51
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Using enzymes to tame nitrogen-centred radicals for enantioselective hydroamination. Nat Chem 2023; 15:206-212. [PMID: 36376390 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of C-N bonds-of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry-can be facilitated enzymatically using nucleophilic and nitrene transfer mechanisms. However, neither natural nor engineered enzymes are known to generate and control nitrogen-centred radicals, which serve as valuable species for C-N bond formation. Here we use flavin-dependent 'ene'-reductases with an exogenous photoredox catalyst to selectively generate amidyl radicals within the protein active site. These enzymes are engineered through directed evolution to catalyse 5-exo, 6-endo, 7-endo, 8-endo, and intermolecular hydroamination reactions with high levels of enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that radical initiation occurs via an enzyme-gated mechanism, where the protein thermodynamically activates the substrate for reduction by the photocatalyst. Molecular dynamics studies indicate that the enzymes bind substrates using non-canonical binding interactions, which may serve as a handle to further manipulate reactivity. This approach demonstrates the versatility of these enzymes for controlling the reactivity of high-energy radical intermediates and highlights the opportunity for synergistic catalyst strategies to unlock previously inaccessible enzymatic functions.
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52
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Long C, He Y, Guan Z. Emerging Strategies for Asymmetric Synthesis: Combining Enzyme Promiscuity and Photo‐/Electro‐redox Catalysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao‐Jiu Long
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
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53
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Duan X, Cui D, Wang Z, Zheng D, Jiang L, Huang WY, Jia YX, Xu J. A Photoenzymatic Strategy for Radical-Mediated Stereoselective Hydroalkylation with Diazo Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214135. [PMID: 36478374 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbene insertion reactions initiated with diazo compounds have been widely used to develop unnatural enzymatic reactions. However, alternative functionalization of diazo compounds in enzymatic processes has been unexploited. Herein, we describe a photoenzymatic strategy for radical-mediated stereoselective hydroalkylation with diazo compounds. This method generates carbon-centered radicals through an ene reductase catalyzed photoinduced electron transfer process from diazo compounds, enabling the synthesis of γ-stereogenic carbonyl compounds in good yields and stereoselectivities. This study further expands the possible reaction patterns in photo-biocatalysis and offers a new approach to solving the selectivity challenges of radical-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Duan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Dong Cui
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Dannan Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Linye Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yu Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Xia Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
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54
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Fu H, Qiao T, Carceller JM, MacMillan SN, Hyster TK. Asymmetric C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes via Enzymatic Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:787-793. [PMID: 36608280 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tertiary nitroalkanes and the corresponding α-tertiary amines represent important motifs in bioactive molecules and natural products. The C-alkylation of secondary nitroalkanes with electrophiles is a straightforward strategy for constructing tertiary nitroalkanes; however, controlling the stereoselectivity of this type of reaction remains challenging. Here, we report a highly chemo- and stereoselective C-alkylation of nitroalkanes with alkyl halides catalyzed by an engineered flavin-dependent "ene"-reductase (ERED). Directed evolution of the old yellow enzyme from Geobacillus kaustophilus provided a triple mutant, GkOYE-G7, capable of synthesizing tertiary nitroalkanes in high yield and enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies indicate that the excitation of an enzyme-templated charge-transfer complex formed between the substrates and cofactor is responsible for radical initiation. Moreover, a single-enzyme two-mechanism cascade reaction was developed to prepare tertiary nitroalkanes from simple nitroalkenes, highlighting the potential to use one enzyme for two mechanistically distinct reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Jose M Carceller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States.,Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de València, València 46022, Spain
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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55
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Lu GH, Zong MH, Li N. Combining Electro-, Photo-, and Biocatalysis for One-Pot Selective Conversion of Furfural into Value-Added C4 Chemicals. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Lu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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56
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Fu W, Yang Y. Undirected biocatalytic amination of unactivated C( sp 3)-H bonds. CHEM CATALYSIS 2022; 2:3287-3289. [PMID: 36873821 PMCID: PMC9980284 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Selective catalytic functionalization of C(sp 3)-H bonds represents a powerful means to access valuable products from ubiquitous starting materials. In a recent JACS paper, Arnold and co-workers engineered P450 nitrene transferases to aminate unactivated C(sp 3)-H bonds with excellent site- and stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.,Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BMSE) Program, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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57
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Collaborative catalysis for solar biosynthesis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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58
