is kept unknown. The current study investigates antitumor effect of nsPEF on osteosarcoma MG-63 cells in vitro. METHOD MG-63 cells were treated with nsPEF with different electric field strengths (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kV/cm) and different pulse numbers (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 pulses). The inhibitory effect of nsPEF on the growth of MG-63 cells was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay at different time points (0, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h post nsPEF treatment). The apoptosis was analyzed by Hoechst stain, in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and flow cytometric analysis. The expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was examined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. RESULTS The CCK-8 assay showed that nsPEF induced a distinct electric field strength- and pulse number-dependent reduction of cell proliferation. For treatment parameter optimizing, the condition 40 kV/cm and 30 pulses at 24 h post nsPEF achieved the most significant apoptotic induction rate. Hoechst, TUNEL, and flow cytometric analysis showed that the cell apoptosis was induced and cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase. PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that nsPEF up-regulated OPG expression had no effect on RANKL, increased OPG/RANKL ratio. CONCLUSION NsPEF inhibits osteosarcoma growth, induces apoptosis, and affects bone metabolism by up-regulating OPG, indicating nsPEF-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma MG-63 cells. NsPEF has potential to treat osteosarcoma or bone metastasis. When nsPEF is applied on metastatic bone tumors, it might be beneficial by inducing osteoblastic differentiation without cancer proliferation. In the future, nsPEF might be one of the treatments of metastatic bone tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Miao
- The Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Shengyong Yin
- The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Zhou Shao
- The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310000, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, China.
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mTORC1 maintains the tumorigenicity of SSEA-4(+) high-grade osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9604. [PMID: 25853231 PMCID: PMC4389812 DOI: 10.1038/srep09604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of p53 and/or Rb pathways restrains osteoblasts from cell-cycle exit and terminal differentiation, which underpins osteosarcoma formation coupled with dedifferentiation. Recently, the level of p-S6K was shown to independently predict the prognosis for osteosarcomas, while the reason behind this is not understood. Here we show that in certain high-grade osteosarcomas, immature SSEA-4+ tumor cells represent a subset of tumor-initiating cells (TICs) whose pool size is maintained by mTORC1 activity. mTORC1 supports not only SSEA-4+ cell self-renewal through S6K but also the regeneration of SSEA-4+ TICs by SSEA-4− osteosarcoma cell dedifferentiation. Mechanistically, active mTORC1 is required to prevent a likely upregulation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27 independently of p53 or Rb activation, which otherwise effectively drives the terminal differentiation of SSEA-4− osteosarcoma cells at the expense of dedifferentiation. Thus, mTORC1 is shown to critically regulate the retention of tumorigenicity versus differentiation in discrete differentiation phases in SSEA-4+ TICs and their progeny.
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Rubio R, Abarrategi A, Garcia-Castro J, Martinez-Cruzado L, Suarez C, Tornin J, Santos L, Astudillo A, Colmenero I, Mulero F, Rosu-Myles M, Menendez P, Rodriguez R. Bone environment is essential for osteosarcoma development from transformed mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1136-48. [PMID: 24446210 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment plays a relevant role in cancer development. We have reported that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) deficient for p53 alone or together with RB (p53(-/-)RB(-/-)) originate leiomyosarcoma after subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation. Here, we show that intrabone or periosteal inoculation of p53(-/-) or p53(-/-)RB(-/-) bone marrow- or adipose tissue-derived MSCs originated metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma (OS). To assess the contribution of bone environment factors to OS development, we analyzed the effect of the osteoinductive factor bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and calcified substrates on p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs. We show that BMP-2 upregulates the expression of osteogenic markers in a WNT signaling-dependent manner. In addition, the s.c. coinfusion of p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs together with BMP-2 resulted in appearance of tumoral osteoid areas. Likewise, when p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs were inoculated embedded in a calcified ceramic scaffold composed of hydroxyapatite and tricalciumphosphate (HA/TCP), tumoral bone formation was observed in the surroundings of the HA/TCP scaffold. Moreover, the addition of BMP-2 to the ceramic/MSC implants further increased the tumoral osteoid matrix. Together, these data indicate that bone microenvironment signals are essential to drive OS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rubio
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government, Granada, Spain
