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Ning B, Li W, Zhao W, Wang R. Targeting epigenetic regulations in cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:97-109. [PMID: 26508480 PMCID: PMC4689160 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is a dynamic and reversible process with DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling. Recently, groundbreaking studies have demonstrated the importance of DNA and chromatin regulatory proteins from different aspects, including stem cell, development, and tumor genesis. Abnormal epigenetic regulation is frequently associated with diseases and drugs targeting DNA methylation and histone acetylation have been approved for cancer therapy. Although the network of epigenetic regulation is more complex than people expect, new potential druggable chromatin-associated proteins are being discovered and tested for clinical application. Here we review the key proteins that mediate epigenetic regulations through DNA methylation, the acetylation and methylation of histones, and the reader proteins that bind to modified histones. We also discuss cancer associations and recent progress of pharmacological development of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ning
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA Xiangya Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rongfu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Zhdanov AV, Okkelman IA, Collins FW, Melgar S, Papkovsky DB. A novel effect of DMOG on cell metabolism: direct inhibition of mitochondrial function precedes HIF target gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1254-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms by which cells inherit information are, to a large extent, enabled by DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of histone proteins. These modifications operate both to influence the structure of chromatin per se and to serve as recognition elements for proteins with motifs dedicated to binding particular modifications. Each of these modifications results from an enzyme that consumes one of several important metabolites during catalysis. Likewise, the removal of these marks often results in the consumption of a different metabolite. Therefore, these so-called epigenetic marks have the capacity to integrate the expression state of chromatin with the metabolic state of the cell. This review focuses on the central roles played by acetyl-CoA, S-adenosyl methionine, NAD(+), and a growing list of other acyl-CoA derivatives in epigenetic processes. We also review how metabolites that accumulate as a result of oncogenic mutations are thought to subvert the epigenetic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Janke
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Anne E Dodson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jasper Rine
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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54
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Mannelli M, Rapizzi E, Fucci R, Canu L, Ercolino T, Luconi M, Young WF. 15 YEARS OF PARAGANGLIOMA: Metabolism and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:T83-90. [PMID: 26113605 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of SDHD as a pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma susceptibility gene was the prismatic event that led to all of the subsequent work highlighting the key roles played by mitochondria in the pathogenesis of these tumors and other solid cancers. Alterations in the function of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes can cause accumulation of intermediate substrates and subsequent changes in cell metabolism, activation of the angiogenic pathway, increased reactive oxygen species production, DNA hypermethylation, and modification of the tumor microenvironment favoring tumor growth and aggressiveness. The elucidation of these tumorigenic mechanisms should lead to novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of the most aggressive forms of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mannelli
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, ItalyEndocrinology UnitCareggi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, ItalyDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elena Rapizzi
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, ItalyEndocrinology UnitCareggi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, ItalyDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rossella Fucci
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, ItalyEndocrinology UnitCareggi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, ItalyDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Letizia Canu
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, ItalyEndocrinology UnitCareggi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, ItalyDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tonino Ercolino
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, ItalyEndocrinology UnitCareggi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, ItalyDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, ItalyEndocrinology UnitCareggi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, ItalyDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - William F Young
- Endocrinology UnitDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences 'Mario Serio', University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, ItalyEndocrinology UnitCareggi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, ItalyDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Jochmanová I, Zhuang Z, Pacak K. Pheochromocytoma: Gasping for Air. Discov Oncol 2015; 6:191-205. [PMID: 26138106 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-015-0231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing evidence that pseudohypoxia--a phenomenon that we refer to as "gasping for air"--along with mitochondrial enzyme dysregulation play a crucial role in tumorigenesis, particularly in several hereditary pheochromocytomas (PHEOs) and paragangliomas (PGLs). Alterations in key tricarboxylic acids (TCA) cycle enzymes (SDH, FH, MDH2) have been shown to induce pseudohypoxia via activation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) signaling pathway that is involved in tumorigenesis, invasiveness, and metastatic spread, including an association with resistance to various cancer therapies and worse prognosis. This review outlines the ongoing story of the pathogenesis of hereditary PHEOs/PGLs, showing the unique and most updated evidence of TCA cycle dysregulation that is tightly linked to hypoxia signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jochmanová
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, CRC, 1-East, Room 1E-3140, 10 Center Drive, MSC-1109, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1109, USA.,1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Karel Pacak
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, CRC, 1-East, Room 1E-3140, 10 Center Drive, MSC-1109, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1109, USA.