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Trimble JS, Crawshaw R, Hardy FJ, Levy CW, Brown MJB, Fuerst DE, Heyes DJ, Obexer R, Green AP. A designed photoenzyme for enantioselective [2+2] cycloadditions. Nature 2022; 611:709-714. [PMID: 36130727 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to program new modes of catalysis into proteins would allow the development of enzyme families with functions beyond those found in nature. To this end, genetic code expansion methodology holds particular promise, as it allows the site-selective introduction of new functional elements into proteins as noncanonical amino acid side chains1-4. Here we exploit an expanded genetic code to develop a photoenzyme that operates by means of triplet energy transfer (EnT) catalysis, a versatile mode of reactivity in organic synthesis that is not accessible to biocatalysis at present5-12. Installation of a genetically encoded photosensitizer into the beta-propeller scaffold of DA_20_00 (ref. 13) converts a de novo Diels-Alderase into a photoenzyme for [2+2] cycloadditions (EnT1.0). Subsequent development and implementation of a platform for photoenzyme evolution afforded an efficient and enantioselective enzyme (EnT1.3, up to 99% enantiomeric excess (e.e.)) that can promote intramolecular and bimolecular cycloadditions, including transformations that have proved challenging to achieve selectively with small-molecule catalysts. EnT1.3 performs >300 turnovers and, in contrast to small-molecule photocatalysts, can operate effectively under aerobic conditions and at ambient temperatures. An X-ray crystal structure of an EnT1.3-product complex shows how multiple functional components work in synergy to promote efficient and selective photocatalysis. This study opens up a wealth of new excited-state chemistry in protein active sites and establishes the framework for developing a new generation of enantioselective photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Trimble
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Crawshaw
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Florence J Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin W Levy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Murray J B Brown
- Synthetic Biochemistry, Medicine Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Douglas E Fuerst
- Synthetic Biochemistry, Medicine Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard Obexer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony P Green
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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59
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Luo Y, Wei Q, Yang L, Zhou Y, Cao W, Su Z, Liu X, Feng X. Enantioselective Radical Hydroacylation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with Aldehydes by Triplet Excited Anthraquinone. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Liangkun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Weidi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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60
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Fu H, Cao J, Qiao T, Qi Y, Charnock SJ, Garfinkle S, Hyster TK. An asymmetric sp 3-sp 3 cross-electrophile coupling using 'ene'-reductases. Nature 2022; 610:302-307. [PMID: 35952713 PMCID: PMC10157439 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric construction of Csp3-Csp3 bonds remains one of the foremost challenges in organic synthesis1. Metal-catalysed cross-electrophile couplings (XECs) have emerged as a powerful tool for C-C bond formation2-5. However, coupling two distinct Csp3 electrophiles with high cross-selectivity and stereoselectivity continues as an unmet challenge. Here we report a highly chemoselective and enantioselective Csp3-Csp3 XEC between alkyl halides and nitroalkanes catalysed by flavin-dependent 'ene'-reductases (EREDs). Photoexcitation of the enzyme-templated charge-transfer complex between an alkyl halide and a flavin cofactor enables the chemoselective reduction of alkyl halide over the thermodynamically favoured nitroalkane partner. The key C-C bond-forming step occurs by means of the reaction of an alkyl radical with an in situ-generated nitronate to form a nitro radical anion that collapses to form nitrite and an alkyl radical. An enzyme-controlled hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) affords high levels of enantioselectivity. This reactivity is unknown in small-molecule catalysis and highlights the potential for enzymes to use new mechanisms to address long-standing synthetic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jingzhe Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tianzhang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel Garfinkle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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61
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Yu Y, Lin RD, Yao Y, Shi ML, Lu WF, Wang N, Yu XQ. Development of a Metal- and Oxidant-Free Enzyme–Photocatalyst Hybrid System for Highly Efficient C-3 Acylation Reactions of Indoles with Aldehydes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ru-De Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yao Yao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Fan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, P. R. China
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62
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Dai L, Guo J, Huang Q, Lu Y. Asymmetric multifunctionalization of alkynes via photo-irradiated organocatalysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd2574. [PMID: 36103531 PMCID: PMC9473573 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Alkynes represent a family of pivotal and sustainable feedstocks for various industries such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials, and they are widely used as important starting materials for the production of a broad range of chemical entities. Nevertheless, efficient structural elaborations of alkynes in chemical synthesis, especially asymmetric multifunctionalization of alkynes, remain largely unexplored. It is thus imperative to develop new asymmetric synthetic approaches, making use of these richly available chemical feedstocks, and enabling their conversion to value-added chiral molecules. Here, we disclose our findings on highly enantioselective multifunctionalization of alkynes by merging photochemistry and chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. Our reported one-pot synthetic protocol is applicable to all types of alkyne substrates, incorporating all three reactants in a fully atom-economic fashion to produce optically enriched tetrasubstituted triaryl- and diarylmethanes, important structural scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiami Guo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
| | - Qingqin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
| | - Yixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian 350207, China
- Corresponding author.
