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Kotredes KP, Oblak A, Pandey RS, Lin PBC, Garceau D, Williams H, Uyar A, O’Rourke R, O’Rourke S, Ingraham C, Bednarczyk D, Belanger M, Cope Z, Foley KE, Logsdon BA, Mangravite LM, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Territo PR, Carter GW, Sasner M, Lamb BT, Howell GR. Uncovering Disease Mechanisms in a Novel Mouse Model Expressing Humanized APOEε4 and Trem2*R47H. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:735524. [PMID: 34707490 PMCID: PMC8544520 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.735524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD; LOAD) is the most common human neurodegenerative disease, however, the availability and efficacy of disease-modifying interventions is severely lacking. Despite exceptional efforts to understand disease progression via legacy amyloidogenic transgene mouse models, focus on disease translation with innovative mouse strains that better model the complexity of human AD is required to accelerate the development of future treatment modalities. LOAD within the human population is a polygenic and environmentally influenced disease with many risk factors acting in concert to produce disease processes parallel to those often muted by the early and aggressive aggregate formation in popular mouse strains. In addition to extracellular deposits of amyloid plaques and inclusions of the microtubule-associated protein tau, AD is also defined by synaptic/neuronal loss, vascular deficits, and neuroinflammation. These underlying processes need to be better defined, how the disease progresses with age, and compared to human-relevant outcomes. To create more translatable mouse models, MODEL-AD (Model Organism Development and Evaluation for Late-onset AD) groups are identifying and integrating disease-relevant, humanized gene sequences from public databases beginning with APOEε4 and Trem2*R47H, two of the most powerful risk factors present in human LOAD populations. Mice expressing endogenous, humanized APOEε4 and Trem2*R47H gene sequences were extensively aged and assayed using a multi-disciplined phenotyping approach associated with and relative to human AD pathology. Robust analytical pipelines measured behavioral, transcriptomic, metabolic, and neuropathological phenotypes in cross-sectional cohorts for progression of disease hallmarks at all life stages. In vivo PET/MRI neuroimaging revealed regional alterations in glycolytic metabolism and vascular perfusion. Transcriptional profiling by RNA-Seq of brain hemispheres identified sex and age as the main sources of variation between genotypes including age-specific enrichment of AD-related processes. Similarly, age was the strongest determinant of behavioral change. In the absence of mouse amyloid plaque formation, many of the hallmarks of AD were not observed in this strain. However, as a sensitized baseline model with many additional alleles and environmental modifications already appended, the dataset from this initial MODEL-AD strain serves an important role in establishing the individual effects and interaction between two strong genetic risk factors for LOAD in a mouse host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Oblak
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Peter Bor-Chian Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Dylan Garceau
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | - Asli Uyar
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Rita O’Rourke
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | - Cynthia Ingraham
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | | | - Zackary Cope
- Department of Medicine—Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kate E. Foley
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | | | - Stacey J. Sukoff Rizzo
- Department of Medicine—Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Paul R. Territo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | | | - Bruce T. Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University Bloomington, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Madison AA, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The gut microbiota and nervous system: Age-defined and age-defying. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:98-107. [PMID: 33422403 PMCID: PMC8257779 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Even healthy older adults experience gastrointestinal (GI) and neurological changes. In fact, the aging process of these two systems are interrelated due the extensive, multifaceted communication network connecting them, termed the gut-brain axis. Age-related modification of the GI environment can influence the bacterial species that survive and thrive there. Additionally, the lifestyle common to older adults in the West, including sedentariness, polypharmacy, and a poor diet, can compound the effect of aging on the GI tract, gut microbiota, and nervous system. Emerging animal and human findings suggest that GI organisms play a major role in gut-brain communication, ultimately shaping neurological aging trajectories by either helping to maintain nervous system function into late life or promoting pathology. Aging and age-related behaviors help to define the gut microbiota's composition and function, but, conversely, the gut microbiota may help to determine late-life functionality and may be harnessed to limit the prevalence of steep neurological decline and diseases. Focusing primarily on clinical research, this review first defines the gut-brain axis, then details age-related GI and nervous system changes, and discusses the impact of age-related lifestyle factors on the GI and nervous systems. The remainder of this review describes cutting-edge research that positions the gut microbiota as an arbiter of age-related neurological decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise A Madison
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Janice K Kiecolt-Glaser
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA.
