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Shen G, Shang Q, Zhang Z, Zhao W, Chen H, Mijiti I, Chen G, Yu X, Yu F, Zhang P, He J, Zhang X, Tang J, Cui J, Liang D, Zeng L, Ren H, Jiang X. Zuo-Gui-Wan Aqueous Extract Ameliorates Glucocorticoid-Induced Spinal Osteoporosis of Rats by Regulating let-7f and Autophagy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:878963. [PMID: 35592785 PMCID: PMC9111739 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.878963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study proposes to explore the protective effect of Zuo-Gui-Wan (ZGW) aqueous extract on spinal glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) in vivo and in vitro, and the underlying mechanisms of ZGW in GIOP and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were conducted. METHODS In vivo, SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CON), dexamethasone (DEXM) group, and ZGW group, which were given vehicle, DEXM injection, and ZGW intragastric administration at the same time. Vertebral bone microarchitecture, biomechanics, histomorphology, serum AKP activity, and the autophagosome of osteoblasts were examined. The mRNA expressions of let-7f, autophagy-associated genes (mTORC1, Beclin-1, ATG12, ATG5, and LC3), Runx2, and CTSK were examined. In vitro, the let-7f overexpression/silencing vector was constructed and transfected to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Western blot was employed to detect the expression of autophagy-associated proteins (ULK2, ATG5, ATG12, Beclin-1, LC3). RESULTS In vivo, ZGW promoted the bone quantity, quality, and strength; alleviated histological damage; increased the serum AKP activity; and reduced the autophagosome number in osteoblasts. Moreover, ZGW increased the let-7f, mTORC1, and Runx2 mRNA expressions and reduced the Beclin-1, ATG12, ATG5, LC3, and CTSK mRNA expressions. In vitro, bioinformatics prediction and dual luciferase reporter gene assay verified that let-7f targeted the binding to ULK2 and negatively regulated the ULK2 expression. Furthermore, by let-7f overexpression/silencing, ZGW may promote osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs by regulating let-7f and autophagy as evidenced by Western blot (ULK2, ATG5, ATG12, Beclin-1, LC3). CONCLUSIONS ZGW may ameliorate GC-induced spinal osteoporosis by promoting osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs by activation of let-7f and suppression of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Shen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Shang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhida Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ibrayinjan Mijiti
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Kashgar, Kashgar, China
| | - Guifeng Chen
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuyong Yu
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui He
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuelai Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianchao Cui
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - De Liang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingfeng Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobing Jiang, ; Hui Ren, ; Lingfeng Zeng,
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobing Jiang, ; Hui Ren, ; Lingfeng Zeng,
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobing Jiang, ; Hui Ren, ; Lingfeng Zeng,
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52
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The Cytotoxicity and Clearance of Mutant Huntingtin and Other Misfolded Proteins. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112835. [PMID: 34831058 PMCID: PMC8616338 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation are implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. One of these diseases is Huntington's, which is caused by increased glutamine-encoding trinucleotide repeats within the Huntingtin gene. Like other misfolded proteins, mutated Huntingtin proteins with polyglutamine expansions are prone to aggregation. Misfolded proteins exist as soluble monomers, small aggregates, or as large insoluble inclusion bodies. Misfolded protein aggregates are believed to be cytotoxic by stressing the protein degradation machinery, disrupting membrane structure, or sequestering other proteins. We recently showed that expression of misfolded proteins lowers cellular free ubiquitin levels, which compromises the protein degradation machinery. Therefore, the efficient degradation of misfolded proteins is critical to preserve cell health. Cells employ two major mechanisms to degrade misfolded proteins. The first is the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which ubiquitinates and degrades misfolded proteins with the assistance of segregase Cdc48/p97. The UPS pathway is mainly responsible for the clearance of misfolded proteins present as monomers or smaller aggregates. The second pathway is macroautophagy/autophagy, in which protein aggregates or inclusion bodies are recruited into an autophagosome before transport to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation. This review is focused on the current understanding of the cytotoxicity of misfolded proteins as well as their clearance pathways, with a particular emphasis on mutant Huntingtin.