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63
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Zhao Q, Li B, Zhou X, Wang Z, Zhang FL, Li Y, Zhou X, Fu Y, Wang YF. Boryl Radicals Enabled a Three-Step Sequence to Assemble All-Carbon Quaternary Centers from Activated Trichloromethyl Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15275-15285. [PMID: 35950969 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The construction of diversely substituted all-carbon quaternary centers has been a longstanding challenge in organic synthesis. Methods that add three alkyl substituents to a simple C(sp3) atom rely heavily on lengthy multiple processes, which usually involve several preactivation steps. Here, we describe a straightforward three-step sequence that uses a range of readily accessible activated trichloromethyl groups as the carbon source, the three C-Cl bonds of which are selectively functionalized to introduce three alkyl chains. In each step, only a single C-Cl bond was cleaved with the choice of an appropriate Lewis base-boryl radical as the promoter. A vast range of diversely substituted all-carbon quaternary centers could be accessed directly from these activated CCl3 trichloromethyl groups or by simple derivatizations. The use of different alkene traps in each of the three steps enabled facile collections of a large library of products. The utility of this strategy was demonstrated by the synthesis of variants of two drug molecules, whose structures could be easily modulated by varying the alkene partner in each step. The results of kinetic and computational studies enabled the design of the three-step reaction and provided insights into the reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Feng-Lian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhou
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yao Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yi-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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64
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Laguerre N, Riehl PS, Oblinsky DG, Emmanuel MA, Black MJ, Scholes GD, Hyster TK. Radical Termination via β-Scission Enables Photoenzymatic Allylic Alkylation Using "Ene"-Reductases. ACS Catal 2022; 12:9801-9805. [PMID: 37859751 PMCID: PMC10586707 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allylations are practical transformations that forge C-C bonds while introducing an alkene for further chemical manipulations. Here, we report a photoenzymatic allylation of α-chloroamides with allyl silanes using flavin-dependent 'ene'-reductases (EREDs). An engineered ERED can catalyze annulative allylic alkylation to prepare 5, 6, and 7-membered lactams with high levels of enantioselectivity. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy indicates that radical termination occurs via β-scission of the silyl group to afford a silyl radical, a distinct mechanism by comparison to traditional radical allylations involving allyl silanes. Moreover, this represents an alternative strategy for radical termination using EREDs. This mechanism was applied to intermolecular couplings involving allyl sulfones and silyl enol ethers. Overall, this method highlights the opportunity for EREDs to catalyze radical termination strategies beyond hydrogen atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel G. Oblinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Megan A. Emmanuel
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Michael J. Black
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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65
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Tasnim T, Ayodele MJ, Pitre SP. Recent Advances in Employing Catalytic Donors and Acceptors in Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex Photochemistry. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10555-10563. [PMID: 35904501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes provide a means to initiate radical reactions under visible light irradiation using substrates that do not absorb visible light individually. Catalytic approaches to complex formation are vital for advancing this synthetic strategy as it decouples the complexation and photogeneration of radicals from substrate functionalization, a limitation inherent to stoichiometric approaches that restricts structural diversity. This Synopsis highlights recent developments in EDA complex photochemistry in which either the donor or acceptor are employed catalytically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarannum Tasnim
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Mayokun J Ayodele
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Spencer P Pitre
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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66
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Liu X, Liu P, Li H, Xu Z, Jia L, Xia Y, Yu M, Tang W, Zhu X, Chen C, Zhang Y, Nango E, Tanaka R, Luo F, Kato K, Nakajima Y, Kishi S, Yu H, Matsubara N, Owada S, Tono K, Iwata S, Yu LJ, Shen JR, Wang J. Excited-state intermediates in a designer protein encoding a phototrigger caught by an X-ray free-electron laser. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1054-1060. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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67
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Fu Y, Chen H, Fu W, Garcia-Borràs M, Yang Y, Liu P. Engineered P450 Atom-Transfer Radical Cyclases are Bifunctional Biocatalysts: Reaction Mechanism and Origin of Enantioselectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13344-13355. [PMID: 35830682 PMCID: PMC9339536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New-to-nature radical biocatalysis has recently emerged as a powerful strategy to tame fleeting open-shell intermediates for stereoselective transformations. In 2021, we introduced a novel metalloredox biocatalysis strategy that leverages the innate redox properties of the heme cofactor of P450 enzymes, furnishing new-to-nature atom-transfer radical cyclases (ATRCases) with excellent activity and stereoselectivity. Herein, we report a combined computational and experimental study to shed light on the mechanism and origins of enantioselectivity for this system. Molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations revealed an unexpected role of the key beneficial mutation I263Q. The glutamine residue serves as an essential hydrogen bond donor that engages with the carbonyl moiety of the substrate to promote bromine atom abstraction and enhance the enantioselectivity of radical cyclization. Therefore, the evolved ATRCase is a bifunctional biocatalyst, wherein the heme cofactor enables atom-transfer radical biocatalysis, while the hydrogen bond donor residue further enhances the activity and enantioselectivity. Unlike many enzymatic stereocontrol rationales based on a rigid substrate binding model, our computations demonstrate a high degree of rotational flexibility of the allyl moiety in an enzyme-substrate complex and succeeding intermediates. Therefore, the enantioselectivity is controlled by the radical cyclization transition states rather than the substrate orientation in ground-state complexes in the preceding steps. During radical cyclization, anchoring effects of the Q263 residue and steric interactions with the heme cofactor concurrently control the π-facial selectivity, allowing for highly enantioselective C-C bond formation. Our computational findings are corroborated by experiments with ATRCase mutants generated from site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Heyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Wenzhen Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catalisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona 17003, Spain
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BMSE) Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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68
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Yin H, Luan PQ, Cao YF, Ge J, Lou WY. Coupling metal and whole-cell catalysis to synthesize chiral alcohols. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:73. [PMID: 38647607 PMCID: PMC10992956 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of metal-catalyzed reactions and enzyme catalysis has been an essential tool for synthesizing chiral pharmaceutical intermediates in the field of drug synthesis. Metal catalysis commonly enables the highly efficient synthesis of molecular scaffolds under harsh organic conditions, whereas enzymes usually catalyze reactions in mild aqueous medium to obtain high selectivity. Since the incompatibility between metal and enzyme catalysis, there are limitations on the compatibility of reaction conditions that must be overcome. FINDINGS We report a chemoenzymatic cascade reaction involved Palladium (Pd) catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling and whole-cell catalyzed C = O asymmetric reduction for enantioselective synthesis of value-added chiral alcohol. The cell membrane serves as a natural barrier can protect intracellular enzymes from organic solvents. CONCLUSIONS With dual advantages of cascade catalysis and biocompatibility, our work provides a rational strategy to harvest chiral alcohols in high yield and excellent enantioselectivity, as a channel to establish chemoenzymatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Peng-Qian Luan
