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Mechanisms of quality control differ in male and female germ cells. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2300-2302. [PMID: 34131311 PMCID: PMC8257794 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Wang X, Pepling ME. Regulation of Meiotic Prophase One in Mammalian Oocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667306. [PMID: 34095134 PMCID: PMC8172968 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In female mammals, meiotic prophase one begins during fetal development. Oocytes transition through the prophase one substages consisting of leptotene, zygotene, and pachytene, and are finally arrested at the diplotene substage, for months in mice and years in humans. After puberty, luteinizing hormone induces ovulation and meiotic resumption in a cohort of oocytes, driving the progression from meiotic prophase one to metaphase two. If fertilization occurs, the oocyte completes meiosis two followed by fusion with the sperm nucleus and preparation for zygotic divisions; otherwise, it is passed into the uterus and degenerates. Specifically in the mouse, oocytes enter meiosis at 13.5 days post coitum. As meiotic prophase one proceeds, chromosomes find their homologous partner, synapse, exchange genetic material between homologs and then begin to separate, remaining connected at recombination sites. At postnatal day 5, most of the oocytes have reached the late diplotene (or dictyate) substage of prophase one where they remain arrested until ovulation. This review focuses on events and mechanisms controlling the progression through meiotic prophase one, which include recombination, synapsis and control by signaling pathways. These events are prerequisites for proper chromosome segregation in meiotic divisions; and if they go awry, chromosomes mis-segregate resulting in aneuploidy. Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms regulating meiotic progression is important to provide a foundation for developing improved treatments of female infertility.
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Shukla V, Høffding MK, Hoffmann ER. Genome diversity and instability in human germ cells and preimplantation embryos. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 113:132-147. [PMID: 33500205 PMCID: PMC8097364 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome diversity is essential for evolution and is of fundamental importance to human health. Generating genome diversity requires phases of DNA damage and repair that can cause genome instability. Humans have a high incidence of de novo congenital disorders compared to other organisms. Recent access to eggs, sperm and preimplantation embryos is revealing unprecedented rates of genome instability that may result in infertility and de novo mutations that cause genomic imbalance in at least 70% of conceptions. The error type and incidence of de novo mutations differ during developmental stages and are influenced by differences in male and female meiosis. In females, DNA repair is a critical factor that determines fertility and reproductive lifespan. In males, aberrant meiotic recombination causes infertility, embryonic failure and pregnancy loss. Evidence suggest germ cells are remarkably diverse in the type of genome instability that they display and the DNA damage responses they deploy. Additionally, the initial embryonic cell cycles are characterized by a high degree of genome instability that cause congenital disorders and may limit the use of CRISPR-Cas9 for heritable genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vallari Shukla
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miya Kudo Høffding
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva R Hoffmann
- DNRF Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Homer HA. Senataxin: A New Guardian of the Female Germline Important for Delaying Ovarian Aging. Front Genet 2021; 12:647996. [PMID: 33995483 PMCID: PMC8118517 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.647996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Early decline in ovarian function known as premature ovarian aging (POA) occurs in around 10% of women and is characterized by a markedly reduced ovarian reserve. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects ~1% of women and refers to the severe end of the POA spectrum in which, accelerated ovarian aging leads to menopause before 40 years of age. Ovarian reserve refers to the total number of follicle-enclosed oocytes within both ovaries. Oocyte DNA integrity is a critical determinant of ovarian reserve since damage to DNA of oocytes within primordial-stage follicles triggers follicular apoptosis leading to accelerated follicle depletion. Despite the high prevalence of POA, very little is known regarding its genetic causation. Another little-investigated aspect of oocyte DNA damage involves low-grade damage that escapes apoptosis at the primordial follicle stage and persists throughout oocyte growth and later follicle development. Senataxin (SETX) is an RNA/DNA helicase involved in repair of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and is well-known for its roles in preventing neurodegenerative disease. Recent findings uncover an important role for SETX in protecting oocyte DNA integrity against aging-induced increases in oxidative stress. Significantly, this newly identified SETX-mediated regulation of oocyte DNA integrity is critical for preventing POA and early-onset female infertility by preventing premature depletion of the ovarian follicular pool and reducing the burden of low-grade DNA damage both in primordial and fully-grown oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden A Homer
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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55
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Xu Z, Vandenberg CJ, Lieschke E, Di Rago L, Scott CL, Majewski IJ. CHK2 Inhibition Provides a Strategy to Suppress Hematologic Toxicity from PARP Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1350-1360. [PMID: 33863812 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cancer treated with PARP inhibitors (PARPi) experience various side effects, with hematologic toxicity being most common. Short-term treatment of mice with olaparib resulted in depletion of reticulocytes, B-cell progenitors, and immature thymocytes, whereas longer treatment induced broader myelosuppression. We performed a CRISPR/Cas9 screen that targeted DNA repair genes in Eμ-Myc pre-B lymphoma cell lines as a way to identify strategies to suppress hematologic toxicity from PARPi. The screen revealed that single-guide RNAs targeting the serine/threonine kinase checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) were enriched following olaparib treatment. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of CHK2-blunted PARPi response in lymphoid and myeloid cell lines, and in primary murine pre-B/pro-B cells. Using a Cas9 base editor, we found that blocking CHK2-mediated phosphorylation of p53 also impaired olaparib response. Our results identify the p53 pathway as a major determinant of the acute response to PARPi in normal blood cells and demonstrate that targeting CHK2 can short circuit this response. Cotreatment with a CHK2 inhibitor did not antagonize olaparib response in ovarian cancer cell lines. Selective inhibition of CHK2 may spare blood cells from the toxic influence of PARPi and broaden the utility of these drugs. IMPLICATIONS: We reveal that genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of CHK2 may offer a way to alleviate the toxic influence of PARPi in the hematologic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra J Vandenberg
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Lieschke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ladina Di Rago
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare L Scott
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian J Majewski
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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DNA repair in primordial follicle oocytes following cisplatin treatment. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1405-1417. [PMID: 33864208 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Genotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy can cause DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs) in primordial follicle (PMF) oocytes, which then undergo apoptosis. The development of effective new fertility preservation agents has been hampered, in part, by a limited understanding of DNA repair in PMF oocytes. This study investigated the induction of classical DSB repair pathways in the follicles of wild type (WT) and apoptosis-deficient Puma-/- mice in response to DSBs caused by the chemotherapy agent cisplatin. METHODS Adult C57BL/6 WT and Puma-/- mice were injected i.p. with saline or cisplatin (5 mg/kg); ovaries were harvested at 8 or 24 h. Follicles were counted, and H2A histone family member (γH2AX) immunofluorescence used to demonstrate DSBs. DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51) and DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) immunofluorescence were used to identify DNA repair pathways utilised. RESULTS Puma-/- mice retained 100% of follicles 24 h after cisplatin treatment. Eight hours post-treatment, γH2AX immunofluorescence showed DSBs across follicular stages in Puma-/- mice; staining returned to control levels in PMFs within 5 days, suggesting repair of PMF oocytes in this window. RAD51 immunofluorescence eight hours post-cisplatin was positive in damaged cell types in both WT and Puma-/- mice, demonstrating induction of the homologous recombination pathway. In contrast, DNA-PKcs staining were rarely observed in PMFs, indicating non-homologous end joining plays an insignificant role. CONCLUSION PMF oocytes are able to conduct high-fidelity repair of DNA damage accumulated during chemotherapy. Therefore, apoptosis inhibition presents a viable strategy for fertility preservation in women undergoing treatment.
