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Uronic acid metabolic process-related gene expression-based signature predicts overall survival of glioma. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227321. [PMID: 33324981 PMCID: PMC7791545 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common and malignant cancer of the central nervous system, and the prognosis is poor. Metabolic reprogramming is a common phenomenon that plays an important role in tumor progression including gliomas. Searching the representative process among numerous metabolic processes to evaluate the prognosis aside from the glycolytic pathway may be of great significance. A novel prediction signature was constructed in the present study based on gene expression. A total of 1027 glioma samples with clinical and RNA-seq data were used in the present study. Lasso-Cox, gene set variation analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis, Cox regression, receiver operating characteristic curve, and elastic net were performed for constructing and verifying predictive models. The R programming language was used as the main tool for statistical analysis and graphical work. This signature was found to be stable in prognostic prediction in the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network and the Cancer Genome Atlas databases. The possible mechanism was also explored, revealing that the aforementioned signature was closely related to DNA replication and ATP binding. In summary, a prognosis prediction signature for patients with glioma based on five genes was constructed and showed great potential for clinical application.
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52
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Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in modulating cancer cell metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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53
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NADPH homeostasis in cancer: functions, mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:231. [PMID: 33028807 PMCID: PMC7542157 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is an essential electron donor in all organisms, and provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions and redox balance. NADPH homeostasis is regulated by varied signaling pathways and several metabolic enzymes that undergo adaptive alteration in cancer cells. The metabolic reprogramming of NADPH renders cancer cells both highly dependent on this metabolic network for antioxidant capacity and more susceptible to oxidative stress. Modulating the unique NADPH homeostasis of cancer cells might be an effective strategy to eliminate these cells. In this review, we summarize the current existing literatures on NADPH homeostasis, including its biological functions, regulatory mechanisms and the corresponding therapeutic interventions in human cancers, providing insights into therapeutic implications of targeting NADPH metabolism and the associated mechanism for cancer therapy.
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54
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Feng Q, Li X, Sun W, Li Y, Yuan Y, Guan B, Zhang S. Discovery of Ebselen as an Inhibitor of 6PGD for Suppressing Tumor Growth. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:6921-6934. [PMID: 32801914 PMCID: PMC7415460 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s254853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) was upregulated in many solid cancers and plays an important role in tumorigenesis. In the present study, we want to discover an old drug as an inhibitor of 6PGD for suppressing tumor growth. Methods We determined the expression of 6PGD in cancer tissues using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) profiles and explored the importance of 6PGD expression in cancer progression by using Kaplan–Meier Plotter. We identified Ebselen as a 6PGD inhibitor by using 6PGD in vitro enzyme activity assay. Cell viability, cell proliferation, tumor growth and cell metabolism assay were used to explore the role of 6PGD and its inhibitor in cancer cells. Results We found that the expression of 6PGD was upregulated in different cancer tissues and it can promote tumorigenesis. Here, we analyzed our 6PGD inhibitor screening data again and found an old drug Ebselen, which blocks cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by inhibiting 6PGD enzyme activity, while knocking down 6PGD would partially abolish the inhibition of Ebselen on cell proliferation and cell metabolism. Conclusion Our results suggested that the conventional drug Ebselen could serve as a novel inhibitor of 6PGD for suppressing cancer growth by inhibiting 6PGD enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuru Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Baozhang Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
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55
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Sarfraz I, Rasul A, Hussain G, Shah MA, Zahoor AF, Asrar M, Selamoglu Z, Ji XY, Adem Ş, Sarker SD. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase fuels multiple aspects of cancer cells: From cancer initiation to metastasis and chemoresistance. Biofactors 2020; 46:550-562. [PMID: 32039535 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reprogrammed metabolism is key biochemical characteristic of malignant cells, which represents one of the emerging hallmarks of cancer. Currently, there is rising contemplation on oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzymes as potential therapeutic hits due to their affiliation with tumor metabolism. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), third oxidative decarboxylase of PPP, has received a great deal of attention during recent years due to its critical role in tumorigenesis and redox homeostasis. 6PGD has been reported to overexpress in number of cancer types and its hyperactivation is mediated through post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications by YTH domain family 2 (YTHDF2), Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and via direct structural interactions with ME1 (malic enzyme 1). Upregulated expression of 6PGD provides metabolic as well as defensive advantage to cancer cells, thus, promoting their proliferative and metastatic potential. Moreover, enhanced 6PGD expression also performs key role in development of chemoresistance as well as radiation resistance in cancer. This review aims to discuss the historical timeline and cancer-specific role of 6PGD, pharmacological and genetic inhibitors of 6PGD and 6PGD as prognostic biomarker in order to explore its potential for therapeutic interventions. We anticipate that targeting this imperative supplier of NADPH might serve as tempting avenue to combat the deadly disease like cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Sarfraz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemical Biology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asrar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, College of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Şevki Adem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, London, UK
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56