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Yu-Fei Cao
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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69
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Zhuang B, Vos MH. Photoswitching Behavior of Flavin-Inhibitor Complex in a Nonphotocatalytic Flavoenzyme. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11569-11573. [PMID: 35727223 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented photoswitching phenomenon of flavin-inhibitor complexes in a flavoenzyme was revealed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The vast majority of flavoenzymes, including monomeric sarcosine oxidase (MSOX), perform non-light-driven physiological functions. Yet, the participation of flavin cofactors in photoinduced electron transfer reactions is widespread. MSOX catalyzes the oxidative demethylation of sarcosine; methylthioacetate (MTA) is a substrate analog inhibitor that forms a complex with MSOX exhibiting intense absorption bands over the whole visible range due to flavin-MTA charge transfer (CT) interactions. Here, we demonstrate that upon excitation, these CT interactions vanish during a barrierless high quantum yield reaction in ∼300 fs. The initial complex subsequently geminately re-forms in a few nanoseconds near room temperature in a thermally activated way with an activation energy of 28 kJ/mol. We attribute this hitherto undocumented process to a well-defined photoinduced isomerization of MTA in the active site, as corroborated by experiments with the heavier ligand methylselenoacetate. Photoisomerization phenomena involving CT transitions may be further explored in photocatalytic and photoswitching applications of flavoenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhuang
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Marten H Vos
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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70
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Li R, Kong W, An Z. Enzyme Catalysis for Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202033. [PMID: 35212121 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis has been increasingly utilized in reversible deactivation radical polymerization (Enz-RDRP) on account of its mildness, efficiency, and sustainability. In this Minireview we discuss the key roles enzymes play in RDRP, including their ATRPase, initiase, deoxygenation, and photoenzyme activities. We use selected examples to highlight applications of Enz-RDRP in surface brush fabrication, sensing, polymerization-induced self-assembly, and high-throughput synthesis. We also give our reflections on the challenges and future directions of this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Weina Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zesheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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71
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Jin C, Li N, Lin E, Chen X, Wang T, Wang Y, Yang M, Liu W, Yu J, Zhang Z, Chen Y. Enzyme Immobilization in Porphyrinic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photoenzymatic Asymmetric Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - En Lin
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingfang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wansheng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiangyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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72
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Robescu MS, Cendron L, Bacchin A, Wagner K, Reiter T, Janicki I, Merusic K, Illek M, Aleotti M, Bergantino E, Hall M. Asymmetric Proton Transfer Catalysis by Stereocomplementary Old Yellow Enzymes for C═C Bond Isomerization Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina S. Robescu
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Province of Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Laura Cendron
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Province of Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Arianna Bacchin
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Karla Wagner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Tamara Reiter
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Ignacy Janicki
- Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Lodz Province 90-001, Poland
| | - Kemal Merusic
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Maximilian Illek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Matteo Aleotti
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
| | - Elisabetta Bergantino
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Province of Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Styria 8010, Austria
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73
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Hwang SY, Song D, Seo EJ, Hollmann F, You Y, Park JB. Triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon-upconversion to broaden the wavelength spectrum for photobiocatalysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9397. [PMID: 35672399 PMCID: PMC9174481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13406-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobiocatalysis is a growing field of biocatalysis. Especially light-driven enzyme catalysis has contributed significantly to expanding the scope of synthetic organic chemistry. However, photoenzymes usually utilise a rather narrow wavelength range of visible (sun)light. Triplet-triplet annihilation-based upconversion (TTA-UC) of long wavelength light to shorter wavelength light may broaden the wavelength range. To demonstrate the feasibility of light upconversion we prepared TTA-UC poly(styrene) (PS) nanoparticles doped with platinum(II) octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) photosensitizer and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) annihilator (PtOEP:DPA@PS) for application in aqueous solutions. Photoexcitation of PtOEP:DPA@PS nanoparticles with 550 nm light led to upconverted emission of DPA 418 nm. The TTA-UC emission could photoactivate flavin-dependent photodecarboxylases with a high energy transfer efficiency. This allowed the photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A to catalyse the decarboxylation of fatty acids into long chain secondary alcohols under green light (λ = 550 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Yeun Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoon Song
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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74
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Rui J, Zhao Q, Huls AJ, Soler J, Paris JC, Chen Z, Reshetnikov V, Yang Y, Guo Y, Garcia-Borràs M, Huang X. Directed evolution of nonheme iron enzymes to access abiological radical-relay C(sp 3)-H azidation. Science 2022; 376:869-874. [PMID: 35587977 PMCID: PMC9933208 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the reprogramming of nonheme iron enzymes to catalyze an abiological C(sp3)‒H azidation reaction through iron-catalyzed radical relay. This biocatalytic transformation uses amidyl radicals as hydrogen atom abstractors and Fe(III)‒N3 intermediates as radical trapping agents. We established a high-throughput screening platform based on click chemistry for rapid evolution of the catalytic performance of identified enzymes. The final optimized variants deliver a range of azidation products with up to 10,600 total turnovers and 93% enantiomeric excess. Given the prevalence of radical relay reactions in organic synthesis and the diversity of nonheme iron enzymes, we envision that this discovery will stimulate future development of metalloenzyme catalysts for synthetically useful transformations unexplored by natural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Rui
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anthony J. Huls
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jordi Soler
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jared C. Paris
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zhenhong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Viktor Reshetnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yunfang Yang
- College of Chemical Enginering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Corresponding author. (X.H.); (M.G.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain,Corresponding author. (X.H.); (M.G.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Xiongyi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Corresponding author. (X.H.); (M.G.B.); (Y.G.)