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Lorendeau D, Christen S, Rinaldi G, Fendt SM. Metabolic control of signalling pathways and metabolic auto-regulation. Biol Cell 2015; 107:251-72. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Lorendeau
- Vesalius Research Center; VIB; Leuven 3000 Belgium
- Department of Oncology; KU Leuven; Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Stefan Christen
- Vesalius Research Center; VIB; Leuven 3000 Belgium
- Department of Oncology; KU Leuven; Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Gianmarco Rinaldi
- Vesalius Research Center; VIB; Leuven 3000 Belgium
- Department of Oncology; KU Leuven; Leuven 3000 Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Vesalius Research Center; VIB; Leuven 3000 Belgium
- Department of Oncology; KU Leuven; Leuven 3000 Belgium
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57
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Ritterson Lew C, Guin S, Theodorescu D. Targeting glycogen metabolism in bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2015; 12:383-91. [PMID: 26032551 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism has been a heavily investigated topic in cancer research for the past decade. Although the role of aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) in cancer has been extensively studied, abnormalities in other metabolic pathways are only just being understood in cancer. One such pathway is glycogen metabolism; its involvement in cancer development, particularly in urothelial malignancies, and possible ways of exploiting aberrations in this process for treatment are currently being studied. New research shows that the glycogen debranching enzyme amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase, 4-α-glucanotransferase (AGL) is a novel tumour suppressor in bladder cancer. Loss of AGL leads to rapid proliferation of bladder cancer cells. Another enzyme involved in glycogen debranching, glycogen phosphorylase, has been shown to be a tumour promoter in cancer, including in prostate cancer. Studies demonstrate that bladder cancer cells in which AGL expression is lost are more metabolically active than cells with intact AGL expression, and these cells are more sensitive to inhibition of both glycolysis and glycine synthesis--two targetable pathways. As a tumour promoter and enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase can be directly targeted, and preclinical inhibitor studies are promising. However, few of these glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors have been tested for cancer treatment in the clinical setting. Several possible limitations to the targeting of AGL and glycogen phosphorylase might also exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Ritterson Lew
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, 12700 East 19th Avenue, RC2/P15-6430D/MS-8609, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sunny Guin
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Colorado, 12700 East 19th Avenue, RC2/P15-6430D/MS-8609, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, MS F-434, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Qian J, Xu M, Suo A, Xu W, Liu T, Liu X, Yao Y, Wang H. Folate-decorated hydrophilic three-arm star-block terpolymer as a novel nanovehicle for targeted co-delivery of doxorubicin and Bcl-2 siRNA in breast cancer therapy. Acta Biomater 2015; 15:102-16. [PMID: 25545322 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To minimize the side effects and enhance the efficiency of chemotherapy, a novel folate-decorated hydrophilic cationic star-block terpolymer, [poly(l-glutamic acid γ-hydrazide)-b-poly(N,N-dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide)]3-g-poly(ethylene glycol) ((PGAH-b-PDMAPMA)3-g-PEG), with disulfide linkages between the PEG and PDMAPMA blocks, was developed for targeted co-delivery of doxorubicin and Bcl-2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) into breast cancer cells. The terpolymer was synthesized by a combination of ring-opening polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, PEGylation and hydrazinolysis. The chemical structures of the polymers were confirmed by (1)H-NMR analysis. The terpolymer could conjugate doxorubicin via an acid-labile hydrazone linkage and simultaneously efficiently complex siRNA through electrostatic interaction at N/P ratios of ⩾4:1 to form "two-in-one" nanomicelleplexes, which displayed a spherical shape and had an average size of 101.3 nm. The doxorubicin loading efficiency and content were 61.0 and 13.23%, respectively. The cytotoxicity, drug release profile, targeting ability, cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of the nanomicelleplexes were evaluated in vitro. We found that the release behaviors of doxorubicin and siRNA had a pH/reduction dual dependency. They were released faster under reductive acidic conditions (pH 5.0, glutathione: 10mM) than under physiological conditions (pH 7.4). The folate-decorated nanomicelleplexes could deliver doxorubicin and Bcl-2 siRNA more efficiently into the same MCF-7 cell and exhibited a higher cytotoxicity than non-targeted nanomicelleplexes. These results indicate that the terpolymer could act as an efficient vehicle for targeted intracellular co-delivery of doxorubicin and therapeutic siRNA in cancer therapy.