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Sedentary Lifestyle Matters as Past Sedentariness, Not Current Sedentariness, Predicts Cognitive Inhibition Performance among College Students: An Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147649. [PMID: 34300101 PMCID: PMC8303919 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Currently, sedentariness is assessed over a short period of time, thus it is difficult to study its cognitive implications. To investigate the cognitive consequences of a sedentary lifestyle, the past level (i.e., the sedentary time accumulated over the years) and current level of sedentariness should be considered. This pilot study aimed to investigate the negative association between a sedentary lifestyle and cognition by considering both the current and past sedentariness. It was expected that the physical activity level moderates the potential negative association between sedentariness and cognition. Methods: 52 college students (Mage = 20.19, SDage = 2; 36 women) participated in the study. Current sedentariness (ratio of sedentary time in the last year), past sedentariness (ratio of sedentary time accumulated in previous years), and physical activity (ratio of time spent in physical activity in years) were assessed using a questionnaire. Cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory updating were measured through three specific tests. Results: Past sedentariness significantly explained the inhibition performance when controlled for physical activity, whereas current sedentariness did not. More precisely, past sedentariness only negatively predicted cognitive inhibition when the physical activity level was low (β = -3.15, z(48) = -2.62, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The impact of sedentariness on cognitive functioning might only be revealed when past sedentariness and physical activity are controlled.
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Alves SS, Silva-Junior RMPD, Servilha-Menezes G, Homolak J, Šalković-Petrišić M, Garcia-Cairasco N. Insulin Resistance as a Common Link Between Current Alzheimer's Disease Hypotheses. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:71-105. [PMID: 34024838 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Almost 115 years ago, Alois Alzheimer described Alzheimer's disease (AD) for the first time. Since then, many hypotheses have been proposed. However, AD remains a severe health public problem. The current medical approaches for AD are limited to symptomatic interventions and the complexity of this disease has led to a failure rate of approximately 99.6%in AD clinical trials. In fact, no new drug has been approved for AD treatment since 2003. These failures indicate that we are failing in mimicking this disease in experimental models. Although most studies have focused on the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD, the literature has made clear that AD is rather a multifactorial disorder. Therefore, the persistence in a single theory has resulted in lost opportunities. In this review, we aim to present the striking points of the long scientific path followed since the description of the first AD case and the main AD hypotheses discussed over the last decades. We also propose insulin resistance as a common link between many other hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suélen Santos Alves
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Milton Patrício da Silva-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School -University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Servilha-Menezes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Šalković-Petrišić
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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55
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Dillon K, Gardiner PA. Association between sedentary behaviour and risk of dementia: an evidence gap. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:195. [PMID: 33785728 PMCID: PMC8010116 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A. Gardiner
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Nobari H, Ahmadi M, SÁ M, Pérez-Gómez J, Manuel Clemente F, Adsuar JC, Minasian V, Afonso J. The effect of two types of combined training on bio-motor ability adaptations in sedentary females. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:1317-1325. [PMID: 33337110 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of combined training of high-volume/low intensity vs. low volume/high intensity on different bio-motor adaptations in sedentary women. METHODS Thirty sedentary healthy females (age, 22.1±3.3 yrs), were randomly assigned into: Control group (CG; n=10), High-Volume/low-intensity training group (HV; n=10); or High-Intensity/low-volume training group (HI; n=10). Training protocols were performed during 8 weeks, on 3 non-consecutive days a week. RESULTS Post-intervention, there were significant main effects of time and a group by time interaction for all body composition and performance variables (p ≤ 0.001), while no significant differences were found for changes in maximum heart rate. Pairwise comparisons revealed significant decreases in body fat percentage and speed test in HV and HI (p ≤ 0.001) after intervention, while anaerobic power significantly increased in HV and HI (p ≤ 0.001). The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly superior in HI than HV (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, there were significant main effects of time and a group by time interaction for all 1-repetition maximum tests (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Combined interval training and resistance training were effective for improving bio-motor parameters in sedentary young women. HV training produced less RPE than HI training, which may potentially increase adherence to training protocols postintervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mina Ahmadi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mário SÁ
