51
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Chatterjee B, Raza A, Ghosh SS. Developing single-entity theranostic: drug-based fluorescent nanoclusters with augmented cytotoxicity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:283-295. [PMID: 29345211 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop methotrexate (MTX) templated luminescent gold nanoclusters (NCs) as a single unit nanotheranostic for cancer therapy and to assess its potential as an alternative to the parent drug, for drug delivery vehicles (DDVs). METHODS Theranostics were synthesized and extensively characterized. The stability of the theranostic and its bioimaging aptitude were evaluated. The antiproliferative propensity of the theranostic was gauged with cell viability assays and was supplemented with cytometry-based assays. Feasibility of delivering the MTX NCs instead of parent drug on a DDV was also checked. RESULTS MTX NCs displayed remarkable physical characteristics and augmented cytotoxicity with a robust stability in phosphate-buffered saline and serum. MTX NCs also demonstrated their amenability to being loaded on a DDV (chitosan folic acid nanoparticles) while retaining their physical and cytotoxic profile. CONCLUSION Generation of next level drug-based theranostics with the potential of replacing the free drug in drug delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandhan Chatterjee
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Asif Raza
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Akbulak O, Karadag AS, Akdeniz N, Ozkanli S, Ozlu E, Zemheri E, Oguztuzun S. Evaluation of oxidative stress via protein expression of glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome p450 (CYP450) ısoenzymes in psoriasis vulgaris patients treated with methotrexate. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2017; 37:180-185. [DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2017.1369431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Akbulak
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Serap Karadag
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Akdeniz
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyma Ozkanli
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emin Ozlu
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Zemheri
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, SB Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cascão R, Vidal B, Jalmari Finnilä MA, Lopes IP, Teixeira RL, Saarakkala S, Moita LF, Fonseca JE. Effect of celastrol on bone structure and mechanics in arthritic rats. RMD Open 2017; 3:e000438. [PMID: 28955491 PMCID: PMC5604704 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by chronic inflammation leading to articular bone and cartilage damage. Despite recent progress in RA management, adverse effects, lack of efficacy and economic barriers to treatment access still limit therapeutic success. Therefore, safer and less expensive treatments that control inflammation and bone resorption are needed. We have previously shown that celastrol is a candidate for RA treatment. We have observed that it inhibits both interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro, and that it has anti-inflammatory properties and ability to decrease synovial CD68+ macrophages in vivo. Herein our goal was to evaluate the effect of celastrol in local and systemic bone loss. METHODS Celastrol was administrated intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 µg/g/day to female Wistar adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Rats were sacrificed after 22 days of disease progression, and blood, femurs, tibiae and paw samples were collected for bone remodelling markers quantification, 3-point bending test, micro-CT analysis, nanoindentation and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements, and immunohistochemical evaluation. RESULTS We have observed that celastrol preserved articular structures and decreased the number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts present in arthritic joints. Moreover, celastrol reduced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide and C terminal crosslinked telopeptide of type II collagen serum levels. Importantly, celastrol prevented bone loss and bone microarchitecture degradation. Celastrol also preserved bone nanoproperties and mineral content. Additionally, animals treated with celastrol had less fragile bones, as depicted by an increase in maximum load and yield displacement. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that celastrol reduces both bone resorption and cartilage degradation, and preserves bone structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cascão
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Vidal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mikko Arttu Jalmari Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Inês Pascoal Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Lourenço Teixeira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Rheumatology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Rheumatology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
