51
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Song X, Li T. Ripk3 mediates cardiomyocyte necrosis through targeting mitochondria and the JNK-Bnip3 pathway under hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:331-340. [PMID: 31658855 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1676259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Context: Cardiomyocyte necrosis following myocardial infarction drastically the progression of heart failure.Objective: In the current study, we explored the upstream mediator for cardiomyocytes necrosis induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) injury with a focus on mitochondrial function and JNK-Bnip3 pathway.Materials and methods: Cell necrosis was determined via MTT assay, TUNEL staining and PI staining. siRNA transfection was performed to inhibit Ripk3 activation in response to HR injury. Pathway blocker was applied to prevent JNK activation.Results: Ripk3 was rapidly increased in HR-treated cardiomyocytes and correlated with the necrosis of cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, silencing of Ripk3 attenuated HR-mediated cardiomyocytes necrosis. At the molecular levels, Ripk3 deletion sustained mitochondrial bioenergetics and stabilized mitochondrial glucose metabolism. Besides, Ripk3 deletion also reduced mitochondrial oxidative stress and inhibited mPTP opening. To the end, we found Ripk3 activation was along with JNK pathway activation and Bnip3 upregulation. Interestingly, blockade of JNK pathway abolished the harmful effects of HR injury on mitochondrial function, energy metabolism and redox balance. Moreover, overexpression of Bnip3 abrogated the protection action played by Ripk3 deletion on cardiomyocytes survival.Conclusions: Taken together, these data may identify Ripk3 upregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and JNK-Bnip3 axis activation as the novel mechanisms underlying cardiomyocytes necrosis achieved by HR injury. Thereby, approaches targeted to the Ripk3-JNK-Bnip3-mitochondria cascade have the potential to ameliorate the progression of HR-related cardiomyocytes necrosis in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Song
- Department of Cardiology, Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianchang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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52
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Linder M, Glitzner E, Srivatsa S, Bakiri L, Matsuoka K, Shahrouzi P, Dumanic M, Novoszel P, Mohr T, Langer O, Wanek T, Mitterhauser M, Wagner EF, Sibilia M. EGFR is required for FOS-dependent bone tumor development via RSK2/CREB signaling. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201809408. [PMID: 30361264 PMCID: PMC6220323 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare tumor of the bone occurring mainly in young adults accounting for 5% of all childhood cancers. Because of the limited therapeutic options, there has been no survival improvement for OS patients in the past 40 years. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in OS; however, its clinical relevance is unclear. Here, we employed an autochthonous c‐Fos‐dependent OS mouse model (H2‐c‐fosLTR) and human OS tumor biopsies for preclinical studies aimed at identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic benefits of anti‐EGFR therapies. We show that EGFR deletion/inhibition results in reduced tumor formation in H2‐c‐fosLTR mice by directly inhibiting the proliferation of cancer‐initiating osteoblastic cells by a mechanism involving RSK2/CREB‐dependent c‐Fos expression. Furthermore, OS patients with co‐expression of EGFR and c‐Fos exhibit reduced overall survival. Preclinical studies using human OS xenografts revealed that only tumors expressing both EGFR and c‐Fos responded to anti‐EGFR therapy demonstrating that c‐Fos can be considered as a novel biomarker predicting response to anti‐EGFR treatment in OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Linder
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Glitzner
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sriram Srivatsa
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Parastoo Shahrouzi
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Dumanic
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Novoszel
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Thomas Wanek
- Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,LBI Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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53
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Liang X, Cao Y, Xiang S, Xiang Z. LXRα-mediated downregulation of EGFR suppress colorectal cancer cell proliferation. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:17391-17404. [PMID: 31104333 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family, including the LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2) subtypes, which are related to the metabolism of glucose and cholesterol and possess anti-inflammatory functions. Mounting evidence has linked LXRs to the inhibition of cell proliferation in a variety of cancers. We revealed a differential distribution for NR1H3, but not for NR1H2, in colorectal cancer and adjacent normal tissues. We found that NR1H3 enhanced the inhibitory action of GW3965, an agonist of LXRs, on the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Upregulation of NR1H3 enhanced the inhibition of cell proliferation by GW3965 while silencing of NR1H3 attenuated the inhibitory effect of GW3965 on cell proliferation. Bioinformatic prediction and luciferase assays showed that NR1H3 was able to inhibit the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) promoter. Moreover, we demonstrated that activation of NR1H3 inhibited the growth of transplanted tumors in an animal experiment, with the inhibition accompanied by downregulation of EGFR. Our findings suggest that NR1H3 controls cell proliferation by affecting EGFR promoter activity. The high expression of EGFR was due to the downregulation of NR1H3 which is a novel molecular mechanism in the development of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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54