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Rodriguez R, Rosu-Myles M, Aráuzo-Bravo M, Horrillo A, Pan Q, Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M, Menendez P. Human bone marrow stromal cells lose immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties upon oncogenic transformation. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:606-19. [PMID: 25358789 PMCID: PMC4223704 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their immunomodulatory properties, human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) represent promising stem cells for treatment of immune disorders. hBMSCs expansion precedes their clinical use, so the possibility that hBMSCs undergo spontaneous transformation upon long-term culture should be addressed. Whether hBMSCs retain immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties upon oncogenic transformation remains unknown. Using sequentially mutated hBMSCs and spontaneously transformed hBMSCs, we report that, upon oncogenic transformation, hBMSCs lose immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptome profiling and functional assays reveal immune effectors underlying the loss of immunomodulation in transformed hBMSCs. They display a proinflammatory transcriptomic signature, with deregulation of immune and inflammatory modulators and regulators of the prostaglandin synthesis. Transformed hBMSCs lose their capacity to secrete the immunosuppressive prostacyclins prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGI2 but produce proinflammatory thromboxanes. Together, the immunoregulatory profile adopted by hBMSCs largely depends on intrinsic genetic-molecular determinants triggered by genomic instability/oncogenic transformation. Oncogenic hBMSCs display robustly impaired immune properties Transformed hBMSCs display a proinflammatory transcriptomic signature Transformed hBMSCs lose capacity to secrete immunosuppressive prostacyclins Transformed hBMSCs gain the capacity to produce proinflammatory thromboxanes
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Hospital Universitario de Asturias-Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Marcos Aráuzo-Bravo
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation of Science, Bilbao 20014, Spain; Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Angélica Horrillo
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra/CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra/CSIC, Granada 18016, Spain.
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Instituciò Catala de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain.
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Han K, Zhou Y, Gan ZH, Qi WX, Zhang JJ, Fen T, Meng W, Jiang L, Shen Z, Min DL. p21-activated kinase 7 is an oncogene in human osteosarcoma. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:1394-402. [PMID: 25052921 PMCID: PMC4410679 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
p21-activated kinase 7 (PAK7), also named as PAK5, is a member of Rac/Cdc42-associated Ser/Thr protein kinases. It is overexpressed in some types of cancer such as colorectal and pancreatic cancers. However, the expression status and biological function of PAK7 in osteosarcoma are still ambiguous. To evaluate the expression levels of PAK7 in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines, immunohistochemistry was used. To investigate the role of PAK7 in cell proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenicity in vitro and vivo, a recombinant lentivirus expressing PAK7 short hairpin RNA (Lv-shPAK7) was developed and transfected into Saos-2 cells. The silencing effect of PAK7 was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot technique. PAK7 was overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissue and cell line. By knocking-down of PAK7, the proliferation and colony formation of Saos-2 cells were inhibited and apoptosis enhanced significantly. The in vivo tumorigenic ability in xenograft model of Saos-2 cells was also notably inhibited when PAK7 was knocked down. Our results imply that PAK7 promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis and may be an attractive candidate for the therapeutic target of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated 6th People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Alba-Castellón L, Batlle R, Francí C, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Mazzolini R, Peña R, Loubat J, Alameda F, Rodríguez R, Curto J, Albanell J, Muñoz A, Bonilla F, Ignacio Casal J, Rojo F, García de Herreros A. Snail1 expression is required for sarcomagenesis. Neoplasia 2014; 16:413-21. [PMID: 24947186 PMCID: PMC4198692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Snail1 transcriptional repressor is a major inducer of epithelial-to mesenchymal transition but is very limitedly expressed in adult animals. We have previously demonstrated that Snail1 is required for the maintenance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), preventing their premature differentiation. Now, we show that Snail1 controls the tumorigenic properties of mesenchymal cells. Increased Snail1 expression provides tumorigenic capabilities to fibroblastic cells; on the contrary, Snail1 depletion decreases tumor growth. Genetic depletion of Snail1 in MSCs that are deficient in p53 tumor suppressor downregulates MSC markers and prevents the capability of these cells to originate sarcomas in immunodeficient SCID mice. Notably, an analysis of human sarcomas shows that, contrarily to epithelial tumors, these neoplasms display high Snail1 expression. This is particularly clear for undifferentiated tumors, which are associated with poor outcome. Together, our results indicate a role for Snail1 in the generation of sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Alba-Castellón
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Batlle
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Francí