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59
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Omabe M, Ezeani M, Omabe KN. Lipid metabolism and cancer progression: The missing target in metastatic cancer treatment. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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60
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Messina G, Celauro E, Atterrato MT, Giordano E, Iwashita S, Dimitri P. The Bucentaur (BCNT) protein family: a long-neglected class of essential proteins required for chromatin/chromosome organization and function. Chromosoma 2014; 124:153-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-014-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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61
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Regulators of carcinogenesis: emerging roles beyond their primary functions. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:75-82. [PMID: 25448403 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are characterized by aberrant cell signaling that results in accelerated proliferation, suppressed cell death, and reprogrammed metabolism to provide sufficient energy and intermediate metabolites for macromolecular biosynthesis. Here, we summarize the emerging "unconventional" roles of these regulators based on their newly identified interaction partners, different subcellular localizations, and/or structural variants. For example, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) regulates DNA synthesis, microRNA maturation and drug resistance by interacting with previously undescribed partners; cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) crosstalk with multiple canonical pathways by phosphorylating novel substrates or by functioning as transcriptional factors; apoptosis executioners play extensive roles in necroptosis, autophagy, and in the self-renewal of stem cells; and various metabolic enzymes and their mutants control carcinogenesis independently of their enzymatic activity. These recent findings will supplement the systemic functional annotation of cancer regulators and provide new rationales for potential molecular targeted cancer treatments.
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62
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Rogers K, Lenoir GM. Cancer research in France. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2235-6. [PMID: 25132359 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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63
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Huang Y, Rao A. Connections between TET proteins and aberrant DNA modification in cancer. Trends Genet 2014; 30:464-74. [PMID: 25132561 PMCID: PMC4337960 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation has been linked to aberrant silencing of tumor suppressor genes in cancer, and an imbalance in DNA methylation-demethylation cycles is intimately implicated in the onset and progression of tumors. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are Fe(II)- and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent dioxygenases that successively oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC), thereby mediating active DNA demethylation. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiological role of TET proteins and 5hmC in cancer. We present an overview of loss-of-function mutations and abnormal expression and regulation of TET proteins in hematological malignancies and solid tumors, and discuss the potential prognostic value of assessing TET mutations and 5hmC levels in cancer patients. We also address the crosstalk between TET and two critical enzymes involved in cell metabolism: O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). Lastly, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting TET proteins and aberrant DNA methylation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Anjana Rao
- La Jolla Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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64
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Menendez JA, Alarcón T. Metabostemness: a new cancer hallmark. Front Oncol 2014; 4:262. [PMID: 25325014 PMCID: PMC4179679 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of and departure from stemness in cancer tissues might not only be hardwired by genetic controllers, but also by the pivotal regulatory role of the cellular metabotype, which may act as a "starter dough" for cancer stemness traits. We have coined the term metabostemness to refer to the metabolic parameters causally controlling or functionally substituting the epitranscriptional orchestration of the genetic reprograming that redirects normal and tumor cells toward less-differentiated cancer stem cell (CSC) cellular states. Certain metabotypic alterations might operate as pivotal molecular events rendering a cell of origin susceptible to epigenetic rewiring required for the acquisition of aberrant stemness and, concurrently, of refractoriness to differentiation. The metabostemness attribute can remove, diminish, or modify the nature of molecular barriers present in Waddington's epigenetic landscapes, thus allowing differentiated cells to more easily (re)-enter into CSC cellular macrostates. Activation of the metabostemness trait can poise cells with chromatin states competent for rapid dedifferentiation while concomitantly setting the idoneous metabolic stage for later reprograming stimuli to finish the journey from non-cancerous into tumor-initiating cells. Because only a few permitted metabotypes will be compatible with the operational properties owned by CSC cellular states, the metabostemness property provides a new framework through which to pharmacologically resolve the apparently impossible problem of discovering drugs aimed to target the molecular biology of the cancer stemness itself. The metabostemness cancer hallmark generates a shifting oncology theory that should guide a new era of metabolo-epigenetic cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona) , Girona , Spain ; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI) , Girona , Spain
| | - Tomás Alarcón
- Computational and Mathematical Biology Research Group, Centre de Recerca Matemàtica (CRM) , Barcelona , Spain