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Griffiths HR, Gao D, Pararasa C. Redox regulation in metabolic programming and inflammation. Redox Biol 2017; 12:50-57. [PMID: 28212523 PMCID: PMC5312548 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism and redox state are intrinsically linked. In order to mount an adequate immune response, cells must have an adequate and rapidly available energy resource to migrate to the inflammatory site, to generate reactive oxygen species using NADPH as a cofactor and to engulf bacteria or damaged tissue. The first responder cells of the innate immune response, neutrophils, are largely dependent on glycolysis. Neutrophils are relatively short-lived, dying via apoptosis in the process of bacterial killing through production of hypochlorous acid and release of extracellular NETs. Later on, the most prevalent recruited innate immune cells are monocytes. Their role is to complete a damage limitation exercise initiated by neutrophils and then, as re-programmed M2 macrophages, to resolve the inflammatory event. Almost twenty five years ago, it was noted that macrophages lose their glycolytic capacity and become anti-inflammatory after treatment with corticosteroids. In support of this we now understand that, in contrast to early responders, M2 macrophages are predominantly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation for energy. During early inflammation, polarisation towards M1 macrophages is dependent on NOX2 activation which, via protein tyrosine phosphatase oxidation and AKT activation, increases trafficking of glucose transporters to the membrane and consequently increases glucose uptake for glycolysis. In parallel, mitochondrial efficiency is likely to be compromised via nitrosylation of the electron transport chain. Resolution of inflammation is triggered by encounter with apoptotic membranes exposing oxidised phosphatidylserine that interact with the scavenger receptor, CD36. Downstream of CD36, activation of AMPK and PPARγ elicits mitochondrial biogenesis, arginase expression and a switch towards oxidative phosphorylation in the M2 macrophage. Proinflammatory cytokine production by M2 cells decreases, but anti-inflammatory and wound healing growth factor production is maintained to support restoration of normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Griffiths
- Departments of Biochemical and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Dan Gao
- Life Sciences, Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chathyan Pararasa
- Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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Soylu Karapinar O, Pinar N, Özcan O, Özgür T, Dolapçıoğlu K. Protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid in methotrexate-induced ovarian oxidative injury and decreased ovarian reserve in rats. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33:653-659. [PMID: 28361557 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1306847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether the possible oxidative effect of methotrexate (Mtx) on ovary and to evaluate the effectiveness of alpha lipoic acid (ALA), which may be useful in many oxidative stress models. Thirty-two female Wistar-albino rats were randomly divided into four groups; control group, alpha lipoic acid group (ALA 100 mg/kg, 10 days), multiple dose Mtx group (Mtx 1 mg/kg 1, 3, 5, 7 days) and Mtx and ALA group (Mtx 1 mg/kg 1, 3, 5, 7 days and ALA 100 mg/kg, 10 days). Serum total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and total ovarian follicle count were evaluated. Mtx administration caused a significant decrease in TAS, a significant increase in TOS and OSI, a significant increase in MDA levels and a decrease in GSH-Px and CAT activity. Moreover the proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) was increased in the Mtx group. And AMH values and total follicle count were significantly decreased in Mtx group. However, ALA treatment reversed biochemical results and AMH levels and total follicle count. Alpha lipoic acid ameliorates methotrexate induced oxidative damage of ovarian in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Soylu Karapinar
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine , Hatay , Turkey
| | - Neslihan Pinar
- b Department of Medical Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay , Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Özcan
- c Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay , Turkey , and
| | - Tümay Özgür
- d Department of Pathology , Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University , Hatay , Turkey
| | - Kenan Dolapçıoğlu
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Mustafa Kemal University Faculty of Medicine , Hatay , Turkey
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Montasser AOS, Saleh H, Ahmed-Farid OA, Saad A, Marie MAS. Protective effects of Balanites aegyptiaca extract, Melatonin and Ursodeoxycholic acid against hepatotoxicity induced by Methotrexate in male rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:557-565. [PMID: 28756919 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the degree of ameliorative effects of Melatonin (MEL), Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and Balanites aegyptiaca (BA) against hepatotoxicity induced by MTX for one month. METHODS Eighty adult male rats (Sprague Dawely) weighing (190 ± 10 g), were randomly divided into eight equal groups: Control, MTX, MEL, BA, UDCA, MTX + MEL, MTX + BA, MTX + UDCA. Liver function biomarker enzymes, liver tissue oxidative stress parameters, together with total antioxidant capacity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were determined. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry examinations for TNF-α were also done. RESULTS MTX showed significant increase in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total and direct bilirubin, as well as TNF-α levels, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), malodialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). Whereas total protein, albumin, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were significantly decreased in MTX treated group. These alterations were improved by MEL and BA treatment, whereas no improvement was noticed in UDCA treatment. CONCLUSIONS BA may be as promising as MEL in the hepatoprotection against MTX toxicity through their antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. In addition, it is not recommended to co-administer UDCA with MTX as it enhanced inflammation and damage to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan Saleh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Cairo University, Giza 12631, Egypt
