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Li Z, Wang J, Cheng X, Hu H, Guo C, Huang J, Chen Z, Lu J. The worldwide seroprevalence of DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009337. [PMID: 33909610 PMCID: PMC8109817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the three major arthropod-borne viruses, dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and zika virus (ZIKV) are posing a growing threat to global public health and socioeconomic development. Our study aimed to systematically review the global seroprevalences of these arboviruses from existing publications. METHODS Articles published between Jan 01, 2000 and Dec 31, 2019 in the databases of Embase, Pubmed and Web of Science were searched and collected. Countries or areas with known local presence of Aedes vector mosquitoes were included. Random effects model was utilized to estimate the pooled seroprevalences and the proportion of inapparent infection. RESULTS Out of 1375, a total of 133 articles involving 176,001 subjects were included for our analysis. The pooled seroprevalences of DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV were 38%, 25% and 18%, respectively; and their corresponding proportions of inapparent infections were 80%, 40% and 50%. The South-East Asia Region had the highest seroprevalences of DENV and CHIKV, while the Region of the Americas had the highest seroprevalence of ZIKV. The seroprevalences of DENV and CHIKV were similar when comparing developed and developing countries, urban and rural areas, or among different populations. In addition, we observed a decreased global seroprevalences in the new decade (2010-2019) comparing to the decade before (2000-2009) for CHIKV. For ZIKV, the positive rates tested with the nucleic acid detection method were lower than those tested with the antibody detection method. Lastly, numerous cases of dual seropositivity for CHIKV and DENV were reported. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed a varied prevalence of arbovirus infections in different geographical regions and countries, and the inapparent infection accounted an unneglected portion of infections that requires more attention. This study will shed lights on our understanding of the true burden of arbovirus infections and promote appropriate vaccination in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Cheng
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huan Hu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Jingyi Huang
- Songgang People’s Hospital of Bao’an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (JL)
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (JL)
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Konopka JK, Task D, Afify A, Raji J, Deibel K, Maguire S, Lawrence R, Potter CJ. Olfaction in Anopheles mosquitoes. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6246230. [PMID: 33885760 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As vectors of disease, mosquitoes are a global threat to human health. The Anopheles mosquito is the deadliest mosquito species as the insect vector of the malaria-causing parasite, which kills hundreds of thousands every year. These mosquitoes are reliant on their sense of smell (olfaction) to guide most of their behaviors, and a better understanding of Anopheles olfaction identifies opportunities for reducing the spread of malaria. This review takes a detailed look at Anopheles olfaction. We explore a range of topics from chemosensory receptors, olfactory neurons, and sensory appendages to behaviors guided by olfaction (including host-seeking, foraging, oviposition, and mating), to vector management strategies that target mosquito olfaction. We identify many research areas that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Konopka
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Darya Task
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Ali Afify
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Joshua Raji
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Katelynn Deibel
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Sarah Maguire
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Randy Lawrence
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Potter
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
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Hameed M, Wahaab A, Shan T, Wang X, Khan S, Di D, Xiqian L, Zhang JJ, Anwar MN, Nawaz M, Li B, Liu K, Shao D, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. A Metagenomic Analysis of Mosquito Virome Collected From Different Animal Farms at Yunnan-Myanmar Border of China. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:591478. [PMID: 33628201 PMCID: PMC7898981 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic analysis of mosquito-borne and mosquito-specific viruses is useful to understand the viral diversity and for the surveillance of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Yunnan province is located at the southwest of China and has rich abundance of mosquitoes. Arbovirus surveillance is not conducted regularly in this province particularly at animal farms, which have public health as well as veterinary importance. Here, we have analyzed 10 pools of mosquitoes belonging to Culex tritaeniorhyncus, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Armigeres subalbatus species, collected from different animal farms located at Yunnan province of China by using metagenomic next-generation sequencing technique. The generated viral metagenomic data reveal that the viral community matched by the reads was highly diverse and varied in abundance among animal farms, which contained more than 19 viral taxonomic families, specific to vertebrates, invertebrates, fungi, plants, protozoa, and bacteria. Additionally, a large number of viral reads were related to viruses that are non-classified. The viral reads related to animal viruses included parvoviruses, anelloviruses, circoviruses, flaviviruses, rhabdoviruses, and seadornaviruses, which might be taken by mosquitoes from viremic animal hosts during blood feeding. Notably, the presence of viral reads matched with Japanese encephalitis virus, Getah virus, and porcine parvoviruses in mosquitoes collected from different geographic sites suggested a potential circulation of these viruses in their vertebrate hosts. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive knowledge of diverse viral populations present at animal farms of Yunnan province of China, which might be a potential source of diseases for humans and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Shen TJ, Hanh VT, Nguyen TQ, Jhan MK, Ho MR, Lin CF. Repurposing the Antiemetic Metoclopramide as an Antiviral Against Dengue Virus Infection in Neuronal Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:606743. [PMID: 33634036 PMCID: PMC7902071 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.606743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes to humans and is a threat worldwide. No effective new drugs have been used for anti-dengue treatment, and repurposing drugs is an alternative approach to treat this condition. Dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) is a host receptor positively associated with DENV infection. Metoclopramide (MCP), a D2R antagonist clinically used to control vomiting and nausea in patients with DENV infection, was putatively examined for inhibition of DENV infection by targeting D2R. In the mouse neural cell line Neuro-2a with D2R expression, a plaque assay demonstrated the antiviral efficacy of MCP treatment. However, in the cell line BHK-21, which did not express D2R, MCP treatment caused no further inhibition of DENV infection. Either MCP treatment or exogenous administration of a neutralizing D2R antibody blocked DENV binding. Treatment with MCP also reduced DENV dsRNA replication and DENV-induced neuronal cell cytotoxicity in vitro. An in vivo study demonstrated the antiviral effect of MCP against DENV-induced CNS neuropathy and mortality. These results showed that repurposing the D2R-targeting antiemetic MCP is a potential therapeutic strategy against DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Jing Shen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vu Thi Hanh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Centre for Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thai Quoc Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Centre for Tropical Diseases, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ming-Kai Jhan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Ru Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Diseases and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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55
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Levi LI, Rezelj VV, Henrion-Lacritick A, Erazo D, Boussier J, Vallet T, Bernhauerová V, Suzuki Y, Carrau L, Weger-Lucarelli J, Saleh MC, Vignuzzi M. Defective viral genomes from chikungunya virus are broad-spectrum antivirals and prevent virus dissemination in mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009110. [PMID: 33556143 PMCID: PMC7870000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are truncated and/or rearranged viral genomes produced during virus replication. Described in many RNA virus families, some of them have interfering activity on their parental virus and/or strong immunostimulatory potential, and are being considered in antiviral approaches. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes spp. that infected millions of humans in the last 15 years. Here, we describe the DVGs arising during CHIKV infection in vitro in mammalian and mosquito cells, and in vivo in experimentally infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. We combined experimental and computational approaches to select DVG candidates most likely to have inhibitory activity and showed that, indeed, they strongly interfere with CHIKV replication both in mammalian and mosquito cells. We further demonstrated that some DVGs present broad-spectrum activity, inhibiting several CHIKV strains and other alphaviruses. Finally, we showed that pre-treating Aedes aegypti with DVGs prevented viral dissemination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I. Levi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- École doctorale BioSPC, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Veronica V. Rezelj
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Diana Erazo
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - J Boussier
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- École doctorale Frontières du vivant, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Veronika Bernhauerová
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Yasutsugu Suzuki
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNAi Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Carrau
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- École doctorale BioSPC, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Institut Pasteur, Viruses and RNAi Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