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rocco Mazzolini
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Peña
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordina Loubat
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Alameda
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rufo Rodríguez
- Departamento de Patología, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
| | - Josué Curto
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Centre d'Estudis en Biofísica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; Servei d'Oncologia Mèdica, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Bonilla
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - J Ignacio Casal
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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62
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Shetzer Y, Kagan S, Koifman G, Sarig R, Kogan-Sakin I, Charni M, Kaufman T, Zapatka M, Molchadsky A, Rivlin N, Dinowitz N, Levin S, Landan G, Goldstein I, Goldfinger N, Pe'er D, Radlwimmer B, Lichter P, Rotter V, Aloni-Grinstein R. The onset of p53 loss of heterozygosity is differentially induced in various stem cell types and may involve the loss of either allele. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1419-31. [PMID: 24832469 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 loss of heterozygosity (p53LOH) is frequently observed in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) patients who carry a mutant (Mut) p53 germ-line mutation. Here, we focused on elucidating the link between p53LOH and tumor development in stem cells (SCs). Although adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) robustly underwent p53LOH, p53LOH in induced embryonic pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was significantly attenuated. Only SCs that underwent p53LOH induced malignant tumors in mice. These results may explain why LFS patients develop normally, yet acquire tumors in adulthood. Surprisingly, an analysis of single-cell sub-clones of iPSCs, MSCs and ex vivo bone marrow (BM) progenitors revealed that p53LOH is a bi-directional process, which may result in either the loss of wild-type (WT) or Mut p53 allele. Interestingly, most BM progenitors underwent Mutp53LOH. Our results suggest that the bi-directional p53LOH process may function as a cell-fate checkpoint. The loss of Mutp53 may be regarded as a DNA repair event leading to genome stability. Indeed, gene expression analysis of the p53LOH process revealed upregulation of a specific chromatin remodeler and a burst of DNA repair genes. However, in the case of loss of WTp53, cells are endowed with uncontrolled growth that promotes cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shetzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Kagan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Koifman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Sarig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Kogan-Sakin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Charni
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - T Kaufman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Molchadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N Rivlin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N Dinowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Levin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Landan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N Goldfinger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Pe'er
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Radlwimmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Aloni-Grinstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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63
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Mutsaers AJ, Walkley CR. Cells of origin in osteosarcoma: mesenchymal stem cells or osteoblast committed cells? Bone 2014; 62:56-63. [PMID: 24530473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a disease with many complex genetic abnormalities but few well defined genetic drivers of tumor initiation and evolution. The disease is diagnosed and defined through the observation of malignant osteoblastic cells that produce osteoid, however the exact cell of origin for this cancer remains to be definitively defined. Evidence exists to support a mesenchymal stem cell as well as committed osteoblast precursors as the cell of origin. Increasing numbers of experimental models have begun to shed light on to the likely cell population that gives rise to OS in vivo with the weight of evidence favoring an osteoblastic population as the cell of origin. As more information is gathered regarding osteosarcoma initiating cells and how they may relate to the cell of origin we will derive a better understanding of the development of this disease which may ultimately lead to clinical improvements through more personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl R Walkley
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit and ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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64