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57
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Pokorná Z, Vysloužil J, Hrabal V, Vojtěšek B, Coates PJ. The foggy world(s) of p63 isoform regulation in normal cells and cancer. J Pathol 2021; 254:454-473. [PMID: 33638205 DOI: 10.1002/path.5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The p53 family member p63 exists as two major protein variants (TAp63 and ΔNp63) with distinct expression patterns and functional properties. Whilst downstream target genes of p63 have been studied intensively, how p63 variants are themselves controlled has been relatively neglected. Here, we review advances in understanding ΔNp63 and TAp63 regulation, highlighting their distinct pathways. TAp63 has roles in senescence and metabolism, and in germ cell genome maintenance, where it is activated post-transcriptionally by phosphorylation cascades after DNA damage. The function and regulation of TAp63 in mesenchymal and haematopoietic cells is less clear but may involve epigenetic control through DNA methylation. ΔNp63 functions to maintain stem/progenitor cells in various epithelia and is overexpressed in squamous and certain other cancers. ΔNp63 is transcriptionally regulated through multiple enhancers in concert with chromatin modifying proteins. Many signalling pathways including growth factors, morphogens, inflammation, and the extracellular matrix influence ΔNp63 levels, with inconsistent results reported. There is also evidence for reciprocal regulation, including ΔNp63 activating its own transcription. ΔNp63 is downregulated during cell differentiation through transcriptional regulation, while post-transcriptional events cause proteasomal degradation. Throughout the review, we identify knowledge gaps and highlight discordances, providing potential explanations including cell-context and cell-matrix interactions. Identifying individual p63 variants has roles in differential diagnosis and prognosis, and understanding their regulation suggests clinically approved agents for targeting p63 that may be useful combination therapies for selected cancer patients. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Pokorná
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vysloužil
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hrabal
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borˇivoj Vojtěšek
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- Research Centre of Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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58
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Li M. The role of P53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) in ovarian development, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Apoptosis 2021; 26:235-247. [PMID: 33783663 PMCID: PMC8197724 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
P53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), a pro-apoptotic BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3)-only member of the BCL-2 family, is a direct transcriptional target of P53 that elicits mitochondrial apoptosis under treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. It also induces excessive apoptosis in cardiovascular and/or neurodegenerative diseases. PUMA has been found to play a critical role in ovarian apoptosis. In the present paper, we review the progress of the study in PUMA over the past two decades in terms of its inducement and/or amplification of programmed cell death and describe recent updates to the understanding of both P53-dependent and P53-independent PUMA-mediated apoptotic pathways that are implicated in physiology and pathology, including the development of the ovary and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. We propose that PUMA may be a key regulator during ovary development, provide a model for PUMA-mediated apoptotic pathways, including intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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59
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Isoform-Specific Roles of Mutant p63 in Human Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030536. [PMID: 33572532 PMCID: PMC7866788 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein p63 belongs to the family of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mouse models have, however, shown that it is not a classical tumor suppressor but instead involved in developmental processes. Mutations in the p63 gene cause several developmental defects in human patients characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia due to p63’s role as a master regulator of epidermal development. In addition, p63 plays a key role as a quality control factor in oocytes and p63 mutations can result either in compromised genetic quality control or premature cell death of all oocytes. Abstract The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the DNA binding domain cause Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia while mutations in in the C-terminal domain of the α-isoform cause Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility, severe, long-lasting skin erosions, and cleft lip/palate. The molecular disease mechanisms of these syndromes have recently become elucidated and have enhanced our understanding of the role of p63 in epidermal development. Here we review the molecular cause and functional consequences of these p63-mutations for skin development and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations for female fertility.
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60
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The p63 C-terminus is essential for murine oocyte integrity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:383. [PMID: 33452256 PMCID: PMC7810856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 mediates distinct cellular responses, primarily regulating epithelial and oocyte biology. In addition to the two amino terminal isoforms, TAp63 and ΔNp63, the 3’-end of p63 mRNA undergoes tissue-specific alternative splicing that leads to several isoforms, including p63α, p63β and p63γ. To investigate in vivo how the different isoforms fulfil distinct functions at the cellular and developmental levels, we developed a mouse model replacing the p63α with p63β by deletion of exon 13 in the Trp63 gene. Here, we report that whereas in two organs physiologically expressing p63α, such as thymus and skin, no abnormalities are detected, total infertility is evident in heterozygous female mice. A sharp reduction in the number of primary oocytes during the first week after birth occurs as a consequence of the enhanced expression of the pro-apoptotic transcriptional targets Puma and Noxa by the tetrameric, constitutively active, TAp63β isoform. Hence, these mice show a condition of ovary dysfunction, resembling human primary ovary insufficiency. Our results show that the p63 C-terminus is essential in TAp63α-expressing primary oocytes to control cell death in vivo, expanding the current understanding of human primary ovarian insufficiency. The transcription factor p63 mediates different cellular responses affecting epithelial and oocyte biology. Here, the authors generate a mouse model (HET Δ13p63 mice) expressing the p63β isoform and show this affects ovary development, phenocopying a human syndrome, primary ovary insufficiency.
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Abstract
Cryopreserved ovarian cortex tissue can be used to improve or restore female fertility. It can be used for cancer patients to restore fertility after chemotherapy treatment or for social reasons for women who want to postpone their pregnancy wish. In order to preserve ovarian tissue viability in these cases, the tissue needs to be stored by cryopreservation. In this chapter we describe the entire process chain needed to prepare, transport, and cryopreserve human ovarian cortex tissues as well as to subsequently thaw and implant it.
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62
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Subramanian GN, Greaney J, Wei Z, Becherel O, Lavin M, Homer HA. Oocytes mount a noncanonical DNA damage response involving APC-Cdh1-mediated proteolysis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151594. [PMID: 32328643 PMCID: PMC7147104 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In mitotic cells, DNA damage induces temporary G2 arrest via inhibitory Cdk1 phosphorylation. In contrast, fully grown G2-stage oocytes readily enter M phase immediately following chemical induction of DNA damage in vitro, indicating that the canonical immediate-response G2/M DNA damage response (DDR) may be deficient. Senataxin (Setx) is involved in RNA/DNA processing and maintaining genome integrity. Here we find that mouse oocytes deleted of Setx accumulate DNA damage when exposed to oxidative stress in vitro and during aging in vivo, after which, surprisingly, they undergo G2 arrest. Moreover, fully grown wild-type oocytes undergo G2 arrest after chemotherapy-induced in vitro damage if an overnight delay is imposed following damage induction. Unexpectedly, this slow-evolving DDR is not mediated by inhibitory Cdk1 phosphorylation but by APC-Cdh1–mediated proteolysis of the Cdk1 activator, cyclin B1, secondary to increased Cdc14B-dependent APC-Cdh1 activation and reduced Emi1-dependent inhibition. Thus, oocytes are unable to respond immediately to DNA damage, but instead mount a G2/M DDR that evolves slowly and involves a phosphorylation-independent proteolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Narayanan Subramanian
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Greaney
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhe Wei
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olivier Becherel
- Cancer and Neurosciences Lab, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Lavin
- Cancer and Neurosciences Lab, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hayden Anthony Homer
- The Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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63
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Gebel J, Tuppi M, Sänger N, Schumacher B, Dötsch V. DNA Damaged Induced Cell Death in Oocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235714. [PMID: 33287328 PMCID: PMC7730327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of haploid gametes through meiosis is central to the principle of sexual reproduction. The genetic diversity is further enhanced by exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes by the crossover mechanism. This mechanism not only requires correct pairing of homologous chromosomes but also efficient repair of the induced DNA double-strand breaks. Oocytes have evolved a unique quality control system that eliminates cells if chromosomes do not correctly align or if DNA repair is not possible. Central to this monitoring system that is conserved from nematodes and fruit fly to humans is the p53 protein family, and in vertebrates in particular p63. In mammals, oocytes are stored for a long time in the prophase of meiosis I which, in humans, can last more than 50 years. During the entire time of this arrest phase, the DNA damage checkpoint remains active. The treatment of female cancer patients with DNA damaging irradiation or chemotherapeutics activates this checkpoint and results in elimination of the oocyte pool causing premature menopause and infertility. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of this quality control system and discuss potential therapeutic intervention for the preservation of the oocyte pool during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicole Sänger