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Coimbra-Dores MJ, Jaarsma RI, Carmo AO, Maia-Silva M, Fonville M, da Costa DFF, Brandão RML, Azevedo F, Casero M, Oliveira AC, Afonso SMDS, Sprong H, Rosa F, Dias D. Mitochondrial sequences of Rhipicephalus and Coxiella endosymbiont reveal evidence of lineages co-cladogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5824628. [PMID: 32329790 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus ticks are competent vectors of several pathogens, such as Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae (SFGR) and many Babesia species. Within this genus, different R. sanguineus s.l. lineages show an unequal vector competence and resistance regarding some pathogenic strains. Current literature supports that tick endosymbionts may play an essential role in the transmission ability of a vector. Indeed, the microbial community of Rhipicephalus seems to be dominated by Coxiella-like endosymbionts (CLE). Still, their co-evolutionary associations with the complicated phylogeny of Rhipicephalus lineages and their transmissible pathogens remain unclear. We performed a phylogenetic congruence analysis to address whether divergent R. sanguineus s.l. lineages had a different symbiont composition. For that, we applied a PCR based approach to screen part of the microbial community present in 279 Rhipicephalus ticks from the Iberian Peninsula and Africa. Our analyses detected several qPCR-positive signals for both SFGR and Babesia species, of which we suggest R. sanguineus-tropical lineage as a natural vector of Babesia vogeli and R. sanguineus-temperate lineage of SFGR. The acquisition of 190 CLE sequences allowed to evaluate co-phylogenetic associations between the tick and the symbiont. With this data, we observed a strong but incomplete co-cladogenesis between CLE strains and their Rhipicephalus tick lineages hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Coimbra-Dores
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ryanne Isolde Jaarsma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anderson Oliveira Carmo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Maia-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manoj Fonville
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ricardo Manuel Lemos Brandão
- Wild Animal Ecology, Rehabilitation and Surveillance Center (CERVAS), Serra da Estrela Natural Park, 6290-909 Gouveia, Portugal
| | - Fábia Azevedo
- Wildlife Rehabilitation and Investigation Center (RIAS), Ria Formosa Natural Park, 8700-225 Olhão, Portugal
| | - María Casero
- Wildlife Rehabilitation and Investigation Center (RIAS), Ria Formosa Natural Park, 8700-225 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Oliveira
- Casa dos Animais Veterinary Clinic, Travessa Quinta da Rosa Linda, Morro Bento, Luanda, Angola
| | | | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fernanda Rosa
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.,Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Deodália Dias
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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57
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Toxorhynchites Species: A Review of Current Knowledge. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110747. [PMID: 33143104 PMCID: PMC7693308 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mosquitoes are well known to spread diseases when they take a blood meal. However, not all species feed on blood but instead get their nourishment from other sources. One such species is Toxorhynchites, which are a paradox among mosquitoes. These mosquitoes are entirely non-blood feeding and, as a result, are not considered to be harmful to human health. Indeed, since their larvae feed on the larvae of pest species and other aquatic insects, they are a potential counter measure against the spread of mosquito-transmitted diseases. Their effective application has been hampered due to a lack of understanding and inconsistencies in their descriptions. This review aims to build upon previously published information and summarize recent findings to support their use in combating mosquito-transmitted infections. Abstract The increasing global incidence of mosquito-borne infections is driving a need for effective control methods. Vector populations have expanded their geographical ranges, while increasing resistance to chemical insecticides and a lack of effective treatments or vaccines has meant that the development of vector control methods is essential in the fight against mosquito-transmitted diseases. This review will focus on Toxorhynchites, a non-hematophagous mosquito genus which is a natural predator of vector species and may be exploited as a biological control agent. Their effectiveness in this role has been strongly debated for many years and early trials have been marred by misinformation and incomplete descriptions. Here, we draw together current knowledge of the general biology of Toxorhynchites and discuss how this updated information will benefit their role in an integrated vector management program.
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58
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Cattarino L, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Imai N, Cummings DAT, Ferguson NM. Mapping global variation in dengue transmission intensity. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:12/528/eaax4144. [PMID: 31996463 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intervention planning for dengue requires reliable estimates of dengue transmission intensity. However, current maps of dengue risk provide estimates of disease burden or the boundaries of endemicity rather than transmission intensity. We therefore developed a global high-resolution map of dengue transmission intensity by fitting environmentally driven geospatial models to geolocated force of infection estimates derived from cross-sectional serological surveys and routine case surveillance data. We assessed the impact of interventions on dengue transmission and disease using Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and the Sanofi-Pasteur vaccine as specific examples. We predicted high transmission intensity in all continents straddling the tropics, with hot spots in South America (Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil), Africa (western and central African countries), and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines). We estimated that 105 [95% confidence interval (CI), 95 to 114] million dengue infections occur each year with 51 (95% CI, 32 to 66) million febrile disease cases. Our analysis suggests that transmission-blocking interventions such as Wolbachia, even at intermediate efficacy (50% transmission reduction), might reduce global annual disease incidence by up to 90%. The Sanofi-Pasteur vaccine, targeting only seropositive recipients, might reduce global annual disease incidence by 20 to 30%, with the greatest impact in high-transmission settings. The transmission intensity map presented here, and made available for download, may help further assessment of the impact of dengue control interventions and prioritization of global public health efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cattarino
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | | | - Natsuko Imai
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, P. O. Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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59
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Seroprevalence of Dengue Virus among Young Adults in Beijing, China, 2019. Virol Sin 2020; 36:333-336. [PMID: 32915443 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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60
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Shen D, Nyawira KT, Xia A. New discoveries and applications of mosquito fungal pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 40:111-116. [PMID: 32781416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are a major threat to human health globally because they transmit infectious diseases, such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and arboviruses. The conventional mosquito control efforts, based on synthetic insecticides, have been compromised owing to the eventual development of insecticide resistance and the adverse environmental impacts of insecticides. Alternative eco-friendly approaches using entomopathogenic fungi to alleviate vector-borne disease burden have gained an increasing interest because of their selective specificity and environmental safety. Existing literature revealed an enormous potential of microbial agents for the biocontrol of mosquitoes. With the advances in genetic recombination and transformation techniques, genetically engineered fungal biopesticides showed promising efficacy against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. In this article, we elaborate on the important mosquito fungal and oomycota pathogens as potential biocontrol agents and infection mechanism through oral ingestion. Recent advances on the secreted effectors for suppression of host immunity and progress on the development of transgenic mosquito-killing fungi were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Karani T Nyawira
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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61
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Garcia KKS, Versiani HS, Araújo TO, Conceição JPA, Obara MT, Ramalho WM, Minuzzi-Souza TTC, Gomes GD, Vianna EN, Timbó RV, Barbosa VGC, Rezende MSP, Martins LPF, Macedo GO, Carvalho BL, Moreira IM, Bartasson LA, Nitz N, Luz SLB, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Abad-Franch F. Measuring mosquito control: adult-mosquito catches vs egg-trap data as endpoints of a cluster-randomized controlled trial of mosquito-disseminated pyriproxyfen. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:352. [PMID: 32665032 PMCID: PMC7362459 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus are the main urban vectors of arthropod-borne viruses causing human disease, including dengue, Zika, or West Nile. Although key to disease prevention, urban-mosquito control has met only limited success. Alternative vector-control tactics are therefore being developed and tested, often using entomological endpoints to measure impact. Here, we test one promising alternative and assess how three such endpoints perform at measuring its effects. METHODS We conducted a 16-month, two-arm, cluster-randomized controlled trial (CRCT) of mosquito-disseminated pyriproxyfen (MD-PPF) in central-western Brazil. We used three entomological endpoints: adult-mosquito density as directly measured by active aspiration of adult mosquitoes, and egg-trap-based indices of female Aedes presence (proportion of positive egg-traps) and possibly abundance (number of eggs per egg-trap). Using generalized linear mixed models, we estimated MD-PPF effects on these endpoints while accounting for the non-independence of repeated observations and for intervention-unrelated sources of spatial-temporal variation. RESULTS On average, MD-PPF reduced adult-mosquito density by 66.3% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI: 47.3-78.4%); Cx. quinquefasciatus density fell by 55.5% (95% CI: 21.1-74.8%), and Ae. aegypti density by 60.0% (95% CI: 28.7-77.5%). In contrast, MD-PPF had no measurable effect on either Aedes egg counts or egg-trap positivity, both of which decreased somewhat in the intervention cluster but also in the control cluster. Egg-trap data, therefore, failed to reflect the 60.0% mean reduction of adult Aedes density associated with MD-PPF deployment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the widely used egg-trap-based monitoring may poorly measure the impact of Aedes control; even if more costly, direct monitoring of the adult mosquito population is likely to provide a much more realistic and informative picture of intervention effects. In our CRCT, MD-PPF reduced adult-mosquito density by 66.3% in a medium-sized, spatially non-isolated, tropical urban neighborhood. Broader-scale trials will be necessary to measure MD-PPF impact on arboviral-disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klauss K. S. Garcia