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Cao J, Sun X, Zhang X, Chen D. 6PGD Upregulation is Associated with Chemo- and Immuno-Resistance of Renal Cell Carcinoma via AMPK Signaling-Dependent NADPH-Mediated Metabolic Reprograming. Am J Med Sci 2020; 360:279-286. [PMID: 32829780 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The essential role of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), the enzyme catalyzing the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, in tumor growth and metabolism has garnered attention in recent years. In this work, we are the first to demonstrate that aberrant activation of 6PGD is a feature in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and is critically involved in renal carcinogenesis and chemo- and immuno-resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6PGD expression and activity were systematically analyzed in normal and malignant renal cells and tissues. The roles of 6PGD and its downstream mechanism were investigated using gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches. RESULTS 6PGD expression and enzyme activity were increased in RCC cells and patients' samples. Activation of 6PGD via gain-of-function approach promoted growth of normal kidney but not RCC cells, and alleviated the efficacy of chemotherapeutic (e.g., 5-FU) and immunotherapeutic (e.g., IFN-α) agents. In contrast, 6PGD inhibition using siRNA knockdown and pharmacological inhibitor physcion augmented the inhibitory effects of 5-FU and IFN-α in RCC. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that 6PGD inhibition activated AMPK signaling, leading to ACC1 enzyme inhibition and reduction of lipid synthesis. In addition, 6PGD inhibition disrupted NADPH and NADH homeostasis in RCC cells as shown by the decreased level of NADPH and NADH, and suppressed SIRT-1 activity. AMPK inhibition by siRNA knockdown reversed the inhibitory effects of physcion, demonstrating that the effect of 6PGD inhibition is AMPK activation dependent. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides preclinical evidence that 6PGD inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to augment the efficacy of RCC standard of care drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Department of Urology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Sun
- Department of Urology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehong Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei 441021, People's Republic of China.
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57
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Cirotti C, Contadini C, Barilà D. SRC Kinase in Glioblastoma News from an Old Acquaintance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061558. [PMID: 32545574 PMCID: PMC7352599 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most recalcitrant brain tumors characterized by a tumor microenvironment (TME) that strongly supports GBM growth, aggressiveness, invasiveness, and resistance to therapy. Importantly, a common feature of GBM is the aberrant activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and of their downstream signaling cascade, including the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC. SRC is a central downstream intermediate of many RTKs, which triggers the phosphorylation of many substrates, therefore, promoting the regulation of a wide range of different pathways involved in cell survival, adhesion, proliferation, motility, and angiogenesis. In addition to the aforementioned pathways, SRC constitutive activity promotes and sustains inflammation and metabolic reprogramming concurring with TME development, therefore, actively sustaining tumor growth. Here, we aim to provide an updated picture of the molecular pathways that link SRC to these events in GBM. In addition, SRC targeting strategies are discussed in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses of SRC inhibitors in GBM management, focusing our attention on their potentialities in combination with conventional therapeutic approaches (i.e., temozolomide) to ameliorate therapy effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cirotti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.)
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Contadini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.)
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (C.C.)
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-065-0170-3168
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58
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Feng Q, Li X, Sun W, Sun M, Li Z, Sheng H, Xie F, Zhang S, Shan C. Targeting G6PD reverses paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer by suppressing GSTP1. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114092. [PMID: 32535103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in women worldwide. Currently, paclitaxel is one of the most effective chemotherapies. However, resistance to paclitaxel is a major cause of therapy failure and the precise mechanism of paclitaxel resistance remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) promotes paclitaxel resistance. We showed that G6PD expression was higher in paclitaxel-resistant cancer cells than in their paclitaxel-sensitive counterparts. Furthermore, we demonstrated that suppressing G6PD using shRNA, or an inhibitor, either as single agents or in combination, sensitized paclitaxel-resistant cancer cells to paclitaxel treatment and thereby improving the therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel. Interestingly, we found that the upregulation of G6PD in paclitaxel-resistant cells was due to the decreased expression of protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6), which targets the promoter of G6PD. We further identified that G6PD promotes paclitaxel resistance by regulating the expression of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), which confers resistance to chemotherapy by detoxifying several anticancer drugs. Taken together, our results suggest that G6PD is a novel potential target to overcome paclitaxel resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Feng
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Xiuru Li
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Mingming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Hao Sheng
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Changliang Shan
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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59
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Bhardwaj V, He J. Reactive Oxygen Species, Metabolic Plasticity, and Drug Resistance in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103412. [PMID: 32408513 PMCID: PMC7279373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic abnormality observed in tumors is characterized by the dependence of cancer cells on glycolysis for their energy requirements. Cancer cells also exhibit a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), largely due to the alteration of cellular bioenergetics. A highly coordinated interplay between tumor energetics and ROS generates a powerful phenotype that provides the tumor cells with proliferative, antiapoptotic, and overall aggressive characteristics. In this review article, we summarize the literature on how ROS impacts energy metabolism by regulating key metabolic enzymes and how metabolic pathways e.g., glycolysis, PPP, and the TCA cycle reciprocally affect the generation and maintenance of ROS homeostasis. Lastly, we discuss how metabolic adaptation in cancer influences the tumor’s response to chemotherapeutic drugs. Though attempts of targeting tumor energetics have shown promising preclinical outcomes, the clinical benefits are yet to be fully achieved. A better understanding of the interaction between metabolic abnormalities and involvement of ROS under the chemo-induced stress will help develop new strategies and personalized approaches to improve the therapeutic efficiency in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Bhardwaj
- College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Jun He
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Correspondence:
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60
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Ge T, Yang J, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li Y, Tong X. The Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Diabetes and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:365. [PMID: 32582032 PMCID: PMC7296058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) branches from glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), produces NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate (R5P), and shunts carbons back to the glycolytic or gluconeogenic pathway. The PPP has been demonstrated to be a major regulator for cellular reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and biosynthesis. Enzymes in the PPP are reported to play important roles in many human diseases. In this review, we will discuss the role of the PPP in type 2 diabetes and cancer.