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53217 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-798-29631
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Grosbois J, Devos M, Demeestere I. Implications of Nonphysiological Ovarian Primordial Follicle Activation for Fertility Preservation. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5882019. [PMID: 32761180 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ovarian tissue cryopreservation has rapidly developed as a successful method for preserving the fertility of girls and young women with cancer or benign conditions requiring gonadotoxic therapy, and is now becoming widely recognized as an effective alternative to oocyte and embryo freezing when not feasible. Primordial follicles are the most abundant population of follicles in the ovary, and their relatively quiescent metabolism makes them more resistant to cryoinjury. This dormant pool represents a key target for fertility preservation strategies as a resource for generating high-quality oocytes. However, development of mature, competent oocytes derived from primordial follicles is challenging, particularly in larger mammals. One of the main barriers is the substantial knowledge gap regarding the regulation of the balance between dormancy and activation of primordial follicles to initiate their growing phase. In addition, experimental and clinical factors also affect dormant follicle demise, while the mechanisms involved remain largely to be elucidated. Moreover, most of our basic knowledge of these processes comes from rodent studies and should be extrapolated to humans with caution, considering the differences between species in the reproductive field. Overcoming these obstacles is essential to improving both the quantity and the quality of mature oocytes available for further fertilization, and may have valuable biological and clinical applications, especially in fertility preservation procedures. This review provides an update on current knowledge of mammalian primordial follicle activation under both physiological and nonphysiological conditions, and discusses implications for fertility preservation and priorities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Grosbois
- Research Laboratory in Human Reproduction, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melody Devos
- Research Laboratory in Human Reproduction, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Demeestere
- Research Laboratory in Human Reproduction, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
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65
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Wang L, Xu X, Teng M, Zhao G, Lei A. Coping with DNA Double-Strand Breaks via ATM Signaling Pathway in Bovine Oocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238892. [PMID: 33255251 PMCID: PMC7727702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common injury almost all cells face, DNA damage in oocytes—especially double-strand breaks (DSBs), which occur naturally during the first meiosis phase (meiosis I) due to synaptic complex separation—affects the fertilization ability of oocytes, instead of causing cancer (as in somatic cells). The mechanism of oocytes to effectively repair DSB damage has not yet been clearly studied, especially considering medically induced DSBs superimposed on naturally occurring DSBs in meiosis I. It was found that maturation rates decreased or increased, respectively corresponding with overexpression or interference of p21 in bovine oocytes. At the same time, the maturation rate of bovine oocytes decreased with a gradual increase in Zeocin dose, and the p21 expression in those immature oocytes changed significantly with the gradual increase in Zeocin dose (same as increased DSB intensity). Same as p21, the variation trend of ATM expression was consistent with the gradual increase in Zeocin dose. Furthermore, the oocytes demonstrated tolerance to DSBs during meiosis I, while the maturation rates decreased when the damage exceeded a certain threshold; according to which, it may be that ATM regulates the p53–p21 pathway to affect the completion of meiosis. In addition, nonhomologous recombination and cumulus cells are potentially involved in the process by which oocytes respond to DSB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Shaanxi Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.T.)
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Shaanxi Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.T.)
| | - Mingming Teng
- Shaanxi Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.T.)
| | - Guimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Anmin Lei
- Shaanxi Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (L.W.); (X.X.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-029-87080068
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van der Zanden SY, Qiao X, Neefjes J. New insights into the activities and toxicities of the old anticancer drug doxorubicin. FEBS J 2020; 288:6095-6111. [PMID: 33022843 PMCID: PMC8597086 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The anthracycline drug doxorubicin is among the most used—and useful—chemotherapeutics. While doxorubicin is highly effective in the treatment of various hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumours, its application is limited by severe adverse effects, including irreversible cardiotoxicity, therapy‐related malignancies and gonadotoxicity. This continues to motivate investigation into the mechanisms of anthracycline activities and toxicities, with the aim to overcome the latter without sacrificing the former. It has long been appreciated that doxorubicin causes DNA double‐strand breaks due to poisoning topoisomerase II. More recently, it became clear that doxorubicin also leads to chromatin damage achieved through eviction of histones from select sites in the genome. Evaluation of these activities in various anthracycline analogues has revealed that chromatin damage makes a major contribution to the efficacy of anthracycline drugs. Furthermore, the DNA‐damaging effect conspires with chromatin damage to cause a number of adverse effects. Structure–activity relationships within the anthracycline family offer opportunities for chemical separation of these activities towards development of effective analogues with limited adverse effects. In this review, we elaborate on our current understanding of the different activities of doxorubicin and their contributions to drug efficacy and side effects. We then offer our perspective on how the activities of this old anticancer drug can be amended in new ways to benefit cancer patients, by providing effective treatment with improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Y van der Zanden
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre LUMC, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaohang Qiao
- Division of Tumour Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE Institute, Leiden University Medical Centre LUMC, The Netherlands
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67
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Eldani M, Luan Y, Xu PC, Bargar T, Kim SY. Continuous treatment with cisplatin induces the oocyte death of primordial follicles without activation. FASEB J 2020; 34:13885-13899. [PMID: 32830364 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001461rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy directly or indirectly affects organs in a short-term or continuous manner. Endocrine organs are especially sensitive to cancer treatment, leading to concerns among patients regarding their quality of life afterward. Side effects to the ovary include damage to the ovarian reserve, resulting in follicle loss, endocrine hormone deficiency, and infertility. It has been previously demonstrated that continuous treatment with 2 mg/kg cisplatin for 15 days can activate primordial follicles, suggesting that the response in the oocytes of primordial follicles was dependent on cisplatin concentration and administration frequency. However, our results demonstrate that continuous treatment with 2 mg/kg cisplatin for 15 days leads to the same consequence as with the continuous treatment of 5 mg/kg cisplatin: the death of oocytes in primordial follicles without indication of activation. Moreover, animals co-injected with melatonin and cisplatin did not display any significant differences from those treated with cisplatin only contrary to the known results. 6-hydroxymelatonin, a metabolite of melatonin, could not prevent follicle destruction, implying that melatonin does not confer the protection of ovarian follicles, either directly or indirectly. Altogether, our data support that fertoprotectants against cisplatin must target molecules that control cell death pathways in the oocytes of primordial follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Eldani
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yi Luan
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pauline C Xu
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tom Bargar
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility (EMCF), University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - So-Youn Kim
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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68
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p63 uses a switch-like mechanism to set the threshold for induction of apoptosis. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1078-1086. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0600-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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69
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Battaglia R, Musumeci P, Ragusa M, Barbagallo D, Scalia M, Zimbone M, Lo Faro JM, Borzì P, Scollo P, Purrello M, Vento EM, Di Pietro C. Ovarian aging increases small extracellular vesicle CD81 + release in human follicular fluid and influences miRNA profiles. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12324-12341. [PMID: 32554857 PMCID: PMC7343446 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian aging affects female reproductive potential and is characterized by alterations in proteins, mRNAs and non-coding RNAs inside the ovarian follicle. Ovarian somatic cells and the oocyte communicate with each other secreting different molecules into the follicular fluid, by extracellular vesicles. The cargo of follicular fluid vesicles may influence female reproductive ability; accordingly, analysis of extracellular vesicle content could provide information about the quality of the female germ cell.In order to identify the most significant deregulated microRNAs in reproductive aging, we quantified the small extracellular vesicles in human follicular fluid from older and younger women and analyzed the expression of microRNAs enclosed inside the vesicles. We found twice as many small extracellular vesicles in the follicular fluid from older women and several differentially expressed microRNAs. Correlating microRNA expression profiles with vesicle number, we selected 46 deregulated microRNAs associated with aging. Bioinformatic analyses allowed us to identify six miRNAs involved in TP53 signaling pathways. Specifically, miR-16-5p, miR214-3p and miR-449a were downregulated and miR-125b, miR-155-5p and miR-372 were upregulated, influencing vesicle release, oocyte maturation and stress response. We believe that this approach allowed us to identify a battery of microRNAs strictly related to female reproductive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Battaglia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Paolo Musumeci