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Hanid S. Versiani
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Taís O. Araújo
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - João P. A. Conceição
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Marcos T. Obara
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Walter M. Ramalho
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Thaís T. C. Minuzzi-Souza
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D. Gomes
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Elisa N. Vianna
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Renata V. Timbó
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Vinicios G. C. Barbosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maridalva S. P. Rezende
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Luciana P. F. Martins
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Glauco O. Macedo
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Bruno L. Carvalho
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Israel M. Moreira
- Diretoria de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Subsecretaria de Vigilância à Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lorrainy A. Bartasson
- Diretoria de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Subsecretaria de Vigilância à Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio L. B. Luz
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane–Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Fernando Abad-Franch
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
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Kantele A. Travellers as sentinels of chikungunya epidemics: a family cluster among Finnish travellers to Koh Lanta, Thailand, January 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30892179 PMCID: PMC6425551 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.11.1900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In January 2019, five of 11 travellers to Koh Lanta, Thailand, contracted chikungunya, symptoms starting 4 days after presumed transmission. Four cases were hospitalised, one child treated in intensive care; 6 weeks after disease onset, all three adults have persistent arthralgias/arthritis, incapacitating for two. Together with a recent report of eight chikungunya cases among travellers to various destinations in Thailand, the high attack rate in our cluster points to an ongoing outbreak in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kantele
- Inflammation Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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63
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Cuthbert RN, Wasserman RJ, Dalu T. Arid-adapted paradiaptomid copepods contribute to mosquito regulation. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2020.1769498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross N Cuthbert
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Germany
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Ryan J Wasserman
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Tatenda Dalu
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, South Africa
- Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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64
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Bhattacharya T, Newton ILG, Hardy RW. Viral RNA is a target for Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008513. [PMID: 32555677 PMCID: PMC7326284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis to restrict RNA viruses is presently being leveraged to curb global transmission of arbovirus-induced diseases. Past studies have shown that virus replication is limited early in arthropod cells colonized by the bacterium, although it is unclear if this phenomenon is replicated in mosquito cells that first encounter viruses obtained through a vertebrate blood meal. Furthermore, these cellular events neither explain how Wolbachia limits dissemination of viruses between mosquito tissues, nor how it prevents transmission of infectious viruses from mosquitoes to vertebrate host. In this study, we try to address these issues using an array of mosquito cell culture models, with an additional goal being to identify a common viral target for pathogen blocking. Our results establish the viral RNA as a cellular target for Wolbachia-mediated inhibition, with the incoming viral RNA experiencing rapid turnover following internalization in cells. This early block in replication in mosquito cells initially infected by the virus thus consequently reduces the production of progeny viruses from these same cells. However, this is not the only contributor to pathogen blocking. We show that the presence of Wolbachia reduces the per-particle infectivity of progeny viruses on naïve mosquito and vertebrate cells, consequently limiting virus dissemination and transmission, respectively. Importantly, we demonstrate that this aspect of pathogen blocking is independent of any particular Wolbachia-host association and affects viruses belonging to Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families of RNA viruses. Finally, consistent with the idea of the viral RNA as a target, we find that the encapsidated virion RNA is less infectious for viruses produced from Wolbachia-colonized cells. Collectively, our findings present a common mechanism of pathogen blocking in mosquitoes that establish a link between virus inhibition in the cell to virus dissemination and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanash Bhattacharya
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Irene L. G. Newton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Hardy
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
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65
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Abdur Rehman N, Salje H, Kraemer MUG, Subramanian L, Saif U, Chunara R. Quantifying the localized relationship between vector containment activities and dengue incidence in a real-world setting: A spatial and time series modelling analysis based on geo-located data from Pakistan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008273. [PMID: 32392225 PMCID: PMC7241855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing urbanization is having a profound effect on infectious disease risk, posing significant challenges for governments to allocate limited resources for their optimal control at a sub-city scale. With recent advances in data collection practices, empirical evidence about the efficacy of highly localized containment and intervention activities, which can lead to optimal deployment of resources, is possible. However, there are several challenges in analyzing data from such real-world observational settings. Using data on 3.9 million instances of seven dengue vector containment activities collected between 2012 and 2017, here we develop and assess two frameworks for understanding how the generation of new dengue cases changes in space and time with respect to application of different types of containment activities. Accounting for the non-random deployment of each containment activity in relation to dengue cases and other types of containment activities, as well as deployment of activities in different epidemiological contexts, results from both frameworks reinforce existing knowledge about the efficacy of containment activities aimed at the adult phase of the mosquito lifecycle. Results show a 10% (95% CI: 1-19%) and 20% reduction (95% CI: 4-34%) reduction in probability of a case occurring in 50 meters and 30 days of cases which had Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and fogging performed in the immediate vicinity, respectively, compared to cases of similar epidemiological context and which had no containment in their vicinity. Simultaneously, limitations due to the real-world nature of activity deployment are used to guide recommendations for future deployment of resources during outbreaks as well as data collection practices. Conclusions from this study will enable more robust and comprehensive analyses of localized containment activities in resource-scarce urban settings and lead to improved allocation of resources of government in an outbreak setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Abdur Rehman
- Computer Science and Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Umar Saif
- UNESCO Chair for ICTD, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rumi Chunara
- Computer Science and Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
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66
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Huang W, Wang S, Jacobs-Lorena M. Use of Microbiota to Fight Mosquito-Borne Disease. Front Genet 2020; 11:196. [PMID: 32211030 PMCID: PMC7076131 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases cause more than 700 million people infected and one million people die (Caraballo and King, 2014). With the limitations of progress toward elimination imposed by insecticide- and drug-resistance, combined with the lack of vaccines, innovative strategies to fight mosquito-borne disease are urgently needed. In recent years, the use of mosquito microbiota has shown great potential for cutting down transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. Here we review what is known about the mosquito microbiota and how this knowledge is being used to develop new ways to control mosquito-borne disease. We also discuss the challenges for the eventual release of genetically modified (GM) symbionts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sibao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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67