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Bueno C, Roldan M, Anguita E, Romero-Moya D, Martín-Antonio B, Rosu-Myles M, del Cañizo C, Campos F, García R, Gómez-Casares M, Fuster JL, Jurado M, Delgado M, Menendez P. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from patients with aplastic anemia maintain functional and immune properties and do not contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Haematologica 2014; 99:1168-75. [PMID: 24727813 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aplastic anemia is a life-threatening bone marrow failure disorder characterized by peripheral pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia. The majority of cases of aplastic anemia remain idiopathic, although hematopoietic stem cell deficiency and impaired immune responses are hallmarks underlying the bone marrow failure in this condition. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells constitute an essential component of the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment because of their immunomodulatory properties and their ability to support hematopoiesis, and they have been involved in the pathogenesis of several hematologic malignancies. We investigated whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells contribute, directly or indirectly, to the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia. We found that mesenchymal stem cell cultures can be established from the bone marrow of aplastic anemia patients and display the same phenotype and differentiation potential as their counterparts from normal bone marrow. Mesenchymal stem cells from aplastic anemia patients support the in vitro homeostasis and the in vivo repopulating function of CD34(+) cells, and maintain their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. These data demonstrate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from patients with aplastic anemia do not have impaired functional and immunological properties, suggesting that they do not contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Roldan
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anguita
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damia Romero-Moya
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Consuelo del Cañizo
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Department of Neurology, Neurovascular Area, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Hospital Clínico-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Regina García
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Clínico de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Maite Gómez-Casares
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Fuster
- Sección de Oncohematología Pediátrica, Hospital Virgen de Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Jurado
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Mario Delgado
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Cell Therapy Program of the University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine, Barcelona, Spain Instituciò Catalana de Reserca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcellona, Spain
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65
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Shetzer Y, Solomon H, Koifman G, Molchadsky A, Horesh S, Rotter V. The paradigm of mutant p53-expressing cancer stem cells and drug resistance. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1196-208. [PMID: 24658181 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that expression of mutant p53 involves the gain of oncogenic-specific activities accentuating the malignant phenotype. Depending on the specific cancer type, mutant p53 can contribute to either the early or the late events of the multiphase process underlying the transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous one. This multifactorial system is evident in ~50% of human cancers. Mutant p53 was shown to interfere with a variety of cellular functions that lead to augmented cell survival, cellular plasticity, aberration of DNA repair machinery and other effects. All these effects culminate in the acquisition of drug resistance often seen in cancer cells. Interestingly, drug resistance has also been suggested to be associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs), which reside within growing tumors. The notion that p53 plays a regulatory role in the life of stem cells, coupled with the observations that p53 mutations may contribute to the evolvement of CSCs makes it challenging to speculate that drug resistance and cancer recurrence are mediated by CSCs expressing mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Shetzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hilla Solomon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gabriela Koifman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alina Molchadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Stav Horesh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of recent advances and future possibilities for therapeutic tolerance. RECENT FINDINGS Allograft survival despite complete immunosuppressant withdrawal has been demonstrated in selected renal-transplant recipients with haematopoietic chimerism. Early clinical trials of mesenchymal stromal cell therapy have shown promising results in several autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells show potential benefit in graft versus host disease, although challenges to ex-vivo expansion remain. Targeted modulation of T-cell function in vivo with monoclonal antibodies has shown beneficial effects in phase II/III trials of multiple sclerosis (alemtuzumab) and type I diabetes mellitus (teplizumab, otelixizumab). Emerging data from animal models suggest an important role for the commensal microbiome in the maintenance and disruption of immune tolerance with parallels in human studies. SUMMARY After years of slow progress, recent research has reduced the translational gap between animal models and clinical therapeutic tolerance. Early detection of autoimmunity, potentially at preclinical stages, offers a window of opportunity for tolerogenic therapy. Reliable biomarkers of tolerance are urgently needed to provide objective measurements of the effectiveness of tolerogenic therapies, and to allow intelligent immunosuppressant withdrawal in patients whose autoimmune disease is stable. VIDEO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE See the Video Supplementary Digital Content 1 (http://links.lww.com/COR/A8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth F Baker