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Marco Ragusa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.,Oasi Research Institue-IRCCS, Troina 94018, Italy
| | - Davide Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Marina Scalia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | | | - Josè Maria Lo Faro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.,CNR-IMM, Catania 95123, Italy.,IPCF-CNR, viale F. Messina 98158, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Scollo
- IVF Unit, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - Michele Purrello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
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70
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Dobbelstein M, Levine AJ. Mdm2: Open questions. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2203-2211. [PMID: 32335977 PMCID: PMC7385351 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mdm2 oncoprotein and its association with p53 were discovered 30 years ago, and a cornucopia of activities and regulatory pathways have been associated with it. In this review, we will raise questions about Mdm2 and its cousin Mdm4 that we consider worth pursuing in future research, reaching from molecular structures and intracellular activities all the way to development, evolution, and cancer therapy. We anticipate that such research will not only close a few gaps in our knowledge but could add new dimensions to our current view. This compilation of questions contributes to the preparation for the 10th Mdm2 Workshop in Tokyo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dobbelstein
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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71
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Spears N, Lopes F, Stefansdottir A, Rossi V, De Felici M, Anderson RA, Klinger FG. Ovarian damage from chemotherapy and current approaches to its protection. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 25:673-693. [PMID: 31600388 PMCID: PMC6847836 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-cancer therapy is often a cause of premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility since the ovarian follicle reserve is extremely sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While oocyte, embryo and ovarian cortex cryopreservation can help some women with cancer-induced infertility achieve pregnancy, the development of effective methods to protect ovarian function during chemotherapy would be a significant advantage. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This paper critically discusses the different damaging effects of the most common chemotherapeutic compounds on the ovary, in particular, the ovarian follicles and the molecular pathways that lead to that damage. The mechanisms through which fertility-protective agents might prevent chemotherapy drug-induced follicle loss are then reviewed. SEARCH METHODS Articles published in English were searched on PubMed up to March 2019 using the following terms: ovary, fertility preservation, chemotherapy, follicle death, adjuvant therapy, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, doxorubicin. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the analysis of the protective agents. OUTCOMES Recent studies reveal how chemotherapeutic drugs can affect the different cellular components of the ovary, causing rapid depletion of the ovarian follicular reserve. The three most commonly used drugs, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and doxorubicin, cause premature ovarian insufficiency by inducing death and/or accelerated activation of primordial follicles and increased atresia of growing follicles. They also cause an increase in damage to blood vessels and the stromal compartment and increment inflammation. In the past 20 years, many compounds have been investigated as potential protective agents to counteract these adverse effects. The interactions of recently described fertility-protective agents with these damage pathways are discussed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Understanding the mechanisms underlying the action of chemotherapy compounds on the various components of the ovary is essential for the development of efficient and targeted pharmacological therapies that could protect and prolong female fertility. While there are increasing preclinical investigations of potential fertility preserving adjuvants, there remains a lack of approaches that are being developed and tested clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Spears
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - F Lopes
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | | | - V Rossi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - F G Klinger
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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72
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PABPN1, a Target of p63, Modulates Keratinocyte Differentiation through Regulation of p63α mRNA Translation. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2166-2177.e6. [PMID: 32243883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
p63 is expressed from two promoters and produces two N-terminal isoforms, TAp63 and ΔNp63. Alternative splicing creates three C-terminal isoforms p63α, p63β, and p63δ, whereas alternative polyadenylation (APA) in coding sequence creates two more C-terminal isoforms p63γ and p63ε. Although several transcription factors have been identified to differentially regulate the N-terminal p63 isoforms, it is unclear how the C-terminal p63 isoforms are regulated. Thus, we determined whether PABPN1, a key regulator of APA, may differentially regulate the C-terminal p63 isoforms. We found that PABPN1 deficiency increases p63γ mRNA through APA in coding sequence. We also found that PABPN1 is necessary for p63α translation by modulating the binding of translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF4G to p63α mRNA. Moreover, we found that the p53 family, especially p63α, regulates PABPN1 transcription, suggesting that the mutual regulation between p63 and PABPN1 forms a feedback loop. Furthermore, we found that PABPN1 deficiency inhibits keratinocyte cell growth, which can be rescued by ectopic ΔNp63α. Finally, we found that PABPN1 controls the terminal differentiation of HaCaT keratinocytes by modulating ΔNp63α expression. Taken together, our findings suggest that PABPN1 is a key regulator of the C-terminal p63 isoforms through APA in coding sequence and mRNA translation and that the p63-PABPN1 loop modulates p63 activity and the APA landscape.
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73
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Effects of Human Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell (hAD-MSC) Transplantation In Situ on Primary Ovarian Insufficiency in SD Rats. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1502-1512. [PMID: 31953773 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hAD-MSC) transplantation can repair ovarian injury and improve ovarian function in rats with chemotherapy-induced primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, ensuring that stem cells home to the ovary to improve their effects on ovarian injury is challenging. This research aimed to directly inject ovarian tissue with hAD-MSCs and improve the homing of stem cells to the ovary. The animals were divided into POI, hAD-MSC (tail vein) treatment, hAD-MSC (in situ) treatment, and control groups. POI rat models were established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and busulfan (BUS). The hAD-MSCs isolated from the amnion were injected into the tail vein or ovary of POI rats. The estrous cycle, serum sex hormone levels, follicle counts, ovarian pathological changes, and proteome of the ovaries were evaluated. hAD-MSCs were successfully isolated and cultured from the amnion. Both hAD-MSC (tail vein) and hAD-MSC (in situ) transplantation increased body weight, improved the AMH levels and follicle numbers, and reduced reproductive organ injuries in POI rats. Transplantation of hAD-MSCs (in situ) upregulated 24 proteins and downregulated 4 proteins. Both hAD-MSC (tail vein) and hAD-MSC (in situ) transplantations can repair ovarian injury and improve ovarian function in rats with chemotherapy-induced POI. The paracrine proteome of hAD-MSCs in the ovarian microenvironment can protect against chemotherapy-induced damage by reducing apoptosis and promoting angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and gene expression.
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74
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Crosstalk between PTEN/PI3K/Akt Signalling and DNA Damage in the Oocyte: Implications for Primordial Follicle Activation, Oocyte Quality and Ageing. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010200. [PMID: 31947601 PMCID: PMC7016612 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservation of genome integrity in the mammalian female germline from primordial follicle arrest to activation of growth to oocyte maturation is fundamental to ensure reproductive success. As oocytes are formed before birth and may remain dormant for many years, it is essential that defence mechanisms are monitored and well maintained. The phosphatase and tensin homolog of chromosome 10 (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) is a major signalling pathway governing primordial follicle recruitment and growth. This pathway also contributes to cell growth, survival and metabolism, and to the maintenance of genomic integrity. Accelerated primordial follicle activation through this pathway may result in a compromised DNA damage response (DDR). Additionally, the distinct DDR mechanisms in oocytes may become less efficient with ageing. This review considers DNA damage surveillance mechanisms and their links to the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, impacting on the DDR during growth activation of primordial follicles, and in ovarian ageing. Targeting DDR mechanisms within oocytes may be of value in developing techniques to protect ovaries against chemotherapy and in advancing clinical approaches to regulate primordial follicle activation.