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Yang F, Lin ZW, Huang TY, Chen TT, Cui J, Li MY, Hua YQ. Ligustilide, a major bioactive component of Angelica sinensis, promotes bone formation via the GPR30/EGFR pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6991. [PMID: 31061445 PMCID: PMC6502875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels is a widely-used traditional Chinese herbal medicine in treating osteoporosis. Ligustilide (LIG) is the main component of A. sinensis and is considered to be the most effective biologically active ingredient in this plant. LIG has been found to have multiple pharmacological activities, such as anti-atherosclerosis, neuroprotection, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and analgesic. However, little is known regarding its anti-osteoporotic effects. The aims of this study were to investigate any protective effect of LIG on bone formation. The results showed that LIG significantly ameliorated inhibition of bone formation in zebrafish caused by prednisolone. LIG promoted osteoblast differentiation, including that of the pre-osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. LIG greatly improved the viability of MC3T3-E1 cells exposed to H2O2, attenuated H2O2-induced apoptosis and increased the expression of Bcl-2. Furthermore, LIG treatment lead to marked activation of phosphorylated EGFR and ERK1/2. These effects could be obviously inhibited by blocking GPR30 signaling with the specific inhibitor G15. Collectively, the results reveal that GPR30 is a positive switch for LIG to increase bone formation via regulation of EGFR, and these results provide evidence for the potential of LIG to treat osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Z W Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - T Y Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - T T Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - J Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - M Y Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Y Q Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu Province, China.
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55
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Qin L, Beier F. EGFR Signaling: Friend or Foe for Cartilage? JBMR Plus 2019; 3:e10177. [PMID: 30828691 PMCID: PMC6383702 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using genetically modified mice, pharmacological approaches, and human samples have highlighted an important role for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), selected ligands, and downstream components in endochondral bone formation and joint homeostasis. Although most data demonstrate an important function of this pathway in endochondral ossification and articular cartilage growth, conflicting results on its role in osteoarthritis have been reported. In some contexts, inactivation of EGFR signaling has been shown to protect joints from surgically induced osteoarthritis, whereas in others, similar manipulations worsened joint pathology. The current review summarizes recent studies of cartilage EGFR signaling in long bone development and diseases, provides potential explanations for the reported discrepancies, and suggests directions for future work to clarify the potential of this pathway as target for osteoarthritis treatment. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonCanada
- Western Bone and Joint InstituteUniversity of Western OntarioLondonCanada
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56
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Zhang T, Han W, Zhao K, Yang W, Lu X, Jia Y, Qin A, Qian Y. Psoralen accelerates bone fracture healing by activating both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. FASEB J 2019; 33:5399-5410. [PMID: 30702934 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801797r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is a complex, dynamic process that involves various cell types, with osteoclasts and osteoblasts playing indispensable roles. In this study, we found that psoralen, the main active ingredient in Psoralea corylifolia L. fruit extract, enhanced bone fracture healing through activation of osteoclast and osteoblast activity via the ERK signaling pathway. In detail, psoralen promoted receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis, mRNA expression of osteoclast-specific genes, and osteoclastic bone resorption in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages. Meanwhile, psoralen induced osteogenic differentiation by promoting the mRNA expression of the osteoblast differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix, and osteocalcin. At the molecular level, psoralen preferentially activated ERK1/2 but not JNK or p38 MAPKs. Further experiments revealed that psoralen-induced osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation was abrogated by a specific inhibitor of phosphorylated ERK. In addition, psoralen accelerated bone fracture healing in a rat tibial fracture model, and the numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts were increased in psoralen-treated fracture callus. Taken together, our findings indicate that psoralen accelerates bone fracture healing through activation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts via ERK signaling and has potential as a novel drug in the orthopedic clinic for the treatment of bone fractures.-Zhang, T., Han, W., Zhao, K., Yang, W., Lu, X., Jia, Y., Qin, A., Qian, Y. Psoralen accelerates bone fracture healing by activating both osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Weiqi Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Kangxian Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wanlei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xuanyuan Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yewei Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