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Chen YP, Ho TS, Lee PC, Chang HH, Shieh GS, Lee CI, Hu WL, Hung YC. Effects of Chinese and Western Medicine on Patients with Dengue Fever. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 48:329-340. [PMID: 32138530 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x20500160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever is an important epidemic disease with a high prevalence in tropical and subtropical countries. We aimed to investigate the effects of a treatment integrating traditional Chinese (TCM) and Western medicines on dengue inpatients with warning signs (i.e., group B) according to the World Health Organization dengue classification in this retrospective cohort study of medical records. Inpatients who were treated with conventional Western therapies in the absence or presence of TCM were assigned to the control and treatment groups, respectively. Data were compared using an analysis of variance, general linear analysis, and chi-square test. The most common clinical symptoms and signs of dengue fever were fever and muscle ache. The treatment group patients were significantly more likely to present general weakness and poor appetite than the control group patients. Patients in the treatment group were more likely to experience stomachache than those in the control group. Moreover, comparisons of the changes in hemoglobin and alanine aminotransferase levels over time revealed significant differences between the patient groups. Zhu Ye Shi Gao Tang, Gui Pi Tang, Paeonia suffruticosa, and Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum were the most commonly administered TCM formula and single herbs in this study. Patients in the treatment group experienced a resolution of symptoms, signs, and laboratory data and were discharged smoothly, without deterioration to death or critical care. Our findings suggest that the integration of TCM and Western medicine may yield an appropriate treatment for dengue fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shiann Ho
- College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chang Lee
- School of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Tainan, Taiwan.,National Health Insurance Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hen-Hong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, and Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gia-Shing Shieh
- Department of Urology, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-I Lee
- Department of Infection, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Long Hu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Kaohsiung Medical University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Fooyin University College of Nursing, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiang Hung
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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68
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Xu Z, Bambrick H, Frentiu FD, Devine G, Yakob L, Williams G, Hu W. Projecting the future of dengue under climate change scenarios: Progress, uncertainties and research needs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008118. [PMID: 32119666 PMCID: PMC7067491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease and its transmission is closely linked to climate. We aimed to review available information on the projection of dengue in the future under climate change scenarios. METHODS Using five databases (PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science), a systematic review was conducted to retrieve all articles from database inception to 30th June 2019 which projected the future of dengue under climate change scenarios. In this review, "the future of dengue" refers to disease burden of dengue, epidemic potential of dengue cases, geographical distribution of dengue cases, and population exposed to climatically suitable areas of dengue. RESULTS Sixteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and five of them projected a global dengue future. Most studies reported an increase in disease burden, a wider spatial distribution of dengue cases or more people exposed to climatically suitable areas of dengue as climate change proceeds. The years 1961-1990 and 2050 were the most commonly used baseline and projection periods, respectively. Multiple climate change scenarios introduced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), including B1, A1B, and A2, as well as Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 (RCP2.6), RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5, were most widely employed. Instead of projecting the future number of dengue cases, there is a growing consensus on using "population exposed to climatically suitable areas for dengue" or "epidemic potential of dengue cases" as the outcome variable. Future studies exploring non-climatic drivers which determine the presence/absence of dengue vectors, and identifying the pivotal factors triggering the transmission of dengue in those climatically suitable areas would help yield a more accurate projection for dengue in the future. CONCLUSIONS Projecting the future of dengue requires a systematic consideration of assumptions and uncertainties, which will facilitate the development of tailored climate change adaptation strategies to manage dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hilary Bambrick
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Francesca D. Frentiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregor Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Williams
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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69
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Longbottom J, Krause A, Torr SJ, Stanton MC. Quantifying geographic accessibility to improve efficiency of entomological monitoring. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008096. [PMID: 32203517 PMCID: PMC7117774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector-borne diseases are important causes of mortality and morbidity in humans and livestock, particularly for poorer communities and countries in the tropics. Large-scale programs against these diseases, for example malaria, dengue and African trypanosomiasis, include vector control, and assessing the impact of this intervention requires frequent and extensive monitoring of disease vector abundance. Such monitoring can be expensive, especially in the later stages of a successful program where numbers of vectors and cases are low. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We developed a system that allows the identification of monitoring sites where pre-intervention densities of vectors are predicted to be high, and travel cost to sites is low, highlighting the most efficient locations for longitudinal monitoring. Using remotely sensed imagery and an image classification algorithm, we mapped landscape resistance associated with on- and off-road travel for every gridded location (3m and 0.5m grid cells) within Koboko district, Uganda. We combine the accessibility surface with pre-existing estimates of tsetse abundance and propose a stratified sampling approach to determine the most efficient locations for longitudinal data collection. Our modelled predictions were validated against empirical measurements of travel-time and existing maps of road networks. We applied this approach in northern Uganda where a large-scale vector control program is being implemented to control human African trypanosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies. Our accessibility surfaces indicate a high performance when compared to empirical data, with remote sensing identifying a further ~70% of roads than existing networks. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE By integrating such estimates with predictions of tsetse abundance, we propose a methodology to determine the optimal placement of sentinel monitoring sites for evaluating control programme efficacy, moving from a nuanced, ad-hoc approach incorporating intuition, knowledge of vector ecology and local knowledge of geographic accessibility, to a reproducible, quantifiable one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Longbottom
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Krause
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle C. Stanton
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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70
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Gao H, Cui C, Wang L, Jacobs-Lorena M, Wang S. Mosquito Microbiota and Implications for Disease Control. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:98-111. [PMID: 31866183 PMCID: PMC9827750 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-transmitted diseases account for about 500 000 deaths every year. Blocking these pathogens in the mosquito vector before they are transmitted to humans is an effective strategy to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. Like most higher organisms, mosquitoes harbor a highly diverse and dynamic microbial flora that can be explored for prevention of pathogen transmission. Here we review the structure and function of the mosquito microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and discuss the potential of using components of the microbiota to thwart pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- CAS key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chunlai Cui
- CAS key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lili Wang
- CAS key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Correspondence: ,
| | - Sibao Wang
- CAS key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Correspondence: ,
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71
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Guégan M, Tran Van V, Martin E, Minard G, Tran FH, Fel B, Hay AE, Simon L, Barakat M, Potier P, Haichar FEZ, Valiente Moro C. Who is eating fructose within the Aedes albopictus gut microbiota? Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1193-1206. [PMID: 31943686 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a major public health concern because of its invasive success and its ability to transmit pathogens. Given the low availability of treatments against mosquito-borne diseases, vector control remains the most suitable strategy. The methods used thus far are becoming less effective, but recent strategies have emerged from the study of mosquito-associated microorganisms. Although the role of the microbiota in insect biology does not require further proof, much remains to be deciphered in mosquitoes, especially the contribution of the microbiota to host nutrient metabolism. Mosquitoes feed on plant nectar, composed of mostly fructose. We used stable isotope probing to identify bacteria and fungi assimilating fructose within the gut of Ae. albopictus. Mosquitoes were fed a 13 C-labelled fructose solution for 24 h. Differences in the active microbial community according to the sex of mosquitoes were highlighted. The bacterium Lelliottia and the fungi Cladosporium and Aspergillus dominated the active microbiota in males, whereas the bacterium Ampullimonas and the yeast Cyberlindnera were the most active in females. This study is the first to investigate trophic interactions between Ae. albopictus and its microbiota, thus underscoring the importance of the microbial component in nectar feeding in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Guégan