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75
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Lopes F, Liu J, Morgan S, Matthews R, Nevin L, Anderson RA, Spears N. Single and combined effects of cisplatin and doxorubicin on the human and mouse ovary in vitro. Reproduction 2019; 159:193-204. [PMID: 31821159 PMCID: PMC6993208 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs are administered to patients using combination regimens, and as such the possibility of multiplicative effects between drugs need to be investigated. This study examines the individual and combined effects of the chemotherapy drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin on the human ovary. Although cisplatin and doxorubicin are known to affect female fertility, there is limited information about their direct effects on the human ovary, and none examining the possibility of combined, multiplicative effects of co-exposure to these drugs. Here, human ovarian biopsies were obtained from 14 women at the time of caesarean section, with 38 mouse ovaries also obtained from neonatal C57Bl/6J mice. Tissue was cultured for 6 days prior to analyses, with chemotherapy drugs added to culture medium on the second day of culture only. Treatment groups of a single (5 μg/mL human; 0.5 μg/mL mouse) or double (10 μg/mL human; 1.0 μg/mL mouse) dose of cisplatin, a single (1 μg/mL human; 0.05 μg/mL mouse) or double (2 μg/mL human; 0.1 μg/mL mouse) dose of doxorubicin or a combination of a single dose of both drugs together were compared to controls without drug exposure. Exposure to cisplatin or doxorubicin significantly decreased follicle health in human and mouse, supporting the suitability of the mouse as a model for the human ovary. There was also a significant reduction of mouse follicle number. Human ovarian stromal tissue exhibited increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation. Crucially, there was no evidence indicating the occurrence of multiplicative effects between cisplatin and doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lopes
- F Lopes, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jin Liu
- J Liu, Department of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Stephanie Morgan
- S Morgan, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rebecca Matthews
- R Matthews, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lucy Nevin
- L Nevin, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Richard A Anderson
- R Anderson, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Norah Spears
- N Spears, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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76
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Ultra-thin fluorocarbon foils optimise multiscale imaging of three-dimensional native and optically cleared specimens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17292. [PMID: 31754183 PMCID: PMC6872575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In three-dimensional light microscopy, the heterogeneity of the optical density in a specimen ultimately limits the achievable penetration depth and hence the three-dimensional resolution. The most direct approach to reduce aberrations, improve the contrast and achieve an optimal resolution is to minimise the impact of changes of the refractive index along an optical path. Many implementations of light sheet fluorescence microscopy operate with a large chamber filled with an aqueous immersion medium and a further inner container with the specimen embedded in a possibly entirely different non-aqueous medium. In order to minimise the impact of the latter on the optical quality of the images, we use multi-facetted cuvettes fabricated from vacuum-formed ultra-thin fluorocarbon (FEP) foils. The ultra-thin FEP-foil cuvettes have a wall thickness of about 10–12 µm. They are impermeable to liquids, but not to gases, inert, durable, mechanically stable and flexible. Importantly, the usually fragile specimen can remain in the same cuvette from seeding to fixation, clearing and observation, without the need to remove or remount it during any of these steps. We confirm the improved imaging performance of ultra-thin FEP-foil cuvettes with excellent quality images of whole organs such us mouse oocytes, of thick tissue sections from mouse brain and kidney as well as of dense pancreas and liver organoid clusters. Our ultra-thin FEP-foil cuvettes outperform many other sample-mounting techniques in terms of a full separation of the specimen from the immersion medium, compatibility with aqueous and organic clearing media, quick specimen mounting without hydrogel embedding and their applicability for multiple-view imaging and automated image segmentation. Additionally, we show that ultra-thin FEP foil cuvettes are suitable for seeding and growing organoids over a time period of at least ten days. The new cuvettes allow the fixation and staining of specimens inside the holder, preserving the delicate morphology of e.g. fragile, mono-layered three-dimensional organoids.
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77
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Smirnov A, Anemona L, Novelli F, Piro CM, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G, Candi E. p63 Is a Promising Marker in the Diagnosis of Unusual Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5781. [PMID: 31744230 PMCID: PMC6888618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide. Ozone depletion and climate changes might cause a further increase in the incidence rate in the future. Although the early detection of skin cancer enables it to be treated successfully, some tumours can evolve and become more aggressive, especially in the case of melanoma. Therefore, good diagnostic and prognostic markers are needed to ensure correct detection and treatment. Transcription factor p63, a member of the p53 family of proteins, plays an essential role in the development of stratified epithelia such as skin. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive review of p63 expression in different types of skin cancer and discuss its possible use in the diagnosis and prognosis of cutaneous tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Smirnov
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Anemona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Novelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina M. Piro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- MRC-Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata-IRCCS, 00163 Rome, Italy
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78
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Kim SY, Cho GJ, Davis JS. Consequences of chemotherapeutic agents on primordial follicles and future clinical applications. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2019; 62:382-390. [PMID: 31777733 PMCID: PMC6856479 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2019.62.6.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovarian reserve is necessary for female fertility and endocrine health. Commonly used cancer therapies diminish the ovarian reserve, thus, resulting in primary ovarian insufficiency, which clinically presents as infertility and endocrine dysfunction. Prepubertal children who have undergone cancer therapies often experience delayed puberty or cannot initiate puberty and require endocrine support to maintain a normal life. Thus, developing an effective intervention to prevent loss of the ovarian reserve is an unmet need for these cancer patients. The selection of adjuvant therapies to protect the ovarian reserve against cancer therapies underlies the mechanism of loss of primordial follicles (PFs). Several theories have been proposed to explain the loss of PFs. The "burn out" theory postulates that chemotherapeutic agents activate dormant PFs through an activation pathway. Another theory posits that chemotherapeutic agents destroy PFs through an "apoptotic pathway" due to high sensitivity to DNA damage. However, the mechanisms causing loss of the ovarian reserve remains largely speculative. Here, we review current literature in this area and consider the mechanisms of how gonadotoxic therapies deplete PFs in the ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Kim
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geum Joon Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - John S. Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
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79
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Kinase-independent inhibition of cyclophosphamide-induced pathways protects the ovarian reserve and prolongs fertility. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:726. [PMID: 31562295 PMCID: PMC6765024 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure and infertility are adverse effects of cancer therapies. The mechanism underlying chemotherapy-mediated depletion of the ovarian reserve remains unclear. Here, we aim to identify the signaling pathways involved in the loss of the ovarian reserve to prevent the damaging effects of chemotherapy. We evaluated the effects of cyclophosphamide, one of the most damaging chemotherapeutic drugs, against follicle reserve. In vivo studies showed that the cyclophosphamide-induced loss of ovarian reserve occurred through a sequential mechanism. Cyclophosphamide exposure induced the activation of both DNAPK-γH2AX-checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2)-p53/TAp63α isoform and protein kinase B (AKT)-forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) signaling axes in the nucleus of oocytes. Concomitant administration of an allosteric ABL inhibitor and cyclophosphamide modulated both pathways while protecting the ovarian reserve from chemotherapy assaults. As a consequence, the fertility of the treated mice was prolonged. On the contrary, the administration of an allosteric ABL activator enhanced the lethal effects of cyclophosphamide while shortening mouse fertility. Therefore, kinase-independent inhibition may serve as an effective ovarian-protective strategy in women under chemotherapy.
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80
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Ovarian Follicle Depletion Induced by Chemotherapy and the Investigational Stages of Potential Fertility-Protective Treatments-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194720. [PMID: 31548505 PMCID: PMC6801789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian follicle pool depletion, infertility, and premature menopause are all known sequelae of cancer treatment that negatively impact the quality of life of young cancer survivors. The mechanisms involved in this undesired iatrogenic ovarian damage have been intensively studied, but many of them remain unclear. Several chemotherapeutic drugs have been shown to induce direct and indirect DNA-damage and/or cellular stress, which are often followed by apoptosis and/or autophagy. Damage to the ovarian micro-vessel network induced by chemotherapeutic agents also seems to contribute to ovarian dysfunction. Another proposed mechanism behind ovarian follicle pool depletion is the overactivation of primordial follicles from the quiescent pool; however, current experimental data are inconsistent regarding these effects. There is great interest in characterizing the mechanisms involved in ovarian damage because this might lead to the identification of potentially protective substances as possible future therapeutics. Research in this field is still at an experimental stage, and further investigations are needed to develop effective and individualized treatments for clinical application. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge and the proposed hypothesis behind chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage, as well as current knowledge on possible co-treatments that might protect the ovary and the follicles from such damages.