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53
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Franco-Romero A, Sandri M. Role of autophagy in muscle disease. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101041. [PMID: 34625292 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Beside inherited muscle diseases many catabolic conditions such as insulin resistance, malnutrition, cancer growth, aging, infections, chronic inflammatory status, inactivity, obesity are characterized by loss of muscle mass, strength and function. The decrease of muscle quality and quantity increases morbidity, mortality and has a major impact on the quality of life. One of the pathogenetic mechanisms of muscle wasting is the dysregulation of the main protein and organelles quality control system of the cell: the autophagy-lysosome. This review will focus on the role of the autophagy-lysosome system in the different conditions of muscle loss. We will also dissect the signalling pathways that are involved in excessive or defective autophagy regulation. Finally, the state of the art of autophagy modulators that have been used in preclinical or clinical studies to ameliorate muscle mass will be also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anais Franco-Romero
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129, Padova, Italy; Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100, Padova, Italy; Myology Center, University of Padova, via G. Colombo 3, 35100, Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Das P, Dudley JP. How Viruses Use the VCP/p97 ATPase Molecular Machine. Viruses 2021; 13:1881. [PMID: 34578461 PMCID: PMC8473244 DOI: 10.3390/v13091881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that are dependent on host factors for their replication. One such host protein, p97 or the valosin-containing protein (VCP), is a highly conserved AAA ATPase that facilitates replication of diverse RNA- and DNA-containing viruses. The wide range of cellular functions attributed to this ATPase is consistent with its participation in multiple steps of the virus life cycle from entry and uncoating to viral egress. Studies of VCP/p97 interactions with viruses will provide important information about host processes and cell biology, but also viral strategies that take advantage of these host functions. The critical role of p97 in viral replication might be exploited as a target for development of pan-antiviral drugs that exceed the capability of virus-specific vaccines or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Das
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Jaquelin P. Dudley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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55
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Conserved L464 in p97 D1-D2 linker is critical for p97 cofactor regulated ATPase activity. Biochem J 2021; 478:3185-3204. [PMID: 34405853 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
p97 protein is a highly conserved, abundant, functionally diverse, structurally dynamic homohexameric AAA enzyme-containing N, D1, and D2 domains. A truncated p97 protein containing the N and D1 domains and the D1-D2 linker (ND1L) exhibits 79% of wild-type (WT) ATPase activity whereas the ND1 domain alone without the linker only has 2% of WT activity. To investigate the relationship between the D1-D2 linker and the D1 domain, we produced p97 ND1L mutants and demonstrated that this 22-residue linker region is essential for D1 ATPase activity. The conserved amino acid leucine 464 (L464) is critical for regulating D1 and D2 ATPase activity by p97 cofactors p37, p47, and Npl4-Ufd1 (NU). Changing leucine to alanine, proline, or glutamate increased the maximum rate of ATP turnover (kcat) of p47-regulated ATPase activities for these mutants, but not for WT. p37 and p47 increased the kcat of the proline substituted linker, suggesting that they induced linker conformations facilitating ATP hydrolysis. NU inhibited D1 ATPase activities of WT and mutant ND1L proteins, but activated D2 ATPase activity of full-length p97. To further understand the mutant mechanism, we used single-particle cryo-EM to visualize the full-length p97L464P and revealed the conformational change of the D1-D2 linker, resulting in a movement of the helix-turn-helix motif (543-569). Taken together with the biochemical and structural results we conclude that the linker helps maintain D1 in a competent conformation and relays the communication to/from the N-domain to the D1 and D2 ATPase domains, which are ∼50 Å away.