| | | | - Aida Saad
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza 12553, Egypt
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Ali N, Rashid S, Nafees S, Hasan SK, Shahid A, Majed F, Sultana S. Protective effect of Chlorogenic acid against methotrexate induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rat liver: An experimental approach. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:80-91. [PMID: 28479099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a drug which is used to treat different types of cancers but hepatotoxicity limits its clinical use. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the most abundant naturally occurring polyphenols in the human diet. Here, we assessed the effect of CGA against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and investigated the underlying possible mechanisms in Wistar Rats. Rats were pre-treated with CGA (50 or 100 mg kg/b.w) and administered a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg, b.w.). MTX caused hepatotoxicity as evidenced by significant increase in serum toxicity markers, histopathological changes. decreased activities of anti-oxidant armory (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR) and GSH content. MTX significantly causes upregulation of iNOS, Cox-2, Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 expressions, it causes higher caspase 3, 9 activities. However CGA pretreatment alleviates the hepatotoxicity by decreasing the oxidative stress. CGA inhibited Cox-2, iNOS, Bax, Bcl-2 and Caspases 3, 9 mediated inflammation and apoptosis, and improve the histology induced by MTX. Thus, these findings demonstrated the hepatoprotective nature of CGA by attenuating the pro-inflammatory and apoptotic mediators and improving antioxidant competence in hepatic tissue. These results imply that CGA has perfective effect against MTX-induced liver injury. Hence CGA supplementation might be helpful in abrogation of MTX toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemat Ali
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sana Nafees
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Syed Kazim Hasan
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ayaz Shahid
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ferial Majed
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the most commonly used disease modifying drugs administered for wide spectrum of conditions. Through the expansion of the indications of MTX use, an increasing number of patients nowadays attend orthopaedic departments receiving this pharmacological agent. The aim of this manuscript is to present our current understanding on the effect of MTX on bone and wound healing. Areas covered: The authors offer a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the experimental and clinical studies analysing the effect of MTX on bone and wound healing. The authors also analyse the available literature and describe the incidence of complications after elective orthopaedic surgery in patients receiving MTX. Expert opinion: The available experimental data and clinical evidence are rather inadequate to allow any safe scientific conclusions on the effect of MTX on bone healing. Regarding wound healing, in vitro and experimental animal studies suggest that MTX can adversely affect wound healing, whilst the clinical studies show that lose-dose MTX is safe and does not affect the incidence of postoperative wound complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippokratis Pountos
- a Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine , University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Peter V Giannoudis
- a Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, School of Medicine , University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom.,b NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Unit , Chapel Allerton Hospital , Leeds , UK
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Arpag H, Gül M, Aydemir Y, Atilla N, Yiğitcan B, Cakir T, Polat C, Þehirli Ö, Sayan M. Protective Effects of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Methotrexate-Induced Oxidative Lung Injury in Rats. J INVEST SURG 2017; 31:107-113. [PMID: 28340320 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2017.1296513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is one of the major causes of methotrexate induced lung injury (MILI). Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), which occurs naturally in human food, has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to research the potential protective role of ALA on MILI in rats. METHODS Twenty one rats were randomly subdivided into three groups: control (group I), methotrexate (MTX) treated (group II), and MTX+ALA treated (group III). Lung injury was performed with a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg) to groups 2 and 3. On the sixth day, animals in all groups were sacrificed by decapitation and lung tissue and blood samples were removed for histological examination and also measurement the levels of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and sodium potassium-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+ATPase). RESULTS In MTX group tissue GSH, Na+/K+ATPase activities were lower, tissue MDA, MPO and plasma IL-1?, TNF-? were significantly higher than the other groups. Histopathological examination showed that lung injury was less severe in group 2 according to group 3. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative damage of MTX in rat lung is partially reduced when combined with ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Arpag
- a Department of Chest Disease , Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty , Kahramanmaras , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gül