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81
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TA*p63 and GTAp63 achieve tighter transcriptional regulation in quality control by converting an inhibitory element into an additional transactivation domain. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:686. [PMID: 31527723 PMCID: PMC6746776 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The p53 homolog p63 plays important roles in development of epithelial tissues and quality control in germ cells. These two functions are executed by two distinct isoforms of p63. They are created by different promotors resulting in isoforms having either an N-terminal transactivation domain (TAp63) or a truncated form (ΔNp63). In addition to these two N-terminal isoforms a third one with an even longer N-terminus, named TA*p63, has been found. A fourth N-terminal isoform, GTAp63, that closely resembles TA*p63 was discovered in male germ cells where it is involved in genetic quality control. Here, we characterize TA*p63α and GTAp63α and show that their N-terminal extensions stabilize the closed and only dimeric conformation adopted by the shorter TAp63α protein. Both proteins can be activated by the two kinases Chk2 and CK1 resulting in the open tetrameric state. In this conformation, the N-terminal extension acts as an additional transactivation domain enhancing transcriptional activity. Through this mechanism, the difference in transcriptional activity between the repressed and the active state of the protein gets enhanced relative to TAp63α. Finally, we show by mass spectrometry that TA*p63α is expressed in the breast cancer cell line Sum159 at the protein level together with mutant p53. Upon doxorubicin treatment, TA*p63α gets activated, providing a potential new tool to fight cancer.
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Wang Y, Liu M, Johnson SB, Yuan G, Arriba AK, Zubizarreta ME, Chatterjee S, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Xiao S. Doxorubicin obliterates mouse ovarian reserve through both primordial follicle atresia and overactivation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 381:114714. [PMID: 31437492 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian toxicity and infertility are major side effects of cancer therapy in young female cancer patients. We and others have previously demonstrated that doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic chemicals, has a dose-dependent toxicity on growing follicles. However, it is not fully understood if the primordial follicles are the direct or indirect target of DOX. Using both prepubertal and young adult female mouse models, we comprehensively investigated the effect of DOX on all developmental stages of follicles, determined the impact of DOX on primordial follicle survival, activation, and development, as well as compared the impact of age on DOX-induced ovarian toxicity. Twenty-one-day-old CD-1 female mice were intraperitoneally injected with PBS or clinically relevant dose of DOX at 10 mg/kg once. Results indicated that DOX primarily damaged granulosa cells in growing follicles and oocytes in primordial follicles and DOX-induced growing follicle apoptosis was associated with the primordial follicle overactivation. Using the 5-day-old female mice with a more uniform primordial follicle population, our data revealed that DOX also directly promoted primordial follicle death and the DNA damage-TAp63α-C-CASP3 pathway was involved in DOX-induced primordial follicle oocyte apoptosis. Compared to 21-day- and 8-week-old female mice that were treated with the same dose of DOX, the 5-day-old mice had the most severe primordial follicle loss as well as the least degree of primordial follicle overactivation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DOX obliterates mouse ovarian reserve through both primordial follicle atresia and overactivation and the DOX-induced ovarian toxicity is age dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Sarah B Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Gehui Yuan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Hygienic Analysis and Detection, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Alana K Arriba
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Maria E Zubizarreta
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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84
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Cai BH, Chao CF, Huang HC, Lee HY, Kannagi R, Chen JY. Roles of p53 Family Structure and Function in Non-Canonical Response Element Binding and Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153681. [PMID: 31357595 PMCID: PMC6696488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 canonical consensus sequence is a 10-bp repeat of PuPuPuC(A/T)(A/T)GPyPyPy, separated by a spacer with up to 13 bases. C(A/T)(A/T)G is the core sequence and purine (Pu) and pyrimidine (Py) bases comprise the flanking sequence. However, in the p53 noncanonical sequences, there are many variations, such as length of consensus sequence, variance of core sequence or flanking sequence, and variance in number of bases making up the spacer or AT gap composition. In comparison to p53, the p53 family members p63 and p73 have been found to have more tolerance to bind and activate several of these noncanonical sequences. The p53 protein forms monomers, dimers, and tetramers, and its nonspecific binding domain is well-defined; however, those for p63 or p73 are still not fully understood. Study of p63 and p73 structure to determine the monomers, dimers or tetramers to bind and regulate noncanonical sequence is a new challenge which is crucial to obtaining a complete picture of structure and function in order to understand how p63 and p73 regulate genes differently from p53. In this review, we will summarize the rules of p53 family non-canonical sequences, especially focusing on the structure of p53 family members in the regulation of specific target genes. In addition, we will compare different software programs for prediction of p53 family responsive elements containing parameters with canonical or non-canonical sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-He Cai
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Faye Chao
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yi Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Jang-Yi Chen
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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85
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DNA damage in aging, the stem cell perspective. Hum Genet 2019; 139:309-331. [PMID: 31324975 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is one of the most consistent cellular process proposed to contribute to aging. The maintenance of genomic and epigenomic integrity is critical for proper function of cells and tissues throughout life, and this homeostasis is under constant strain from both extrinsic and intrinsic insults. Considering the relationship between lifespan and genotoxic burden, it is plausible that the longest-lived cellular populations would face an accumulation of DNA damage over time. Tissue-specific stem cells are multipotent populations residing in localized niches and are responsible for maintaining all lineages of their resident tissue/system throughout life. However, many of these stem cells are impacted by genotoxic stress. Several factors may dictate the specific stem cell population response to DNA damage, including the niche location, life history, and fate decisions after damage accrual. This leads to differential handling of DNA damage in different stem cell compartments. Given the importance of adult stem cells in preserving normal tissue function during an individual's lifetime, DNA damage sensitivity and accumulation in these compartments could have crucial implications for aging. Despite this, more support for direct functional effects driven by accumulated DNA damage in adult stem cell compartments is needed. This review will present current evidence for the accumulation and potential influence of DNA damage in adult tissue-specific stem cells and propose inquiry directions that could benefit individual healthspan.
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86
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Imatinib mesylate does not counteract ovarian tissue fibrosis in postnatal rat ovary. Reprod Biol 2019; 19:133-138. [PMID: 31080158 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy may result in ovarian atrophy, a depletion of the primordial follicle pool, diminished ovarian weight, cortical and stromal fibrosis. Imatinib mesylate is an anticancer agent that inhibits competitively several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). RTKs play important roles in cell metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis. In clinic, imatinib mesylate is also known as an anti-fibrotic medicine. In the present study, the impact of imatinib on the ovarian tissue was investigated by assessing ovarian tissue fibrosis in postnatal rat administered with or without imatinib for three days. Fibrosis in the ovarian tissue was determined by histology (Picrosirius and Masson's trichrome staining) and the protein expression of vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Furthermore, mRNA expression of Forkhead box transcription factor O1 and O3 (FOXO1 and FOXO3), which are markers of cell proliferation was quantified. A short-term exposure to imatinib showed to increase tissue fibrosis in ovaries. This was observed by Masson's trichrome staining. Exposure to imatinib led also to a down-regulation of vimentin protein expression and up-regulation mRNA expression of FOXO3. This may indicate a role of FOXO3 in ovarian tissue fibrosis in postnatal rat ovaries.