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Van Tran Van
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Edwige Martin
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Minard
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florence-Hélène Tran
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benjamin Fel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CESN Centre d'Etude des Substances Naturelles, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Hay
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CESN Centre d'Etude des Substances Naturelles, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Simon
- UMR 5023 LEHNA, CNRS, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mohamed Barakat
- Laboratory for Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere and Extreme Environment, CNRS, UMR 7265 BIAM, CEA, Aix Marseille University, Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, France
| | - Patrick Potier
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Feth El Zahar Haichar
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Valiente Moro
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, UMR CNRS 5557, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR INRA, 1418, Villeurbanne, France
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Alfano N, Tagliapietra V, Rosso F, Manica M, Arnoldi D, Pindo M, Rizzoli A. Changes in Microbiota Across Developmental Stages of Aedes koreicus, an Invasive Mosquito Vector in Europe: Indications for Microbiota-Based Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2832. [PMID: 31921019 PMCID: PMC6914824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it has been understood that gut microbiota of vector mosquitoes can influence their vector competence, efforts have been undertaken to develop new control strategies based on host microbiota manipulation, and aimed at suppressing the vector population or replacing it with a less competent one. For the proper design of such control strategies it is necessary to know the microbiota composition of the target vector species, how it is acquired, and how it changes throughout the host’s life cycle. In this study, 16S rRNA amplicon high-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the changes in microbiota from the aquatic environment (larval breeding sites) to the different developmental stages of field-collected Aedes koreicus in Italy, an emerging invasive mosquito species in Europe and a potential vector of several pathogens. The bacterial communities of the aquatic breeding sites, larvae, pupae and adults showed distinctive structures to one another. Indeed, 84% of community members were unique to a given sample type. Nevertheless, almost 40% of the sequences generated were assigned to bacteria detected in all sample types, suggesting the importance of bacteria transstadially transmitted from water to the adult stage in constituting mosquito microbiota. Among these, genus C39 largely constituted water microbiota, family Burkholderiaceae was the most abundant in larvae and pupae, and genus Asaia dominated adult communities. In addition, Asaia constituted a core microbiota across all sample types. Our results suggest that the microbiota of Ae. koreicus mosquitoes is composed by a community which derives from the aquatic bacteria of the larval breeding sites, is then filtered by the larval gut, where only certain members are able to persist, rearranged by metamorphosis and finally modified by the change in diet at the adult stage. Understanding how the microbiota of Ae. koreicus changes through the mosquito life cycle represents a first step in selecting bacterial candidates for use in microbiota-based intervention measures for this species. The properties which Asaia exhibits in this species, such as dominance, high prevalence and transstadial transmission, prevent the use of Wolbachia but make Asaia an ideal candidate for paratransgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Alfano
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Fausta Rosso
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Trento, Italy
| | - Mattia Manica
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniele Arnoldi
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Trento, Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Trento, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Trento, Italy
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Fredericks AC, Russell TA, Wallace LE, Davidson AD, Fernandez-Sesma A, Maringer K. Aedes aegypti (Aag2)-derived clonal mosquito cell lines reveal the effects of pre-existing persistent infection with the insect-specific bunyavirus Phasi Charoen-like virus on arbovirus replication. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007346. [PMID: 31693659 PMCID: PMC6860454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti is a vector mosquito of major public health importance, transmitting arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses. Wild mosquito populations are persistently infected at high prevalence with insect-specific viruses that do not replicate in vertebrate hosts. In experimental settings, acute infections with insect-specific viruses have been shown to modulate arbovirus infection and transmission in Ae. aegypti and other vector mosquitoes. However, the impact of persistent insect-specific virus infections, which arboviruses encounter more commonly in nature, has not been investigated extensively. Cell lines are useful models for studying virus-host interactions, however the available Ae. aegypti cell lines are poorly defined and heterogenous cultures. Methodology/Principle findings We generated single cell-derived clonal cell lines from the commonly used Ae. aegypti cell line Aag2. Two of the fourteen Aag2-derived clonal cell lines generated harboured markedly and consistently reduced levels of the insect-specific bunyavirus Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) known to persistently infect Aag2 cells. In contrast to studies with acute insect-specific virus infections in cell culture and in vivo, we found that pre-existing persistent PCLV infection had no major impact on the replication of the flaviviruses dengue virus and Zika virus, the alphavirus Sindbis virus, or the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus. We also performed a detailed characterisation of the morphology, transfection efficiency and immune status of our Aag2-derived clonal cell lines, and have made a clone that we term Aag2-AF5 available to the research community as a well-defined cell culture model for arbovirus-vector interaction studies. Conclusions/Significance Our findings highlight the need for further in vivo studies that more closely recapitulate natural arbovirus transmission settings in which arboviruses encounter mosquitoes harbouring persistent rather than acute insect-specific virus infections. Furthermore, we provide the well-characterised Aag2-derived clonal cell line as a valuable resource to the arbovirus research community. Mosquito-borne viruses usually only infect humans through the bite of a mosquito that carries the virus. Viruses transmitted by the ‘yellow fever mosquito’ Aedes aegypti, including dengue virus, Zika virus, yellow fever virus and chikungunya virus, are causing an ever-increasing number of human disease cases globally. Mosquito-borne viruses have to infect and replicate inside the mosquito before they are transmitted to humans, and the presence of other infectious agents can change the efficiency of virus transmission. Mosquitoes are known to be infected with ‘insect-specific viruses’ that only infect mosquitoes and cannot cause human disease. We have shown here that in laboratory cell cultures derived from the Aedes aegypti mosquito, pre-existing infection with an insect-specific virus called Phasi Charoen-like virus does not affect the infection and growth of the mosquito-borne viruses dengue virus, Zika virus, Sindbis virus or vesicular stomatitis virus. Our research provides important new insights into whether and how insect-specific viruses may affect mosquito-borne virus replication. Ultimately, this information could inform ongoing research into whether insect-specific viruses could be used to prevent the transmission of mosquito-borne viruses to reduce global disease burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Fredericks
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A. Russell
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa E. Wallace
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AF-S); (KM)
| | - Kevin Maringer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AF-S); (KM)
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74
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The surveillance of four mosquito-borne diseases in international travelers arriving at Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, China, 2016–2017. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 32:101513. [PMID: 31712181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little comprehensive analysis combining epidemiological and clinical data has been done with mosquito-borne diseases imported into Guangzhou by air travelers. METHODS We screened international travelers (body temperature >36.5 °C) arriving at Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, and recorded their epidemiological and clinical information. Whole-blood samples were collected for laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), zika virus (ZIKV) infections and malaria. RESULTS Between March 1, 2016 and December 31, 2017, 155 (6.6%) cases (100 of DENV, 21 of CHIKV, 1 of ZIKV, 34 of malaria, including one co-infection of DENV and CHIKV) were identified among 2350 febrile travelers. DENV (90.0%) and CHIKV (100.0%) cases mainly came from Southern and Southeast Asia. Malaria cases (91.2%) mainly came from sub-Saharan Africa. Traveling abroad (28/74, 37.8%) and living/working abroad (11/22, 50.0%) were the most common causes of DENV infection and malaria for Chinese, respectively. Cases with these four mosquito-borne diseases were more likely to have nervous, musculoskeletal and skin symptoms and signs than other febrile diseases (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS It is important to strengthen the surveillance of mosquito-borne diseases among tourists and workers returning from Southeast Asia, Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, especially those with nervous, musculoskeletal and skin symptoms and signs.