- b Department of Histology , Malatya Inonu University Medical Faculty , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Aydemir
- c Department of Chest Diseases , Sakarya University Medical Faculty , Sakarya , Turkey
| | - Nurhan Atilla
- a Department of Chest Disease , Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty , Kahramanmaras , Turkey
| | - Birgül Yiğitcan
- b Department of Histology , Malatya Inonu University Medical Faculty , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Tugrul Cakir
- d Department of General Surgery , Antalya Education and Research Hospital , Antalya , Turkey
| | - Cemal Polat
- e Department of Biochemistry , Public Health Laboratuary , Kütahya , Turkey
| | - Özer Þehirli
- f Department of Pharmacology , Marmara University Medicine Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey and Near East University Faculty of Denstry , Nicosia , North Cyprus
| | - Muhammet Sayan
- g Department of Thoracic Surgery , Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University , Kahramanmaras , Turkey
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Al Maruf A, O'Brien PJ, Naserzadeh P, Fathian R, Salimi A, Pourahmad J. Methotrexate induced mitochondrial injury and cytochrome c release in rat liver hepatocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:51-61. [PMID: 28298149 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1289221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid antagonist that is widely used to treat a variety of diseases. One of the most serious side effects of MTX therapy is hepatotoxicity. The potential molecular cytotoxic mechanisms of MTX toward isolated rat hepatocytes were investigated using Accelerated Cytotoxicity Mechanism Screening (ACMS) techniques. A concentration and time dependent increase in cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed with MTX. Furthermore, a significant increase in MTX (300 μM)-induced cytotoxicity and ROS formation were observed when glutathione (GSH)-depleted hepatocytes were used whereas addition of N-acetylcysteine (a GSH precursor) decreased cytotoxicity. Catalase inactivation also increased MTX-induced cytotoxicity, while the direct addition of catalase to the hepatocytes decreased cytotoxicity. MTX treatment in isolated rat mitochondria caused swelling and significantly decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and GSH content, and cytochrome c release. Potent antioxidants such as mesna, resveratrol and Trolox decreased MTX-induced cytotoxicity and ROS formation and increased MMP. This study suggests that MTX-induced cytotoxicity caused by ROS formation and GSH oxidation leads to oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury in rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Maruf
- a Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter J O'Brien
- a Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,b Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Rozhina Fathian
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ahmad Salimi
- d Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Science , Ardabil , Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Sramek M, Neradil J, Veselska R. Much more than you expected: The non-DHFR-mediated effects of methotrexate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:499-503. [PMID: 27993660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For decades, methotrexate (MTX; amethopterin) has been known as an antifolate inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and it is widely used for the treatment of various malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Although the inclusion of MTX in various therapeutic regimens is based on its ability to inhibit DHFR and consequently to suppress the synthesis of pyrimidine and purine precursors, recent studies have shown that MTX is also able to target other intracellular pathways that are independent of folate metabolism. SCOPE OF REVIEW The main aim of this review is to summarize the most important, up-to-date findings of studies regarding the non-DHFR-mediated mechanisms of MTX action. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of MTX is undoubtedly caused by its capability to affect various intracellular pathways at many levels. Although the most important therapeutic mechanism of MTX is strongly based on the inhibition of DHFR, many other effects of this compound have been described and new studies bring new insights into the pharmacology of MTX every year. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification of these new targets for MTX is especially important for a better understanding of MTX action in new protocols of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sramek
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Neradil
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.
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Mechanism of action of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis, and the search for biomarkers. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:731-742. [PMID: 27784891 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been transformed over the past two decades. Low disease activity and remission are now frequently achieved, and this success is largely the result of the evolution of treatment paradigms and the introduction of new therapeutic agents. Despite the rapid pace of change, the most commonly used drug in RA remains methotrexate, which is considered the anchor drug for this condition. In this Review, we describe the known pharmacokinetic properties and putative mechanisms of action of methotrexate. Consideration of the pharmacodynamic perspective could inform the development of biomarkers of responsiveness to methotrexate, enabling therapy to be targeted to specific groups of patients. Such biomarkers could revolutionize the management of RA.