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75
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Huang CY, Li J, Li CJ. Photocatalytic C(sp 3) radical generation via C-H, C-C, and C-X bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5465-5504. [PMID: 35694342 PMCID: PMC9116372 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility. This review collects some of the most recent advancements in photocatalytic R˙ generation and highlights representative examples in this field. Based on the key bond cleavages that generate R˙, these contributions are divided into C–H, C–C, and C–X bond cleavages. A general mechanistic scenario and key R˙-forming steps are presented and discussed in each section. C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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76
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Huang X, Feng J, Cui J, Jiang G, Harrison W, Zang X, Zhou J, Wang B, Zhao H. Photoinduced chemomimetic biocatalysis for enantioselective intermolecular radical conjugate addition. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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77
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Mouli MSSV, Mishra AK. Synthesis, characterization and photophysical studies of the flavopeptide conjugates as model for the covalently linked flavoenzymes. J CHEM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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78
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Abstract
Harnessing biocatalysts for novel abiological transformations is a longstanding goal of synthetic chemistry. Combining the merits of biocatalysis and photocatalysis allows for selective transformations fueled by visible light and offers many advantages including new reactivity, high enantioselectivity, greener syntheses, and high yields. Photoinduced electron or energy transfer enables synthetic methodologies that complement conventional two electron processes or offer orthogonal pathways for developing new reactions. Enzymes are well suited and can be tuned by directed evolution to exert control over open-shell intermediates, thereby suppressing undesirable reactions and delivering high chemo- and stereoselectivities. Within the past decade, the combination of biocatalysis and photocatalysis was mainly focused on exploiting light-regenerated cofactors to function native enzymatic activity. However, recent developments have demonstrated that the combination can unlock new-to-nature chemistry. Particularly, the discovery and application of new strategies are well poised to expand the applications of photobiocatalysis.In the past five years, our lab has been studying the combinations of photocatalysis and biocatalysis that can be applied to create new synthetic methodologies and solve challenges in synthetic organic chemistry. Our efforts have expanded the strategies for combining external photocatalysts with enzymes through the construction of a synergistic cooperative stereoconvergent reduction system consisting of photosensitized energy transfer and ene-reductase-catalyzed alkene reduction. Additionally, our efforts have also extended the capability of cofactor-dependent photoenzymatic systems to include enantioselective bimolecular radical hydroalkylations of alkenes by irradiating electron donor-acceptor complexes comprised of enzymatic redox active cofactors and unnatural substrates.In this Account, we highlight strategies developed by our group and others for combining biocatalysis and photocatalysis with the aim of introducing non-natural reactivity to enzymes. Presently, strategies applied to achieve this goal include the repurposing of natural photoenzymes, the elucidation of new photoreactivity within cofactor-dependent enzymes, the combination of external photocatalysts with enzymes, and the construction of artificial photoenzymes. By demonstrating the successful applications of these strategies for achieving selective new-to-nature transformations, we hope to spur interest in expanding the scope of photobiocatalytic systems through the use and extension of these strategies and creation of new strategies. Additionally, we hope to elucidate the intuition in synergizing the unique capabilities of biocatalysis and photocatalysis so that photobiocatalysis can be recognized as a potential solution to difficult challenges in synthetic organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Harrison
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiaoqiang Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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79
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Kumar Roy T, Sreedharan R, Ghosh P, Gandhi T, Maiti D. Ene-Reductase: A Multifaceted Biocatalyst in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103949. [PMID: 35133702 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis integrate microbiologists, enzymologists, and organic chemists to access the repertoire of pharmaceutical and agrochemicals with high chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and enantioselectivity. The saturation of carbon-carbon double bonds by biocatalysts challenges the conventional chemical methodology as it bypasses the use of precious metals (in combination with chiral ligands and molecular hydrogen) or organocatalysts. In this line, Ene-reductases (ERs) from the Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs) family are found to be a prominent asymmetric biocatalyst that is increasingly used in academia and industries towards unparalleled stereoselective trans-hydrogenations of activated C=C bonds. ERs gained prominence as they were used as individual catalysts, multi-enzyme cascades, and in conjugation with chemical reagents (chemoenzymatic approach). Besides, ERs' participation in the photoelectrochemical and radical-mediated process helps to unlock many scopes outside traditional biocatalysis. These up-and-coming methodologies entice the enzymologists and chemists to explore, expand and harness the chemistries displayed by ERs for industrial settings. Herein, we reviewed the last five year's exploration of organic transformations using ERs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triptesh Kumar Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, India
| | - Ramdas Sreedharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Thirumanavelan Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Chemistry Department and Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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80
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Long CJ, He YH, Guan Z. Asymmetric oxidative Mannich reactions promoted by photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2544-2561. [PMID: 35266948 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric Mannich reaction is an essential method in contemporary organic chemistry. As a representative of clean and green synthesis methods, photochemical and electrochemical oxidation strategies have re-emerged in recent years, providing new ideas for asymmetric Mannich reactions. Numerous chiral β-amino carbonyl compounds have been accessed in satisfactory yields with excellent enantioselectivity via such novel asymmetric oxidative Mannich reactions. This minireview highlights plentiful advances in asymmetric oxidative Mannich reactions that rely on photoredox or anodic-oxidation and covers the literature from 2014 to date. Furthermore, the future development of this field is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jiu Long
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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81
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Zetzsche LE, Chakrabarty S, Narayan ARH. The Transformative Power of Biocatalysis in Convergent Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5214-5225. [PMID: 35290055 PMCID: PMC10082969 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Achieving convergent synthetic strategies has long been a gold standard in constructing complex molecular skeletons, allowing for the rapid generation of complexity in comparatively streamlined synthetic routes. Traditionally, biocatalysis has not played a prominent role in convergent laboratory synthesis, with the application of biocatalysts in convergent strategies primarily limited to the synthesis of chiral fragments. Although the use of enzymes to enable convergent synthetic approaches is relatively new and emerging, combining the efficiency of convergent transformations with the selectivity achievable through biocatalysis creates new opportunities for efficient synthetic strategies. This Perspective provides an overview of recent developments in biocatalytic strategies for convergent transformations and offers insights into the advantages of these methods compared to their small molecule-based counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Zetzsche