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87
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Löhr F, Gebel J, Henrich E, Hein C, Dötsch V. Towards complete polypeptide backbone NH assignment via combinatorial labeling. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 302:50-63. [PMID: 30959416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial selective isotope labeling is a valuable tool to facilitate polypeptide backbone resonance assignment in cases of low sensitivity or extensive chemical shift degeneracy. It involves recording of 15N-HSQC and 2D HN-projections of triple-resonance spectra on a limited set of samples containing different combinations of labeled and unlabeled amino acid types. Using labeling schemes in which the three backbone heteronuclei (amide nitrogen, α-carbon and carbonyl carbon) are enriched in 15N or 13C isotopes - individually as well as simultaneously - usually yields abundant amino-acid type information of consecutive residues i and i - 1. Although this results in a large number of anchor points that can be used in the sequential assignment process, for most amide signals the exact positioning of the corresponding residue the polypeptide sequence still relies on matching intra- and interresidual 13C chemical shifts obtained from 3D spectra. An obvious way to obtain more sequence-specific assignments directly with combinatorial labeling would be to increase the number of samples. This is, however, undesirable because of increased sample preparation efforts and costs. Irrespective of the number of samples, unambiguous assignments cannot be accomplished for i - 1/i pairs that are not unique in the sequence. Here we show that the ambiguity for non-unique pairs can be resolved by including information about the labeling state of residues i + 1 and i - 2. Application to a 35-residue peptide resulted in complete assignments of all detectable signals in the 15N HSQC which, due to its repetitive sequence and 13C chemical shift degeneracies, was difficult to achieve by other means. For a medium-sized protein (165 residues, rotational correlation time 8.2 ns) the improved protocol allowed the extent of backbone amide assignment to be expanded to 88% solely using a suite of 2D 1H-15N correlated spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry & Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry & Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Erik Henrich
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry & Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christopher Hein
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry & Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry & Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Abstract
Despite the sequence similarity, the p53 family members are involved in different biological processes due to distinct expression patterns and transcriptional programs. In this issue of Structure,Krauskopf et al. (2018) reveal a different structural organization in the transactivation domains of these transcriptional factors, helping in defining a structural-functional correlation.
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Abstract
This paper surveys some of the important insights that molecular evolution has contributed to evolutionary medicine; they include phage therapy, cancer biology, helminth manipulation of the host immune system, quality control of gametes, and pathogen outbreaks. Molecular evolution has helped to revolutionize our understanding of cancer, of autoimmune disease, and of the origin, spread, and pathogenesis of emerging diseases, where it has suggested new therapies, illuminated mechanisms, and revealed historical processes: all have practical therapeutic implications. While much has been accomplished, much remains to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Stearns
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, New Haven, CT, 06520-8106, USA.
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90
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Wen J, Yan H, He M, Zhang T, Mu X, Wang H, Zhang H, Xia G, Wang C. GSK-3β protects fetal oocytes from premature death via modulating TAp63 expression in mice. BMC Biol 2019; 17:23. [PMID: 30866939 PMCID: PMC6417224 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Female mammals have a limited reproductive lifespan determined by the size of the primordial follicle pool established perinatally. Over two thirds of fetal oocytes are abolished via programmed cell death during early folliculogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms governing fetal oocyte attrition remain largely elusive. Results Here, we demonstrate that glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) is indispensable for fetal oocyte maintenance during meiotic prophase I in mice. In vitro inhibition of GSK-3β activity or in vivo conditional deletion of Gsk-3β in the germline led to a dramatic loss of fetal oocytes via apoptosis, which subsequently resulted in a reduced capacity of the primordial follicle pool. Inhibition of GSK-3β also impeded meiotic progression in fetal oocytes and led to a deficiency in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair associated with premature upregulation of Tap63, the major genome guardian of the female germline, following GSK-3β inhibition in fetal ovaries. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that aberrant nuclear translocation of β-catenin was responsible for the abnormal expression of TAp63 and global fetal oocyte attrition following GSK-3β inhibition. Conclusions In summary, GSK-3β was essential for sustaining fetal oocyte survival and folliculogenesis via fine-tuning the cytoplasmic-nuclear translocation of β-catenin, which in turn modulates timely TAp63 expression during meiotic prophase I in mice. Our study provides a perspective on the physiological regulatory role of DNA damage checkpoint signaling in fetal oocyte guardianship and female fertility. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-019-0641-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meina He
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyi Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, 539 W Helanshan Road, Xixia District, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, College of Life Science, Ningxia University, 539 W Helanshan Road, Xixia District, Yinchuan, 750021, Ningxia, China.
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91
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Luan Y, Edmonds ME, Woodruff TK, Kim SY. Inhibitors of apoptosis protect the ovarian reserve from cyclophosphamide. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:243-256. [PMID: 30530902 PMCID: PMC6540791 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy can cause off-target effects including ovarian damage, which may result in primary ovarian insufficiency in girls and premenopausal women. Loss of ovarian follicles within the ovarian reserve leads to ovarian endocrine dysfunction and impaired fertility. Cyclophosphamide (CPA), a commonly used chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressant agent, is a gonadotoxic agent that destroys ovarian cells by crosslinking DNA. To protect the ovary against CPA damage, we sought to precisely map the mechanism by which the ovarian reserve is depleted by CPA. We found that CPA specifically depletes primordial follicles without affecting primary and secondary follicles in three independent murine strains (CD-1, C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ) in vivo. We directly tested the effect of the active metabolite of CPA, 1 μM 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophophamide (4-HC), in vitro and confirmed the loss of primordial oocytes but no change in the number of primary and secondary follicles. We demonstrated that phospho-AKT (p-AKT) and cleaved PARP (cPARP) are present in primordial oocytes 3 days after CPA injection, consistent with the role of these markers as part of the apoptotic cascade. Interestingly, p-AKT positive primordial oocytes co-expressed cPARP. Treatment of animals with specific inhibitors of apoptotic pathway components, ETP46464 and CHK2, blocked 4-HC‒induced DNA damage in vitro. These data suggest that CPA targets primordial germ cells in the ovarian reserve by stimulating apoptosis pathways. Adjuvant therapies to protect primordial germ cells from the off-target effects of CPA may reduce the risk of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luan
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maxwell E Edmonds
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - So-Youn Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985860 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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92
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Liebenthron J, Montag M, Reinsberg J, Köster M, Isachenko V, van der Ven K, van der Ven H, Krüssel JS, von Wolff M. Overnight ovarian tissue transportation for centralized cryobanking: a feasible option. Reprod Biomed Online 2019; 38:740-749. [PMID: 30733076 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Is overnight transportation of ovarian tissue before cryopreservation in a centralized cryobank from the FertiPROTEKT network feasible? DESIGN Data from 1810 women with cryopreserved ovarian tissue after overnight transportation from December 2000 to December 2017 were analysed with a focus on transportation, tissue activity parameters and pregnancy, and delivery rates after transplantation. RESULTS A total of 92.4% of tissue samples arrived at ideal temperatures of 2-8°C, 0.4% were transported at temperatures lower than ideal and 6.4% were transported at temperatures that were too high, generally due to mishandling of the inlayed cool packs of the transportation boxes. In 62 women, 78 tissue transplantations were carried out. A subgroup of 30 women who underwent a single orthotopic transplantation with fulfilled criteria of a complete follow-up after transplantation until the end of study, a premature ovarian insufficiency after gonadotoxic therapy as well as the absence of pelvic radiation, was further analysed. In this group, transplantations into a peritoneal pocket accounted for 90%. Transplants were still active at 1 year and above after transplantation in 93.3%. Pregnancy and delivery rates were 46.7% and 43.3%, respectively, with one ongoing pregnancy at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS Overnight transportation for central cryobanking is a feasible concept that results in high reproducible success rates through standardized professional tissue freezing and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Liebenthron
- UniCareD, University Cryobank for Assisted Reproductive Medicine and Fertility Protection at UniKiD, University Women's Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Markus Montag
- Ilabcomm GmbH, Eisenachstr. 34, Augustin 53757 St., Germany
| | - Jochen Reinsberg
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53125, Germany
| | - Maria Köster
- KWZ Germany GmbH, Joseph-Schumpeter-Allee 1, Bonn 53227, Germany
| | - Vladimir Isachenko
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Clinic Cologne, Kerpener Straße 34, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Katrin van der Ven
- MVZ für Frauenheilkunde und IvF-Medizin Bonn GbR, Godesberger Allee 64, Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Hans van der Ven
- MVZ für Frauenheilkunde und IvF-Medizin Bonn GbR, Godesberger Allee 64, Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Jan-Steffen Krüssel
