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Ben Hamed S, Tavares Ranzani-Paiva MJ, Tachibana L, de Carla Dias D, Ishikawa CM, Esteban MA. Fish pathogen bacteria: Adhesion, parameters influencing virulence and interaction with host cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:550-562. [PMID: 29966687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wild fisheries are declining due to over-fishing, climate change, pollution and marine habitat destructions among other factors, and, concomitantly, aquaculture is increasing significantly around the world. Fish infections caused by pathogenic bacteria are quite common in aquaculture, although their seriousness depends on the season. Drug-supplemented feeds are often used to keep farmed fish free from the diseases caused by such bacteria. However, given that bacteria can survive well in aquatic environments independently of their hosts, bacterial diseases have become major impediments to aquaculture development. On the other hand, the indiscriminate uses of antimicrobial agents has led to resistant strains and the need to switch to other antibiotics, although it seems that an integrated approach that considers not only the pathogen but also the host and the environment will be the most effective method in the long-term to improve aquatic animal health. This review covers the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity and details the foundations underlying the interactions occurring between pathogenic bacteria and the fish host in the aquatic environment, as well as the factors that influence virulence. Understanding and linking the different phenomena that occur from adhesion to colonization of the host will offer novel and useful means to help design suitable therapeutic strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Ben Hamed
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José Tavares Ranzani-Paiva
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tachibana
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle de Carla Dias
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Massatoshi Ishikawa
- Fishery Institute-APTA - SAA, Research Center of Aquaculture, Av. Francisco Matarazzo, 455, CEP. 05001-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - María Angeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence, ''Campus Mare Nostrum'', University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Vissers T, Brown AT, Koumakis N, Dawson A, Hermes M, Schwarz-Linek J, Schofield AB, French JM, Koutsos V, Arlt J, Martinez VA, Poon WCK. Bacteria as living patchy colloids: Phenotypic heterogeneity in surface adhesion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao1170. [PMID: 29719861 PMCID: PMC5922800 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the surface adhesion of pathogenic bacteria is of urgent biomedical importance. However, many aspects of this process remain unclear (for example, microscopic details of the initial adhesion and possible variations between individual cells). Using a new high-throughput method, we identify and follow many single cells within a clonal population of Escherichia coli near a glass surface. We find strong phenotypic heterogeneities: A fraction of the cells remain in the free (planktonic) state, whereas others adhere with an adhesion strength that itself exhibits phenotypic heterogeneity. We explain our observations using a patchy colloid model; cells bind with localized, adhesive patches, and the strength of adhesion is determined by the number of patches: Nonadherers have no patches, weak adherers bind with a single patch only, and strong adherers bind via a single or multiple patches. We discuss possible implications of our results for controlling bacterial adhesion in biomedical and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Vissers
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Aidan T. Brown
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Nick Koumakis
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Angela Dawson
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Michiel Hermes
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
- Department of Physics, Soft Condensed Matter Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jana Schwarz-Linek
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Andrew B. Schofield
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Joseph M. French
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Robert Stevenson Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Vasileios Koutsos
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Robert Stevenson Road, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Jochen Arlt
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Vincent A. Martinez
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Wilson C. K. Poon
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliances and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
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Abstract
From colony formation in bacteria to wound healing and embryonic development in multicellular organisms, groups of living cells must often move collectively. Although considerable study has probed the biophysical mechanisms of how eukaryotic cells generate forces during migration, little such study has been devoted to bacteria, in particular with regard to the question of how bacteria generate and coordinate forces during collective motion. This question is addressed here using traction force microscopy. We study two distinct motility mechanisms of Myxococcus xanthus, namely, twitching and gliding. For twitching, powered by type-IV pilus retraction, we find that individual cells exert local traction in small hotspots with forces on the order of 50 pN. Twitching bacterial groups also produce traction hotspots, but with forces around 100 pN that fluctuate rapidly on timescales of <1.5 min. Gliding, the second motility mechanism, is driven by lateral transport of substrate adhesions. When cells are isolated, gliding produces low average traction on the order of 1 Pa. However, traction is amplified approximately fivefold in groups. Advancing protrusions of gliding cells push, on average, in the direction of motion. Together, these results show that the forces generated during twitching and gliding have complementary characters, and both forces have higher values when cells are in groups.
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