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Suman Chakrabarty
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison R. H. Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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82
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Foja R, Walter A, Jandl C, Thyrhaug E, Hauer J, Storch G. Reduced Molecular Flavins as Single-Electron Reductants after Photoexcitation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4721-4726. [PMID: 35259294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Flavoenzymes mediate a multitude of chemical reactions and are catalytically active both in different oxidation states and in covalent adducts with reagents. The transfer of such reactivity to the organic laboratory using simplified molecular flavins is highly desirable, and such applications in (photo)oxidation reactions are already established. However, molecular flavins have not been used for the reduction of organic substrates yet, although this activity is known and well-studied for DNA photolyase enzymes. We report a catalytic method using reduced molecular flavins as photoreductants and γ-terpinene as a sacrificial reductant. Additionally, we present our design for air-stable, reduced flavin catalysts, which is based on a conformational bias strategy and circumvents the otherwise rapid reduction of O2 from air. Using our catalytic strategy, we were able to replace superstoichiometric amounts of the rare-earth reductant SmI2 in a 5-exo-trig cyclization of substituted barbituric acid derivatives. Such flavin-catalyzed reductions are anticipated to be beneficial for other transformations as well and their straightforward synthesis indicates future use in stereo- as well as site-selective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Foja
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexandra Walter
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Golo Storch
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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83
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84
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An Z, Li R, Kong W. Enzyme Catalysis for Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng An
- Jilin University State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China 130012 Changchun CHINA
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Weina Kong
- Jilin University College of Chemistry CHINA
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85
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Peng Y, Chen Z, Xu J, Wu Q. Recent Advances in Photobiocatalysis for Selective Organic Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Peng
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Zhichun Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
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86
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Sun Y, Shi J, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhang S, Wu Y, Wang H, Li S, Jiang Z. Thylakoid Membrane-Inspired Capsules with Fortified Cofactor Shuttling for Enzyme-Photocoupled Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4168-4177. [PMID: 35107007 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-photocoupled catalytic systems (EPCSs), combining the natural enzyme with a library of semiconductor photocatalysts, may break the constraint of natural evolution, realizing sustainable solar-to-chemical conversion and non-natural reactivity of the enzyme. The overall efficiency of EPCSs strongly relies on the shuttling of energy-carrying molecules, e.g., NAD+/NADH cofactor, between active centers of enzyme and photocatalyst. However, few efforts have been devoted to NAD+/NADH shuttling. Herein, we propose a strategy of constructing a thylakoid membrane-inspired capsule (TMC) with fortified and tunable NAD+/NADH shuttling to boost the enzyme-photocoupled catalytic process. The apparent shuttling number (ASN) of NAD+/NADH for TMC could reach 17.1, ∼8 times as high as that of non-integrated EPCS. Accordingly, our TMC exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) of 38 000 ± 365 h-1 with a solar-to-chemical efficiency (STC) of 0.69 ± 0.12%, ∼6 times higher than that of non-integrated EPCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jiafu Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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87
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Genzink MJ, Kidd JB, Swords WB, Yoon TP. Chiral Photocatalyst Structures in Asymmetric Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1654-1716. [PMID: 34606251 PMCID: PMC8792375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis is a major theme of research in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry. The discovery of general strategies for highly enantioselective photochemical reactions, however, has been a relatively recent development, and the variety of photoreactions that can be conducted in a stereocontrolled manner is consequently somewhat limited. Asymmetric photocatalysis is complicated by the short lifetimes and high reactivities characteristic of photogenerated reactive intermediates; the design of catalyst architectures that can provide effective enantiodifferentiating environments for these intermediates while minimizing the participation of uncontrolled racemic background processes has proven to be a key challenge for progress in this field. This review provides a summary of the chiral catalyst structures that have been studied for solution-phase asymmetric photochemistry, including chiral organic sensitizers, inorganic chromophores, and soluble macromolecules. While some of these photocatalysts are derived from privileged catalyst structures that are effective for both ground-state and photochemical transformations, others are structural designs unique to photocatalysis and offer insight into the logic required for highly effective stereocontrolled photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse B Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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88
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Mondal S, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Sibi MP, Bertrand MP, Nechab M. Enantioselective Radical Reactions Using Chiral Catalysts. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5842-5976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar 713424, West Bengal, India
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Michèle P. Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
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89
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Ma L, Feng W, Xi Y, Chen X, Lin X. Mechanistic Insights into Visible-Light-Driven Dearomative Fluoroalkylation Mediated by an Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex. J Org Chem 2022; 87:944-951. [PMID: 35015541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex photochemistry has become a burgeoning topic in the synthetic radical chemistry mediated by visible light; however, the theoretical insights into the reaction mechanisms are limited. Herein, accurate electronic structure calculations at the CASPT2//CASSCF/PCM level of theory were performed to investigate the paradigm example of EDA complex-enabled photoreaction for visible-light-driven dearomative perfluoroalkylation of β-naphthol. The excitation energy levels of the EDA complex are controlled by noncovalent interactions because the photoinduced intermolecular charge is enhanced when the noncovalent interaction becomes weaker, leading to the broad spectra ranging from UVA (<380 nm) to visible light (>500 nm). The competitiveness of the radical-radical coupling over the radical chain pathway is also regulated due to the tunable radical concentrations varying the excitation wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Ma