- UniCareD, University Cryobank for Assisted Reproductive Medicine and Fertility Protection at UniKiD, University Women's Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Michael von Wolff
- University Women's Hospital Bern, Division of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Effingerstrasse 102, Bern 3010, Switzerland
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93
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Bildik G, Acılan C, Sahin GN, Karahuseyinoglu S, Oktem O. C-Abl is not actıvated in DNA damage-induced and Tap63-mediated oocyte apoptosıs in human ovary. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:943. [PMID: 30237472 PMCID: PMC6148240 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is a controversy in literature as to whether c-Abl is crucial for the induction of TAp63-mediated apoptosis and whether that inhibition of c-Abl with imatinib, which was designed to inhibit the oncogenic kinase BCR-ABL and c-kit, protects oocytes from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in mice. No human data are available on this issue. We therefore aimed to explore whether genomic damage induced by chemotherapy drug cisplatin activates c-Abl along with TAp63 and the inhibition of c-Abl with imatinib prevents cisplatin-induced oocyte death and follicle loss in human ovary. Exposure to cisplatin induced DNA damage, activated TAp63 and SAPK/JNK pathway, and triggered apoptosis in the oocytes and granulosa cells. However, TAp63 activation after cisplatin was not associated with any increase in the expression of c-Abl. Imatinib did not prevent cisplatin-induced apoptosis of the granulosa cells or oocytes. Moreover, treatment with this drug resulted in the formation of bizarre shaped follicles lacking oocytes and increased follicular atresia by inducing apoptosis of granulosa cells and oocytes. Similar toxic effects were observed when ovarian tissue samples were incubated with a c-kit antagonist drug anti-CD117, but not with another c-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor GNF-2, which lacks an inhibitory action on c-kit. Intraperitoneal administration of imatinib to the xenografted animals produced similar histomorphological abnormalities in the follicles in human ovarian grafts and did not prevent cisplatin-induced follicle loss when co-administered with cisplatin. Our findings provide, for the first time, a molecular evidence for ovarian toxicity of this drug in human. Furthermore, this study together with two previous case reports of a severely compromised ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation and premature ovarian failure in patients, while receiving imatinib, further heighten the concerns about its potential gonadotoxicity on human ovary and urge caution in its use in young female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Bildik
- Graduate School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Acılan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Nur Sahin
- Graduate School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sercin Karahuseyinoglu
- Graduate School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Oktem
- Graduate School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Translational Research Laboratory in Reproduction and Cancer, Division Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Stringer JM, Winship A, Liew SH, Hutt K. The capacity of oocytes for DNA repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2777-2792. [PMID: 29748894 PMCID: PMC11105623 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female fertility and offspring health are critically dependent on the maintenance of an adequate supply of high-quality oocytes. Like somatic cells, oocytes are subject to a variety of different types of DNA damage arising from endogenous cellular processes and exposure to exogenous genotoxic stressors. While the repair of intentionally induced DNA double strand breaks in gametes during meiotic recombination is well characterised, less is known about the ability of oocytes to repair pathological DNA damage and the relative contribution of DNA repair to oocyte quality is not well defined. This review will discuss emerging data suggesting that oocytes are in fact capable of efficient DNA repair and that DNA repair may be an important mechanism for ensuring female fertility, as well as the transmission of high-quality genetic material to subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Stringer
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy Winship
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Seng H Liew
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karla Hutt
- Ovarian Biology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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95
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Kim SY, Nair DM, Romero M, Serna VA, Koleske AJ, Woodruff TK, Kurita T. Transient inhibition of p53 homologs protects ovarian function from two distinct apoptotic pathways triggered by anticancer therapies. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:502-515. [PMID: 29988075 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapies can result in ovarian insufficiency by reducing the ovarian reserve, a reduction believed to result from apoptosis of immature oocytes via activation/phosphorylation of TAp63α by multiple kinases including CHEK2, CK1, and ABL1. Here we demonstrate that cisplatin (CDDP) induces oocyte apoptosis through a novel pathway and that temporary repression of this pathway fully preserves ovarian function in vivo. Although ABL kinase inhibitors effectively block CDDP-induced apoptosis of oocytes, oocytic ABL1, and ABL2 are dispensable for damage-induced apoptosis. Instead, CDDP activates TAp63α through the ATR > CHEK1 pathway independent of TAp63α hyper-phosphorylation, whereas X-irradiation activates the ATM > CHEK2 > TAp63α-hyper-phosphorylation pathway. Furthermore, oocyte-specific deletion of Trp73 partially protects oocytes from CDDP but not from X-ray, highlighting the fundamental differences of two pathways. Nevertheless, temporary repression of DNA damage response by a kinase inhibitor that attenuates phosphorylation of ATM, ATR, CHEK1, and CHEK2 fully preserves fertility in female mice against CDDP as well as X-ray. Our current study establishes the molecular basis and feasibility of adjuvant therapies to protect ovarian function against two distinctive gonadotoxic therapeutics, CDDP, and ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Devi M Nair
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Megan Romero
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vanida A Serna
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Takeshi Kurita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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96
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Krauskopf K, Gebel J, Kazemi S, Tuppi M, Löhr F, Schäfer B, Koch J, Güntert P, Dötsch V, Kehrloesser S. Regulation of the Activity in the p53 Family Depends on the Organization of the Transactivation Domain. Structure 2018; 26:1091-1100.e4. [PMID: 30099987 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite high sequence homology among the p53 family members, the regulation of their transactivation potential is based on strikingly different mechanisms. Previous studies revealed that the activity of TAp63α is regulated via an autoinhibitory mechanism that keeps inactive TAp63α in a dimeric conformation. While all p73 isoforms are constitutive tetramers, their basal activity is much lower compared with tetrameric TAp63. We show that the dimeric state of TAp63α not only reduces DNA binding affinity, but also suppresses interaction with the acetyltransferase p300. Exchange of the transactivation domains is sufficient to transfer the regulatory characteristics between p63 and p73. Structure determination of the transactivation domains of p63 and p73 in complex with the p300 Taz2 domain further revealed that, in contrast to p53 and p73, p63 has a single transactivation domain. Sequences essential for stabilizing the closed dimer of TAp63α have evolved into a second transactivation domain in p73 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Krauskopf
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sina Kazemi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Löhr
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Birgit Schäfer
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Peter Güntert
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kehrloesser
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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97
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Nguyen QN, Zerafa N, Liew SH, Morgan FH, Strasser A, Scott CL, Findlay JK, Hickey M, Hutt KJ. Loss of PUMA protects the ovarian reserve during DNA-damaging chemotherapy and preserves fertility. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:618. [PMID: 29795269 PMCID: PMC5966424 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Female gametes are stored in the ovary in structures called primordial follicles, the supply of which is non-renewable. It is well established that DNA-damaging cancer treatments can deplete the ovarian reserve of primordial follicles, causing premature ovarian failure and infertility. The precise mechanisms underlying this chemotherapy-driven follicle loss are unclear, and this has limited the development of targeted ovarian-protective agents. To address this fundamental knowledge gap, we used gene deletion mouse models to examine the role of the DNA damage-induced pro-apoptotic protein, PUMA, and its transcriptional activator TAp63, in primordial follicle depletion caused by treatment with cyclophosphamide or cisplatin. Cyclophosphamide caused almost complete destruction of the primordial follicle pool in adult wild-type (WT) mice, and a significant destructive effect was also observed for cisplatin. In striking contrast, Puma−/− mice retained 100% of their primordial follicles following either genotoxic treatment. Furthermore, elimination of PUMA alone completely preserved fertility in cyclophosphamide-treated mice, indicating that oocytes rescued from DNA damage-induced death can repair themselves sufficiently to support reproductive function and offspring health. Primordial follicles were also protected in TAp63−/− mice following cisplatin treatment, but not cyclophosphamide, suggesting mechanistic differences in the induction of apoptosis and depletion of the ovarian reserve in response to these different chemotherapies. These studies identify PUMA as a crucial effector of apoptosis responsible for depletion of primordial follicles following exposure to cyclophosphamide or cisplatin, and this indicates that inhibition of PUMA may be an effective ovarian-protective strategy during cancer treatment in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh-Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nadeen Zerafa
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Seng H Liew
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - F Hamish Morgan
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare L Scott
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jock K Findlay
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Martha Hickey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Royal Womens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Karla J Hutt
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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98
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