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain -
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - José C Adsuar
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Vazgen Minasian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Lauretani F, Longobucco Y, Ferrari Pellegrini F, De Iorio AM, Fazio C, Federici R, Gallini E, La Porta U, Ravazzoni G, Roberti MF, Salvi M, Zucchini I, Pelà G, Maggio M. Comprehensive Model for Physical and Cognitive Frailty: Current Organization and Unmet Needs. Front Psychol 2020; 11:569629. [PMID: 33324282 PMCID: PMC7725681 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by the decline and deterioration of functional cells and results in a wide variety of molecular damages and reduced physical and mental capacity. The knowledge on aging process is important because life expectancy is expected to rise until 2050. Aging cannot be considered a homogeneous process and includes different trajectories characterized by states of fitness, frailty, and disability. Frailty is a dynamic condition put between a normal functional state and disability, with reduced capacity to cope with stressors. This geriatric syndrome affects physical, neuropsychological, and social domains and is driven by emotional and spiritual components. Sarcopenia is considered one of the determinants and the biological substrates of physical frailty. Physical and cognitive frailty are separately approached during daily clinical practice. The concept of motoric cognitive syndrome has partially changed this scenario, opening interesting windows toward future approaches. Thus, the purpose of this manuscript is to provide an excursus on current clinical practice, enforced by aneddoctical cases. The analysis of the current state of the art seems to support the urgent need of comprehensive organizational model incorporating physical and cognitive spheres in the same umbrella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Lauretani
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Yari Longobucco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Aurelio Maria De Iorio
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Fazio
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Raffaele Federici
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Gallini
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Umberto La Porta
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Ravazzoni
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Federica Roberti
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Salvi
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Irene Zucchini
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pelà
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggio
- Geriatric Clinic Unit, Medical Geriatric Rehabilitative Department, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Tang ZC, Chen Z, Shi YT, Wan LL, Liu MJ, Hou X, Wang CR, Peng HR, Peng LL, Qiu R, Tang BS, Jiang H. Central motor conduction time in spinocerebellar ataxia: a meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:25718-25729. [PMID: 33232267 PMCID: PMC7803510 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a large class of neurodegenerative diseases. Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used to evaluate the function of the pyramidal tract, and central motor conduction time (CMCT) is one index used to detect pyramidal tract dysfunction. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Eight eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. For upper limb CMCT, the mean difference (95% confidence interval (CI)) between the combined SCA group and the control group was 2.24 [1.76-2.72], while the mean differences (95% CIs) between the subtypes and the control group were as follows: 4.43 [3.58-5.28] for SCA1, 0.25 [-0.15,0.65] for SCA2, 1.04 [-0.37,2.46] for SCA3 and 0.49 [-0.29,1.28] for SCA6. Additionally, SCA1 significantly differed from SCA2 and SCA3 in terms of CMCT (P=0.0006 and P=0.010, respectively). We also compared lower limb CMCT between the SCA2 and control groups. The mean difference (95% CI) was 6.58 [4.49-8.67], which was clearly statistically significant. The differences in CMCT values among different subtypes suggests diverse pathological mechanisms. In general, CMCT is a promising objective index to judge the severity of disease deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Ting Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming-Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuan Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chun-Rong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui-Rong Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin-Liu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Veronese N, Smith L, Sloane PD, Zimmerman S. Impact of Physical Activity and Nutrition on Dementia: A Growing Consensus. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 21:1392-1393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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