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxu Feng
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China.,College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xufeng Lin
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, P. R. China
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90
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Nicholls BT, Oblinsky DG, Kurtoic SI, Grosheva D, Ye Y, Scholes GD, Hyster TK. Engineering a Non‐Natural Photoenzyme for Improved Photon Efficiency**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce T. Nicholls
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | | | - Sarah I. Kurtoic
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Daria Grosheva
- Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Yuxuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | | | - Todd K. Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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91
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Nicholls BT, Oblinsky DG, Kurtoic SI, Grosheva D, Ye Y, Scholes GD, Hyster TK. Engineering a Non-Natural Photoenzyme for Improved Photon Efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113842. [PMID: 34739168 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photoenzymes are biological catalysts that use light to convert starting materials into products. These catalysts require photon absorption for each turnover, making quantum efficiency an important optimization parameter. Flavin-dependent "ene"-reductases (EREDs) display latent photoenzymatic activity for synthetically valuable hydroalkylations; however, protein engineering has not been used to optimize this non-natural function. We describe a protein engineering platform for the high throughput optimization of photoenzymes. A single round of engineering results in improved catalytic function toward the synthesis of γ, δ, ϵ-lactams, and acyclic amides. Mechanistic studies show that key mutations can alter the enzyme's excited state dynamics, enhance its photon efficiency, and ultimately increase catalyst performance. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that engineered variants display dramatically decreased radical lifetimes, indicating an evolution toward a concerted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce T Nicholls
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Daniel G Oblinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Sarah I Kurtoic
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Daria Grosheva
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Yuxuan Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Todd K Hyster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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92
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Bai Y, Luan P, Bai Y, Zare RN, Ge J. Enzyme-photo-coupled catalysis in gas-sprayed microdroplets. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8341-8348. [PMID: 35919726 PMCID: PMC9297532 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02791g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-photo-coupled catalysis produces fine chemicals by combining the high selectivity of an enzyme with the green energy input of sunlight. Operating a large-scale system, however, remains challenging because of the...
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiu Bai
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Pengqian Luan
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford California 94305-5080 USA
| | - Jun Ge
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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93
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Mouli MSSV, Mishra AK. Modulating catalytic activity of a modified flavin analogue via judicially positioned metal ion toward aerobic sulphoxidation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3990-3995. [PMID: 35425444 PMCID: PMC8981109 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06558k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript describes the synthesis, spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of a cadmium complex of 10-propoylisoalloxazine-7-carboxylic acid (Flc-Cd). Catalytic activity of Flc-Cd towards aerobic sulphoxidation reaction was investigated in the presence of l-ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. Notably the neutral un-metalated flavin analogue did not show any significant catalytic activity. The design strategy for Flc provides a close proximity of the metal centre to the flavin core without compromising the catalytic site thereby assisting the product formation when compared to unmetallated Flc. Minor enantioselectivity is also observed in cases where unsymmetrical sulphides were used; indicative of the possible involvement of chiral l-ascorbic acid in the intermediate formation. Design and synthesis of a catalytically efficient metal-flavin complex toward aerobic sulphoxidation was achieved via judicially positioning the metal ion near the catalytic site thereby assisting the intermediate formation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. S. Vinod Mouli
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Hyderabad, Kandi-502284, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Hyderabad, Kandi-502284, India
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94
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Miller DC, Athavale SV, Arnold FH. Combining chemistry and protein engineering for new-to-nature biocatalysis. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2022; 1:18-23. [PMID: 35415721 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-021-00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, the application of enzymes to solve synthetic problems of human import, has blossomed into a powerful technology for chemical innovation. In the past decade, a threefold partnership, where nature provides blueprints for enzymatic catalysis, chemists introduce innovative activity modes with abiological substrates, and protein engineers develop new tools and algorithms to tune and improve enzymatic function, has unveiled the frontier of new-to-nature enzyme catalysis. In this perspective, we highlight examples of interdisciplinary studies which have helped to expand the scope of biocatalysis, including concepts of enzymatic versatility explored through the lens of biomimicry, to achieve both activities and selectivities that are not currently possible with chemocatalysis. We indicate how modern tools, such as directed evolution, computational protein design and machine learning-based protein engineering methods, have already impacted and will continue to influence enzyme engineering for new abiological transformations. A sustained collaborative effort across disciplines is anticipated to spur further advances in biocatalysis in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, 91125
| | - Soumitra V Athavale
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, 91125
| | - Frances H Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, 91125
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95
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Zhou Q, Chin M, Fu Y, Liu P, Yang Y. Stereodivergent atom-transfer radical cyclization by engineered cytochromes P450. Science 2021; 374:1612-1616. [PMID: 34941416 PMCID: PMC9309897 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring enzymes can be a source of unnatural reactivity that can be molded by directed evolution to generate efficient biocatalysts with valuable activities. Owing to the lack of exploitable stereocontrol elements in synthetic systems, steering the absolute and relative stereochemistry of free-radical processes is notoriously difficult in asymmetric catalysis. Inspired by the innate redox properties of first-row transition-metal cofactors, we repurposed cytochromes P450 to catalyze stereoselective atom-transfer radical cyclization. A set of metalloenzymes was engineered to impose substantial stereocontrol over the radical addition step and the halogen rebound step in these unnatural processes, allowing enantio- and diastereodivergent radical catalysis. This evolvable metalloenzyme platform represents a promising solution to tame fleeting radical intermediates for asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Michael Chin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.,Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.,Corresponding author.