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61
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de Laat MA, Spence RJ, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. An investigation of the equine epidermal growth factor system during hyperinsulinemic laminitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225843. [PMID: 31805097 PMCID: PMC6894753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine laminitis is a disease of the digital epidermal lamellae typified by epidermal cell proliferation and structural collapse. Most commonly the disease is caused by hyperinsulinemia, although the pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Insulin can activate the epidermal growth factor (EGF) system in other species and the present study tested the hypothesis that upregulation of EGF receptor (EGFR) signalling is a key factor in laminitis pathophysiology. First, we examined lamellar tissue from healthy Standardbred horses and those with induced hyperinsulinemia and laminitis for EGFR distribution and quantity using immunostaining and gene expression, respectively. Phosphorylation of EGFR was also quantified. Next, plasma EGF concentrations were compared in healthy and insulin-infused horses, and in healthy and insulin-dysregulated ponies before and after feeding. The EGFR were localised to the secondary epidermal lamellae, with stronger staining in parabasal, rather than basal, cells. No change in EGFR gene expression occurred with laminitis, although the receptor showed some phosphorylation. No difference was seen in EGF concentrations in horses, but in insulin-dysregulated ponies mean, post-prandial EGF concentrations were almost three times higher than in healthy ponies (274 ± 90 vs. 97.4 ± 20.9 pg/mL, P = 0.05). Although the EGFR does not appear to play a major pathogenic role in hyperinsulinemic laminitis, the significance of increased EGF in insulin-dysregulated ponies deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody A. de Laat
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert J. Spence
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin N. Sillence
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Pollitt
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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γ-6-Phosphogluconolactone, a Byproduct of the Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway, Contributes to AMPK Activation through Inhibition of PP2A. Mol Cell 2019; 76:857-871.e9. [PMID: 31586547 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxiPPP) contributes to cell metabolism through not only the production of metabolic intermediates and reductive NADPH but also inhibition of LKB1-AMPK signaling by ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru-5-P), the product of the third oxiPPP enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD). However, we found that knockdown of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the first oxiPPP enzyme, did not affect AMPK activation despite decreased Ru-5-P and subsequent LKB1 activation, due to enhanced activity of PP2A, the upstream phosphatase of AMPK. In contrast, knockdown of 6PGD or 6-phosphogluconolactonase (PGLS), the second oxiPPP enzyme, reduced PP2A activity. Mechanistically, knockdown of G6PD or PGLS decreased or increased 6-phosphogluconolactone level, respectively, which enhanced the inhibitory phosphorylation of PP2A by Src. Furthermore, γ-6-phosphogluconolactone, an oxiPPP byproduct with unknown function generated through intramolecular rearrangement of δ-6-phosphogluconolactone, the only substrate of PGLS, bound to Src and enhanced PP2A recruitment. Together, oxiPPP regulates AMPK homeostasis by balancing the opposing LKB1 and PP2A.
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63
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Yang HC, Wu YH, Yen WC, Liu HY, Hwang TL, Stern A, Chiu DTY. The Redox Role of G6PD in Cell Growth, Cell Death, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091055. [PMID: 31500396 PMCID: PMC6770671 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of reducing equivalent NADPH via glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is critical for the maintenance of redox homeostasis and reductive biosynthesis in cells. NADPH also plays key roles in cellular processes mediated by redox signaling. Insufficient G6PD activity predisposes cells to growth retardation and demise. Severely lacking G6PD impairs embryonic development and delays organismal growth. Altered G6PD activity is associated with pathophysiology, such as autophagy, insulin resistance, infection, inflammation, as well as diabetes and hypertension. Aberrant activation of G6PD leads to enhanced cell proliferation and adaptation in many types of cancers. The present review aims to update the existing knowledge concerning G6PD and emphasizes how G6PD modulates redox signaling and affects cell survival and demise, particularly in diseases such as cancer. Exploiting G6PD as a potential drug target against cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chi Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chen Yen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ya Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Arnold Stern
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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