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DeLaBarre B, Hurov J, Cianchetta G, Murray S, Dang L. Action at a distance: allostery and the development of drugs to target cancer cell metabolism. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:1143-61. [PMID: 25237859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells must carefully regulate their metabolism to maintain growth and division under varying nutrient and oxygen levels. Compelling data support the investigation of numerous enzymes as therapeutic targets to exploit metabolic vulnerabilities common to several cancer types. We discuss the rationale for developing such drugs and review three targets with central roles in metabolic pathways crucial for cancer cell growth: pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme splice variant 2 (PKM2) in glycolysis, glutaminase in glutaminolysis, and mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 isozymes (IDH1/2) in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. These targets exemplify the drugging approach to cancer metabolism, with allosteric modulation being the common theme. The first glutaminase and mutant IDH1/2 inhibitors have entered clinical testing, and early data are promising. Cancer metabolism provides a wealth of novel targets, and targeting allosteric sites promises to yield selective drugs with the potential to transform clinical outcomes across many cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron DeLaBarre
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan Hurov
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Stuart Murray
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lenny Dang
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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66
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The Succinated Proteome of FH-Mutant Tumours. Metabolites 2014; 4:640-54. [PMID: 25105836 PMCID: PMC4192685 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited mutations in the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH) predispose to hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC). Loss of FH activity in HLRCC tumours causes accumulation of the Krebs cycle intermediate fumarate to high levels, which may act as an oncometabolite through various, but not necessarily mutually exclusive, mechanisms. One such mechanism, succination, is an irreversible non-enzymatic modification of cysteine residues by fumarate, to form S-(2-succino)cysteine (2SC). Previous studies have demonstrated that succination of proteins including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) and mitochondrial aconitase (ACO2) can have profound effects on cellular metabolism. Furthermore, immunostaining for 2SC is a sensitive and specific biomarker for HLRCC tumours. Here, we performed a proteomic screen on an FH-mutant tumour and two HLRCC-derived cancer cell lines and identified 60 proteins where one or more cysteine residues were succinated; 10 of which were succinated at cysteine residues either predicted, or experimentally proven, to be functionally significant. Bioinformatic enrichment analyses identified most succinated targets to be involved in redox signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first proteomic-based succination screen performed in human tumours and cancer-derived cells and has identified novel 2SC targets that may be relevant to the pathogenesis of HLRCC.
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67
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Menendez JA, Alarcón T, Joven J. Gerometabolites: the pseudohypoxic aging side of cancer oncometabolites. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:699-709. [PMID: 24526120 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncometabolites are defined as small-molecule components (or enantiomers) of normal metabolism whose accumulation causes signaling dysregulation to establish a milieu that initiates carcinogenesis. In a similar manner, we propose the term "gerometabolites" to refer to small-molecule components of normal metabolism whose depletion causes signaling dysregulation to establish a milieu that drives aging. In an investigation of the pathogenic activities of the currently recognized oncometabolites R(-)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), fumarate, and succinate, which accumulate due to mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH), fumarate hydratase (FH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), respectively, we illustrate the fact that metabolic pseudohypoxia, the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIFα) under normoxic conditions, and the subsequent Warburg-like reprogramming that shifts glucose metabolism from the oxidative pathway to aerobic glycolysis are the same mechanisms through which the decline of the "gerometabolite" nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)(+) reversibly disrupts nuclear-mitochondrial communication and contributes to the decline in mitochondrial function with age. From an evolutionary perspective, it is reasonable to view NAD(+)-driven mitochondrial homeostasis as a conserved response to changes in energy supplies and oxygen levels. Similarly, the natural ability of 2-HG to significantly alter epigenetics might reflect an evolutionarily ancient role of certain metabolites to signal for elevated glutamine/glutamate metabolism and/or oxygen deficiency. However, when chronically altered, these responses become conserved causes of aging and cancer. Because HIFα-driven pseudohypoxia might drive the overproduction of 2-HG, the intriguing possibility exists that the decline of gerometabolites such as NAD(+) could promote the chronic accumulation of oncometabolites in normal cells during aging. If the sole activation of a Warburg-like metabolic reprogramming in normal tissues might be able to significantly increase the endogenous production of bona fide etiological determinants in cancer, such as oncometabolites, this undesirable trade-off between mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of oncometabolites production might then pave the way for the epigenetic initiation of carcinogenesis in a strictly metabolic-dependent manner. Perhaps it is time to definitely adopt the view that aging and aging diseases including cancer are governed by a pivotal regulatory role of metabolic reprogramming in cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Girona, Spain; Molecular Oncology Group; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI); Girona, Spain
| | - Tomás Alarcón
- Computational & Mathematical Biology Research Group; Centre de Recerca Matemàtica (CRM); Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB); Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere i Virgili (IISPV); Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Reus, Spain
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68
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Christodoulou MS, Thomas A, Poulain S, Vidakovic M, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Matulis D, Bertrand P, Bartova E, Blanquart C, Mikros E, Fokialakis N, Passarella D, Benhida R, Martinet N. Can we use the epigenetic bioactivity of caloric restriction and phytochemicals to promote healthy ageing? MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00268g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Why is it relevant to propose epigenetic “Nutricures” to prevent diseases linked with ageing?
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