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96
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
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97
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Kong Y, Duan J, Liu F, Han L, Li G, Sun C, Sang Y, Wang S, Yi F, Liu H. Regulation of stem cell fate using nanostructure-mediated physical signals. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12828-12872. [PMID: 34661592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major issues in tissue engineering is regulation of stem cell differentiation toward specific lineages. Unlike biological and chemical signals, physical signals with adjustable properties can be applied to stem cells in a timely and localized manner, thus making them a hot topic for research in the fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering, and cell biology. According to the signals sensed by cells, physical signals used for regulating stem cell fate can be classified into six categories: mechanical, light, thermal, electrical, acoustic, and magnetic. In most cases, external macroscopic physical fields cannot be used to modulate stem cell fate, as only the localized physical signals accepted by the surface receptors can regulate stem cell differentiation via nanoscale fibrin polysaccharide fibers. However, surface receptors related to certain kinds of physical signals are still unknown. Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of functional materials for energy conversion. Consequently, localized physical fields can be produced by absorbing energy from an external physical field and subsequently releasing another type of localized energy through functional nanostructures. Based on the above concepts, we propose a methodology that can be utilized for stem cell engineering and for the regulation of stem cell fate via nanostructure-mediated physical signals. In this review, the combined effect of various approaches and mechanisms of physical signals provides a perspective on stem cell fate promotion by nanostructure-mediated physical signals. We expect that this review will aid the development of remote-controlled and wireless platforms to physically guide stem cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo, using optimized stimulation parameters and mechanistic investigations while driving the progress of research in the fields of materials science, cell biology, and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Jiazhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Neurological Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chunhui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Shuhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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98
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Ospina F, Schülke KH, Hammer SC. Biocatalytic Alkylation Chemistry: Building Molecular Complexity with High Selectivity. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100454. [PMID: 34821073 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has traditionally been viewed as a field that primarily enables access to chiral centers. This includes the synthesis of chiral alcohols, amines and carbonyl compounds, often through functional group interconversion via hydrolytic or oxidation-reduction reactions. This limitation is partly being overcome by the design and evolution of new enzymes. Here, we provide an overview of a recently thriving research field that we summarize as biocatalytic alkylation chemistry. In the past 3-4 years, numerous new enzymes have been developed that catalyze sp3 C-C/N/O/S bond formations. These enzymes utilize different mechanisms to generate molecular complexity by coupling simple fragments with high activity and selectivity. In many cases, the engineered enzymes perform reactions that are difficult or impossible to achieve with current small-molecule catalysts such as organocatalysts and transition-metal complexes. This review further highlights that the design of new enzyme function is particularly successful when off-the-shelf synthetic reagents are utilized to access non-natural reactive intermediates. This underscores how biocatalysis is gradually moving to a field that build molecules through selective bond forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ospina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kai H Schülke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan C Hammer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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99
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Zhang S, Liu S, Sun Y, Li S, Shi J, Jiang Z. Enzyme-photo-coupled catalytic systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13449-13466. [PMID: 34734949 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00392e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Efficient chemical transformation in a green, low-carbon way is crucial for the sustainable development of modern society. Enzyme-photo-coupled catalytic systems (EPCS) that integrate the exceptional selectivity of enzyme catalysis and the unique reactivity of photocatalysis hold great promise in solar-driven 'molecular editing'. However, the involvement of multiple components and catalytic processes challenged the design of efficient and stable EPCS. To show a clear picture of the complex catalytic system, in this review, we analyze EPCS from the perspective of system engineering. First, we disintegrate the complex system into four elementary components, and reorganize these components into biocatalytic and photocatalytic ensembles (BE and PE). By resolving current accessible systems, we identify that connectivity and compatibility between BE and PE are two crucial factors that govern the performance of EPCS. Then, we discuss the origin of undesirable connectivity and low compatibility, and deduce the possible solutions. Based on these understandings, we propose the designing principles of EPCS. Lastly, we provide a future perspective of EPCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Shusong Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yiying Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jiafu Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10090, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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100
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Xu J, Lou Y, Wang L, Wang Z, Xu W, Ma W, Chen Z, Chen X, Wu Q. Rational Design of Biocatalytic Deuteration Platform of Aldehydes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Lou
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Xu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Ma
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichun Chen
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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