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57
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Kramer K, Yang J, Swanson WB, Hayano S, Toda M, Pan H, Kim JK, Krebsbach PH, Mishina Y. Rapamycin rescues BMP mediated midline craniosynostosis phenotype through reduction of mTOR signaling in a mouse model. Genesis 2018; 56:e23220. [PMID: 30134066 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is defined as congenital premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. While the genetic basis for about 30% of cases is known, the causative genes for the diverse presentations of the remainder of cases are unknown. The recently discovered cranial suture stem cell population affords an opportunity to identify early signaling pathways that contribute to craniosynostosis. We previously demonstrated that enhanced BMP signaling in neural crest cells (caA3 mutants) leads to premature cranial suture fusion resulting in midline craniosynostosis. Since enhanced mTOR signaling in neural crest cells leads to craniofacial bone lesions, we investigated the extent to which mTOR signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of BMP-mediated craniosynostosis by affecting the suture stem cell population. Our results demonstrate a loss of suture stem cells in the caA3 mutant mice by the newborn stage. We have found increased activation of mTOR signaling in caA3 mutant mice during embryonic stages, but not at the newborn stage. Our study demonstrated that inhibition of mTOR signaling via rapamycin in a time specific manner partially rescued the loss of the suture stem cell population. This study provides insight into how enhanced BMP signaling regulates suture stem cells via mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitrin Kramer
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | | | - Satoru Hayano
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masako Toda
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Haichun Pan
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Jin Koo Kim
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Paul H Krebsbach
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Section of Periodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic & Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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58
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Lee AMC, Bowen JM, Su YW, Plews E, Chung R, Keefe DMK, Xian CJ. Individual or combination treatments with lapatinib and paclitaxel cause potential bone loss and bone marrow adiposity in rats. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4180-4191. [PMID: 30260048 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatments with cytotoxic drugs have been shown to cause bone loss. However, effects on bone are less clear for ErbB-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors or their combination use with cytotoxic drugs. This study examined the effects of individual or combination treatments with breast cancer drugs lapatinib (a dual ErbB1/ErbB2 inhibitor) and paclitaxel (a microtubule-stabilizing cytotoxic agent) on bone and bone marrow of rats. Wistar rats received lapatinib (240 mg/kg) daily, paclitaxel (12 mg/kg) weekly, or their combination for 4 weeks, and effects on bone/bone marrow were examined at the end of week 4. Microcomputed tomographical structural analyses showed a reduction in trabecular bone volume in tibia following the lapatinib, paclitaxel or their combination treatments ( P < 0.05). Histomorphometry analyses revealed marked increases in bone marrow adipocyte contents in all treatment groups. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction gene expression studies with bone samples and cell culture studies with isolated bone marrow stromal cells showed that the all treatment groups displayed significantly reduced levels of osterix expression and osteogenic differentiation potential but increased expression levels of adipogenesis transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. In addition, these treatments suppressed the expression of Wnt10b and/or increased expression of Wnt antagonists (secreted frizzled-related protein 1, Dickkopf-related protein 1 and/or sclerostin). Furthermore, all treatment groups showed increased numbers of bone-resorbing osteoclasts on trabecular bone surfaces, although only the lapatinib group displayed increased levels of osteoclastogenic signal (receptor activator of nuclear factor κΒ ligand/osteoclastogenesis inhibitor osteoprotegrin expression ratio) in the bones. Thus, inhibiting ErbB1 and ErbB2 by lapatinib or blocking cell division by paclitaxel or their combination causes significant trabecular bone loss and bone marrow adiposity involving a switch in osteogenesis/adipogenesis potential, altered expression of some major molecules of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, and increased recruitment of bone-resorbing osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M C Lee
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Institute for Cancer Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- Physiology Discipline, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Institute for Cancer Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Erin Plews
- Physiology Discipline, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rosa Chung
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Institute for Cancer Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dorothy M K Keefe
- SA Cancer Service, SA Cancer Clinical Network, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre of Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cory J Xian
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Institute for Cancer Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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