- The National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, UK
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67
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Aloni-Grinstein R, Shetzer Y, Kaufman T, Rotter V. p53: the barrier to cancer stem cell formation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2580-9. [PMID: 24560790 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of p53 as the "guardian of the genome" in differentiated somatic cells, triggering various biological processes, is well established. Recent studies in the stem cell field have highlighted a profound role of p53 in stem cell biology as well. These studies, combined with basic data obtained 20 years ago, provide insight into how p53 governs the quantity and quality of various stem cells, ensuring a sufficient repertoire of normal stem cells to enable proper development, tissue regeneration and a cancer free life. In this review we address the role of p53 in genomically stable embryonic stem cells, a unique predisposed cancer stem cell model and adult stem cells, its role in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as its role as the barrier to cancer stem cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Aloni-Grinstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoav Shetzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tom Kaufman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Guijarro MV. Osteosarcoma: mouse models, cell of origin and cancer stem cell. POSTDOC JOURNAL : A JOURNAL OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH AND POSTDOCTORAL AFFAIRS 2014; 2:19-30. [PMID: 27617267 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v2n2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common non-hematologic primary tumor of bone in children and adults. High-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection have improved prognosis, with long-term survival for non-metastatic disease approaching 70%. However, most OS tumors are high grade and tend to rapidly develop pulmonary metastases. Despite clinical advances, patients with metastatic disease or relapse have a poor prognosis. Here the cell biology of OS is reviewed with a special emphasis on mouse models as well as the roles of the cell of origin and cancer stem cells. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of human OS is essential for the development of improved prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as targeted therapies for both primary and metastatic OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Guijarro
- Gene Therapy Lab. Dept. Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation. University of Florida. 1600 Archer Road, MSB M2-212. Gainesville, FL 32610. USA
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69
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Melo CSB, Arantes Faria JAQ, Corrêa NCR, de Andrade C, Carvalho JL, Goes AM, Rodrigues MA, Gomes DA. Cytoplasmic-targeted parvalbumin blocks the proliferation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in prophase. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:92. [PMID: 23928293 PMCID: PMC3854775 DOI: 10.1186/scrt291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have gained considerable interest because of their potential use in the treatment of a variety of diseases and injuries. Although remarkable advancements have been made in clinical studies, substantial concerns still regard the safety of MSCs. Some evidence suggests that MSCs can spontaneously generate a population of cells with tumorigenic potential. Thus, studying the molecular mechanisms that control the proliferation of MSCs may be a necessary step toward the development of strategies for safe clinical practice. Ca2+ is a second messenger that mediates a wide range of cellular responses, including the regulation of cell proliferation, but little is known about its function in MSCs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of targeted Ca2+ buffering on MSCs proliferation in vitro. Methods Here, we used an adenoviral (Ad) vector encoding the Ca2+ chelator protein parvalbumin (PV) fused to a nuclear exclusion signal (NES) and the Discosoma red fluorescent protein (DsRed) to investigate the function of cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals on MSC proliferation. Confocal microscopy was used to demonstrate that PV-NES-DsRed was expressed in the cytoplasm. Ca2+ signaling was monitored by using Fluo-4-AM. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of cells that were stained with propidium iodide was used as a quantitative measure of cell death. The mitotic index was assessed by immunofluorescence, and the expression of cyclins was examined with Western blot. Results Our results show that the Ad-PV-NES-DsRed fusion protein decreased serum-induced Ca2+ signaling and blocked the proliferation of rat adipose-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) in prophase. FACS analysis revealed that Ad-PV-NES-DsRed did not induce cell death in AT-MSCs. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated that Ad-PV-NES-DsRed reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) phosphorylation and cyclin B1 expression. Buffering cytosolic Ca2+ did not alter the expression of cyclins A/D1/D2/D3/E and E2. Conclusions Our results show that cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are important for AT-MSCs progression beyond prophase because of their effects on Erk phosphorylation and cyclin B1 expression.
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