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Fredericks AC, Russell TA, Wallace LE, Davidson AD, Fernandez-Sesma A, Maringer K. Aedes aegypti (Aag2)-derived clonal mosquito cell lines reveal the effects of pre-existing persistent infection with the insect-specific bunyavirus Phasi Charoen-like virus on arbovirus replication. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007346. [PMID: 31693659 DOI: 10.1101/596205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a vector mosquito of major public health importance, transmitting arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses. Wild mosquito populations are persistently infected at high prevalence with insect-specific viruses that do not replicate in vertebrate hosts. In experimental settings, acute infections with insect-specific viruses have been shown to modulate arbovirus infection and transmission in Ae. aegypti and other vector mosquitoes. However, the impact of persistent insect-specific virus infections, which arboviruses encounter more commonly in nature, has not been investigated extensively. Cell lines are useful models for studying virus-host interactions, however the available Ae. aegypti cell lines are poorly defined and heterogenous cultures. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS We generated single cell-derived clonal cell lines from the commonly used Ae. aegypti cell line Aag2. Two of the fourteen Aag2-derived clonal cell lines generated harboured markedly and consistently reduced levels of the insect-specific bunyavirus Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) known to persistently infect Aag2 cells. In contrast to studies with acute insect-specific virus infections in cell culture and in vivo, we found that pre-existing persistent PCLV infection had no major impact on the replication of the flaviviruses dengue virus and Zika virus, the alphavirus Sindbis virus, or the rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus. We also performed a detailed characterisation of the morphology, transfection efficiency and immune status of our Aag2-derived clonal cell lines, and have made a clone that we term Aag2-AF5 available to the research community as a well-defined cell culture model for arbovirus-vector interaction studies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings highlight the need for further in vivo studies that more closely recapitulate natural arbovirus transmission settings in which arboviruses encounter mosquitoes harbouring persistent rather than acute insect-specific virus infections. Furthermore, we provide the well-characterised Aag2-derived clonal cell line as a valuable resource to the arbovirus research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Fredericks
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A Russell
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa E Wallace
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Davidson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Maringer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Riedl W, Acharya D, Lee JH, Liu G, Serman T, Chiang C, Chan YK, Diamond MS, Gack MU. Zika Virus NS3 Mimics a Cellular 14-3-3-Binding Motif to Antagonize RIG-I- and MDA5-Mediated Innate Immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:493-503.e6. [PMID: 31600501 PMCID: PMC6922055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
14-3-3 protein family members facilitate the translocation of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) to organelles that mediate downstream RLR signaling, leading to interferon production. 14-3-3ϵ promotes the cytosolic-to-mitochondrial translocation of RIG-I, while 14-3-3η facilitates MDA5 translocation to mitochondria. We show that the NS3 protein of Zika virus (ZIKV) antagonizes antiviral gene induction by RIG-I and MDA5 by binding to and sequestering the scaffold proteins 14-3-3ϵ and 14-3-3η. 14-3-3-binding is mediated by a negatively charged RLDP motif in NS3 that is conserved in ZIKV strains of African and Asian lineages and is similar to the one found in dengue and West Nile viruses. ZIKV NS3 is sufficient to inhibit the RLR-14-3-3ϵ/η interaction and to suppress antiviral signaling. Mutational perturbation of 14-3-3ϵ/η binding in a recombinant ZIKV leads to enhanced innate immune responses and impaired growth kinetics. Our study provides molecular understanding of immune evasion functions of ZIKV, which may guide vaccine and anti-flaviviral therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Riedl
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guanqun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Taryn Serman
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cindy Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ying Kai Chan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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77
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Michalski D, Ontiveros JG, Russo J, Charley PA, Anderson JR, Heck AM, Geiss BJ, Wilusz J. Zika virus noncoding sfRNAs sequester multiple host-derived RNA-binding proteins and modulate mRNA decay and splicing during infection. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16282-16296. [PMID: 31519749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-borne flaviviruses produce a 300-500-base long noncoding RNA, termed subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA), by stalling the cellular 5'-3'-exoribonuclease 1 (XRN1) via structures located in their 3' UTRs. In this study, we demonstrate that sfRNA production by Zika virus represses XRN1 analogous to what we have previously shown for other flaviviruses. Using protein-RNA reconstitution and a stringent RNA pulldown assay with human choriocarcinoma (JAR) cells, we demonstrate that the sfRNAs from both dengue type 2 and Zika viruses interact with a common set of 21 RNA-binding proteins that contribute to the regulation of post-transcriptional processes in the cell, including splicing, RNA stability, and translation. We found that four of these sfRNA-interacting host proteins, DEAD-box helicase 6 (DDX6) and enhancer of mRNA decapping 3 (EDC3) (two RNA decay factors), phosphorylated adaptor for RNA export (a regulator of the biogenesis of the splicing machinery), and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic subunit 3C (APOBEC3C, a nucleic acid-editing deaminase), inherently restrict Zika virus infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the regulations of cellular mRNA decay and RNA splicing are compromised by Zika virus infection as well as by sfRNA alone. Collectively, these results reveal the large extent to which Zika virus-derived sfRNAs interact with cellular RNA-binding proteins and highlight the potential for widespread dysregulation of post-transcriptional control that likely limits the effective response of these cells to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Michalski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - J Gustavo Ontiveros
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Joseph Russo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Phillida A Charley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - John R Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Adam M Heck
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Brian J Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Jeffrey Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 .,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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Transgenic Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Transfer Genes into a Natural Population. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13047. [PMID: 31506595 PMCID: PMC6736937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to control the mosquito-borne diseases yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika fevers, a strain of transgenically modified Aedes aegypti mosquitoes containing a dominant lethal gene has been developed by a commercial company, Oxitec Ltd. If lethality is complete, releasing this strain should only reduce population size and not affect the genetics of the target populations. Approximately 450 thousand males of this strain were released each week for 27 months in Jacobina, Bahia, Brazil. We genotyped the release strain and the target Jacobina population before releases began for >21,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genetic sampling from the target population six, 12, and 27-30 months after releases commenced provides clear evidence that portions of the transgenic strain genome have been incorporated into the target population. Evidently, rare viable hybrid offspring between the release strain and the Jacobina population are sufficiently robust to be able to reproduce in nature. The release strain was developed using a strain originally from Cuba, then outcrossed to a Mexican population. Thus, Jacobina Ae. aegypti are now a mix of three populations. It is unclear how this may affect disease transmission or affect other efforts to control these dangerous vectors. These results highlight the importance of having in place a genetic monitoring program during such releases to detect un-anticipated outcomes.