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56
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Bastien J, Menon S, Messa M, Nyfeler B. Molecular targets and approaches to restore autophagy and lysosomal capacity in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101018. [PMID: 34489092 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that promotes cellular fitness by clearing aggregated protein species, pathogens and damaged organelles through lysosomal degradation. The autophagic process is particularly important in the nervous system where post-mitotic neurons rely heavily on protein and organelle quality control in order to maintain cellular health throughout the lifetime of the organism. Alterations of autophagy and lysosomal function are hallmarks of various neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we conceptualize some of the mechanistic and genetic evidence pointing towards autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction as a causal driver of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we discuss rate-limiting pathway nodes and potential approaches to restore pathway activity, from autophagy initiation, cargo sequestration to lysosomal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bastien
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suchithra Menon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mirko Messa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Beat Nyfeler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Chen J, Bassot A, Giuliani F, Simmen T. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Stressed by Dysfunctional Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Contacts (MERCs). Cells 2021; 10:cells10071789. [PMID: 34359958 PMCID: PMC8304209 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease for which there is currently no cure. Progress in the characterization of other neurodegenerative mechanisms has shifted the spotlight onto an intracellular structure called mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts (MERCs) whose ER portion can be biochemically isolated as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Within the central nervous system (CNS), these structures control the metabolic output of mitochondria and keep sources of oxidative stress in check via autophagy. The most relevant MERC controllers in the ALS pathogenesis are vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB), a mitochondria-ER tether, and the ubiquitin-specific chaperone valosin containing protein (VCP). These two systems cooperate to maintain mitochondrial energy output and prevent oxidative stress. In ALS, mutant VAPB and VCP take a central position in the pathology through MERC dysfunction that ultimately alters or compromises mitochondrial bioenergetics. Intriguingly, both proteins are targets themselves of other ALS mutant proteins, including C9orf72, FUS, or TDP-43. Thus, a new picture emerges, where different triggers cause MERC dysfunction in ALS, subsequently leading to well-known pathological changes including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and motor neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada; (J.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Arthur Bassot
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada; (J.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada;
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2H7, Canada; (J.C.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-1546
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58
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Lei Y, Klionsky DJ. New functions of a known autophagy regulator: VCP and autophagy initiation. Autophagy 2021; 17:1063-1064. [PMID: 33784947 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1905974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
VCP, a conserved ATPase, is involved in several cellular processes, and mutations in this protein are associated with various diseases. VCP also plays a role in autophagosome maturation. However, because a deficiency in autophagosome maturation presents a readily observable phenotype, other roles of VCP in autophagy regulation, in particular in the initial steps of autophagosome formation, may have been overlooked. In a recently published paper, using small-molecule inhibitors, Hill et al. showed that VCP regulates autophagy initiation through both stabilization of BECN1 and enhancement of phosphati-dylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) complex assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Lei
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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59
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Wrobel L, Hill SM, Ashkenazi A, Rubinsztein DC. VCP/p97 modulates PtdIns3P production and autophagy initiation. Autophagy 2021; 17:1052-1053. [PMID: 33719912 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1898742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
VCP/p97 is an essential multifunctional protein implicated in a plethora of intracellular quality control systems, and abnormal function of VCP is the underlying cause of several neurodegenerative disorders. We reported that VCP regulates the levels of the macroautophagy/autophagy-inducing lipid phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) by modulating the activity of the BECN1 (beclin 1)-containing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) complex. VCP stimulates the deubiquitinase activity of ATXN3 (ataxin 3) to stabilize BECN1 protein levels and also interacts with and promotes the assembly and kinase activity of the PtdIns3K complex. Acute inhibition of VCP activity impairs autophagy induction, demonstrated by a diminished PtdIns3P production and decreased recruitment of early autophagy markers WIPI2 and ATG16L1. Thus, VCP promotes autophagosome biogenesis, in addition to its previously described role in autophagosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Wrobel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sandra M Hill
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Avraham Ashkenazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
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