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Abstract
Abstract
The US National Park Service (NPS), which manages over 85 million acres and over 400 units, contends with myriad external drivers of ecosystem change that threaten parks. Stressors such as invasive species, habitat fragmentation, warming climates and rising sea level, raise the potential that parks will not attain or sustain their congressionally designated missions. Using invasive animals as a focal example of such changes, we suggest the NPS consider increasing active management of resources, participating in cooperative ecoregional management, increasing the use of public participation, and using formal decision support tools. We illustrate how these management approaches are currently underused. Acknowledging that invasive species are but one of a suite of problems that are threatening to overwhelm park management capacity we believe that the approaches we outline generalize to myriad problems facing the NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Schwartz
- John Muir Institute and the Department of Environmental Science and Policy at University of California, Davis
| | - Kent H Redford
- Archipelago Consulting in Portland, Maine, the Environmental Futures Research Institute at Griffith University in Brisbane Australia, and the University of New England in Biddeford, Maine
| | - Elaine F Leslie
- Biological Resource Management Division of the US National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Sharp TM, Lorenzi O, Torres-Velásquez B, Acevedo V, Pérez-Padilla J, Rivera A, Muñoz-Jordán J, Margolis HS, Waterman SH, Biggerstaff BJ, Paz-Bailey G, Barrera R. Autocidal gravid ovitraps protect humans from chikungunya virus infection by reducing Aedes aegypti mosquito populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007538. [PMID: 31344040 PMCID: PMC6657827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Public health responses to outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus have been stymied by the inability to control the primary vector, Aedes aegypti mosquitos. Consequently, the need for novel approaches to Aedes vector control is urgent. Placement of three autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO traps) in ~85% of homes in a community was previously shown to sustainably reduce the density of female Ae. aegypti by >80%. Following the introduction of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to Puerto Rico, we conducted a seroprevalence survey to estimate the prevalence of CHIKV infection in communities with and without AGO traps and evaluate their effect on reducing CHIKV transmission. Methods and findings Multivariate models that calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) showed that among 175 and 152 residents of communities with and without AGO traps, respectively, an estimated 26.1% and 43.8% had been infected with CHIKV (aPR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.37–0.91). After stratification by time spent in their community, protection from CHIKV infection was strongest among residents who reported spending many or all weekly daytime hours in their community:10.3% seropositive in communities with AGO traps vs. 48.7% in communities without (PR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.11–0.41). The age-adjusted rate of fever with arthralgia attributable to CHIKV infection was 58% (95% CI: 46–66%). The monthly number of CHIKV-infected mosquitos and symptomatic residents were diminished in communities with AGO traps compared to those without. Conclusions These findings indicate that AGO traps are an effective tool that protects humans from infection with a virus transmitted by Ae. aegypti mosquitos. Future studies should evaluate their protective effectiveness in large, urban communities. Aedes species mosquitos transmit pathogens of public health importance, including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. No tools exist to control these mosquitos that sustainably and effectively prevent human infections. Autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO traps) have been shown to sustainably reduce Aedes populations by >80%. After chikungunya virus was introduced into Puerto Rico, we conducted serosurveys in communities with and without AGO traps. We observed a two-fold lower prevalence of chikungunya virus infection among residents of communities with AGO traps compared to communities without. Among infected residents of communities with traps, a significant proportion likely had been infected while outside their community. These findings indicate that AGO traps are an effective tool that protects humans from infection with pathogens transmitted by Aedes mosquitos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Sharp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Olga Lorenzi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Brenda Torres-Velásquez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Veronica Acevedo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Janice Pérez-Padilla
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Aidsa Rivera
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Jorge Muñoz-Jordán
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Harold S. Margolis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Waterman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- United States Public Health Service, Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brad J. Biggerstaff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Paz-Bailey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dengue Branch, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
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81
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Bed Nets, Insecticides, and Antimalarials: Where to Next? Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:668-670. [PMID: 31303446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide-impregnated bed nets have saved millions from fatal malaria, but their effectiveness is waning due to mosquito insecticide resistance. A new strategy (Paton et al., Nature, 2019) to deliver parasiticidal compounds into mosquitoes to kill transmission-stage parasites could enhance the effectiveness of bed nets and get around the perennial problems of resistance.
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Expression of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cyt2Ba in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana increases its virulence towards Aedes mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007590. [PMID: 31306427 PMCID: PMC6667155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana has been widely used to kill mosquito larvae and adults in the laboratory and field. However, its slow action of killing has hampered its widespread application. In our study, the B. bassiana fungus was genetically modified to express the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin Cyt2Ba to improve its efficacy in killing mosquitoes. Methodology/Principal findings The efficacy of the wild type (WT) of B. bassiana and a transgenic strain expressing Cyt2Ba toxin (Bb-Cyt2Ba) was evaluated against larval and adult Aedes mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) using insect bioassays. The Bb-Cyt2Ba displayed increased virulence against larval and adult Aedes mosquitoes compared with the WT: for Ae. aegypti adults, the median lethal time (LT50) was decreased by 33% at the concentration of 1× 108 conidia/ml, 19% at 1× 107 conidia/ml and 47% at 1× 106 conidia/ml. The LT50 for Ae. albopictus adults was reduced by 20%, 23% and 29% at the same concentrations, respectively. The LT50 for Ae. aegypti larvae was decreased by 42% at 1× 107 conidia/ml and 25% at 1× 106 conidia/ml, and that for Ae. albopictus larvae was reduced by 33% and 31% at the same concentrations, respectively. In addition, infection with Bb-Cyt2Ba resulted in a dramatic reduction in the fecundity of Aedes mosquitoes. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the virulence of B. bassiana against mosquitoes can be significantly improved by introducing the Bt toxin gene Cyt2Ba into the genome to express the exogenous toxin in the fungus. The transgenic strain Bb-Cyt2Ba significantly reduced the survival and fecundity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus compared with the WT strain, which suggested that this recombinant B. bassiana has great potential for use in mosquito control. Mosquito vectors transmit many diseases to humans and animals, causing illness and death and resulting in substantial socio-economic burdens in endemic countries. The control of mosquitoes has almost exclusively relied on the use of chemical insecticides, which has recently led to the broad resistance of important mosquito vectors worldwide. Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria bassiana, are an important alternative or complement to chemical insecticides. However, the relatively slow action of fungal pathogens in killing mosquitoes, compared with chemical insecticides, has hampered their widespread application. To improve the insecticidal efficacy of the entomopathogen B. bassiana, the fungus was genetically modified to express the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cyt2Ba. The mitotically stable transformant (Bb-Cyt2Ba) successfully expressed Cyt2Ba toxin, and the virulence of this strain against adults and larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes was significantly improved. In addition, egg laying was significantly affected by Bb-Cyt2Ba infection. Infection with this fungus resulted in a dramatic reduction in fecundity of the target mosquitoes. Therefore, this recombinant B. bassiana has great potential for use in mosquito control.
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Loha E, Deressa W, Gari T, Balkew M, Kenea O, Solomon T, Hailu A, Robberstad B, Assegid M, Overgaard HJ, Lindtjørn B. Long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying may not be sufficient to eliminate malaria in a low malaria incidence area: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia. Malar J 2019; 18:141. [PMID: 30999957 PMCID: PMC6471954 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conflicting results exist on the added benefit of combining long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) with indoor residual spraying (IRS) to control malaria infection. The main study objective was to evaluate whether the combined use of LLINs and IRS with propoxur provides additional protection against Plasmodium falciparum and/or Plasmodium vivax among all age groups compared to LLINs or IRS alone. Methods This cluster-randomized, controlled trial was conducted in the Rift Valley area of Ethiopia from September 2014 to January 2017 (121 weeks); 44 villages were allocated to each of four study arms: LLIN + IRS, IRS, LLIN, and control. Each week, 6071 households with 34,548 persons were surveyed by active and passive case detection for clinical malaria. Primary endpoints were the incidence of clinical malaria and anaemia prevalence. Results During the study, 1183 malaria episodes were identified, of which 55.1% were P. falciparum and 25.3% were P. vivax, and 19.6% were mixed infections of P. falciparum and P. vivax. The overall malaria incidence was 16.5 per 1000 person-years of observation time (PYO), and similar in the four arms with 17.2 per 1000 PYO in the LLIN + IRS arm, 16.1 in LLIN, 17.0 in IRS, and 15.6 in the control arm. There was no significant difference in risk of anaemia among the trial arms. Conclusions The clinical malaria incidence and anaemia prevalence were similar in the four study groups. In areas with low malaria incidence, using LLINs and IRS in combination or alone may not eliminate malaria. Complementary interventions that reduce residual malaria transmission should be explored in addition to LLINs and IRS to further reduce malaria transmission in such settings. Trial registration PACTR201411000882128 (08 September 2014) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2775-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskindir Loha
- School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Taye Gari
- School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Meshesha Balkew
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Oljira Kenea
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tarekegn Solomon
- School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alemayehu Hailu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjarne Robberstad
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Meselech Assegid
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Three Novel and Prevalent Mosquito Viruses from a Single Pool of Aedes vexans nipponii Collected in the Republic of Korea. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030222. [PMID: 30841520 PMCID: PMC6466275 DOI: 10.3390/v11030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses continue to be a significant global health concern. The unbiased metagenomic analyses of mosquito-borne and mosquito-specific viruses are useful to understand viral diversity and for the surveillance of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Metagenomic analysis was conducted on 6368 mosquitoes (736 pools), covering 16 species from 18 locations throughout the Republic of Korea (ROK) in 2016. In this report, we describe three viruses detected in a single pool of Aedes vexans nipponii collected at Yongsan U.S. Army Garrison, located in a densely populated district of Seoul, the ROK. The three novel viruses, designated as Yongsan bunyavirus 1 (YBV1), Yongsan picorna-like virus 3 (YPLV3) and Yongsan sobemo-like virus 1 (YSLV1), share sequence and structural characteristics with members belonging to the family Bunyaviridae, order Picornavirales, and family Solemoviridae, with shared RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) amino acid identities of 40%, 42% and 86%, respectively. The real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of 3493 Aedes vexans nipponii (257 pools) showed a high prevalence of YBV1 and YSLV1 viruses, which were present in 65% and 62% of tested pools, respectively. This study highlighted the utility of a metagenomic sequencing approach for arbovirus discovery and for a better understanding of the virome of potential medically relevant vectors.
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Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Genes Associated with Meiotic Drive System of Aedes aegypti. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10010025. [PMID: 30634571 PMCID: PMC6358845 DOI: 10.3390/insects10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is an important mosquito vector of several arboviruses, including dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and Chikungunya, which cause significant human morbidity and mortality globally. In certain populations of this mosquito, a native meiotic drive system causes abnormal spermatogenesis that results in highly male-biased progenies from some matings. Although the basic genetics and cytogenetics of the drive mechanism were elucidated, very little is known on a transcriptome level about how the meiotic drive phenotype is expressed in individual males. To address this question, we conducted a whole-genome microarray expression study of testes from a meiotic-drive-carrying strain (T37) in comparison with testes from a non-drive-carrying strain (RED). Based on bioinformatics analyses of the microarray data, we identified 209 genes associated with the meiotic drive phenotype that were significantly differentially expressed between the two strains. K-means cluster analysis revealed nine clusters, in which genes upregulated in T37 testes were assigned to five clusters and genes downregulated in T37 testes were assigned to four clusters. Our data further revealed that genes related to protein translation, phosphorylation, and binding, as well as to G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and peptidase activities, are differentially upregulated in testes from males with the meiotic drive genotype. Based on pathway analysis of these differentially expressed genes, it was observed that the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis pathway may play a role in the meiotic drive system. Overall, this investigation enhances our understanding of whole-genome gene expression associated with the meiotic drive system in Ae. aegypti.
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Ahmad Z, Poh CL. The Conserved Molecular Determinants of Virulence in Dengue Virus. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:355-365. [PMID: 30911269 PMCID: PMC6428985 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.29938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family which also includes viruses such as the Zika, West Nile and yellow fever virus. Dengue virus generally causes mild disease, however, more severe forms of the dengue virus infection, dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever with shock syndrome (DSS) can also occur, resulting in multiple organ failure and even death, especially in children. The only dengue vaccine available in the market, CYD-TDV offers limited coverage for vaccinees from 9-45 years of age and is only recommended for individuals with prior dengue exposure. A number of mutations that were shown to attenuate virulence of dengue virus in vitro and/or in vivo have been identified in the literature. The mutations which fall within the conserved regions of all four dengue serotypes are discussed. This review hopes to provide information leading to the construction of a live attenuated dengue vaccine that is suitable for all ages, irrespective of the infecting dengue serotype and prior dengue exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleeza Ahmad
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Gari T, Lindtjørn B. Reshaping the vector control strategy for malaria elimination in Ethiopia in the context of current evidence and new tools: opportunities and challenges. Malar J 2018; 17:454. [PMID: 30518395 PMCID: PMC6282332 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The core vector control measures, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), reduce the risk of malaria infection by targeting indoor biting mosquitoes. These two interventions are found to be effective in malaria control, but not sufficient to eliminate malaria. The main challenges with LLINs and IRS are insecticide resistance, misuse of the interventions, host behaviour, such as staying out-door during early night or sleeping outdoor without using protective measures, and vector behaviour including feeding on bovine blood, outdoor biting and outdoor resting. Therefore, for complete interruption of malaria transmission in a defined area there is a need to consider a variety of interventions that can help prevent out-door as well as indoor malaria transmission. In Ethiopia, to achieve the malaria elimination goal, a mix of vector control tools, such as intensifying the use of LLINs and IRS, and supplemented by use of ivermectin administration, zooprophylaxis, odour-baited mosquito trapping, improving housing and larva control measures tailored to the local situation of malaria transmission, may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye Gari
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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