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Freitag J, Berod L, Kamradt T, Sparwasser T. Immunometabolism and autoimmunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:925-934. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Freitag
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH Hannover Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH Hannover Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Jena Jena Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH Hannover Germany
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Olayinka ET, Ore A, Adeyemo OA, Ola OS. Ameliorative Effect of Gallic Acid on Methotrexate-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Rat. J Xenobiot 2016; 6:6092. [PMID: 30701050 PMCID: PMC6324488 DOI: 10.4081/xeno.2016.6092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the protective effect of gallic acid (GA) against methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n = 6/group): I, control; II, MTX-treated for seven days; III, pre-treated with GA for seven days, followed by MTX for seven days; IV, co-treated with MTX and GA for seven days and V, GA for seven days. MTX caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in plasma biomarkers of nephrotoxicity (urea, creatinine) and hepatotoxicity (Bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase) when compared with control. Furthermore, MTX caused a significant decrease in the activities of hepatic enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) and nonenzymic antioxidants (Vitamin C and glutathione), followed by a significant increase in hepatic malondialdehyde content. However, pre-treatment and co-treatment with gallic acid ameliorated the MTX-induced biochemical changes observed. Taken together, GA protected against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats, by reducing the impact of oxidative damage to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Tunde Olayinka
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ayokanmi Ore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatobi Adewumi Adeyemo
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olaniyi Solomon Ola
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Methotrexate affects HMGB1 expression in rheumatoid arthritis, and the downregulation of HMGB1 prevents rheumatoid arthritis progression. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 420:161-70. [PMID: 27522665 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent studies have shown that methotrexate (MTX) may inhibit the expression of HMGB1. This study examined whether HMGB1 might be involved in the treatment of RA using MTX. Synovial tissues were collected from RA patients who were treated with MTX for at least 6 months (RA-MTX group, 7 cases) and from those without MTX treatment (RA-noMTX group, 7 cases). Additionally, patients with osteoarthritis (OA group, 7 cases) were used as controls. The expression and locations of HMGB1 in the tissues were detected using real-time PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, OA-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and RA-FLSs were isolated and cultured, and the expression of HMGB1 was reduced in these cells by transfection with HMGB1 siRNA. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities were detected. Furthermore, the effects of HMGB1 on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-13 were measured using western blot analysis. At the tissue level, HMGB1 expression in synovial membrane did not differ significantly between the OA and RA-MTX groups, but was significantly lower in these groups than in the RA-noMTX group. In cell experiments, the cell doubling time in the RA-FLS HMGB1 siRNA group was significantly extended compared with that in the RA-FLS negative control (NC)-siRNA group. The amount of cell migration and invasion in the RA-FLS HMGB1 siRNA group was significantly lower compared with that in the NC-siRNA group; the MMP-2 and MMP-13 expression levels were also lower. These results showed that MTX reduced HMGB1 expression in RA synovial tissues, and through the downregulation of HMGB1 expression in tissues, MTX may slow disease progression of RA.
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Radwan WM, Khalifa KA, Esaily HA, Lashin NA. CD14++CD16+ monocyte subset expansion in rheumatoid arthritis patients: Relation to disease activity and interleukin-17. THE EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Arslan A, Ozcicek A, Suleyman B, Coban TA, Cimen FK, Nalkiran HS, Kuzucu M, Altuner D, Cetin N, Suleyman H. Effects of nimesulide on the small intestine mucositis induced by methotrexate in rats. Exp Anim 2016; 65:329-336. [PMID: 27333839 PMCID: PMC5111835 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucositis is one of the major problems in the patients receiving cancer treatment. Nimesulide is a drug with antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antiulcer features. We aimed to investigate the effect of nimesulide on the small intestine mucositis induced by methotrexate (MTX) in rats. Experimental animals were divided into the control group, MTX group (MTXG) and nimesulide+MTX administered group (NMTXG) with eight rats per group. The control and MTXG groups were given distilled water by gavage and the NMTXG was given nimesulide 100 mg/kg orally. After one hour, the NMTXG and MTXG rat groups were administered oral MTX 5 mg/kg. This procedure was repeated once a day for 15 days and the rats were sacrificed. The duodenum and jejunum of each rat was removed for the assessment of biochemical markers and histopathological evaluation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were significantly higher in the duodenal and jejunal tissues of the animals which received MTX, compared to the control and NMTXG (P<0.001). Also, the levels of total glutathione (tGSH), glutathione reductase (GSHRd), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly lower in the MTXG (P<0.001) compared to other groups. MTX led to villus and crypt epithelial damage and inflammation containing marked PMNL and eosinophils in the intestinal tissues histopathologically. Whereas, there was only mild irregularities in the villus structures of the NMTXG. Nimesulide protected the small intestines against damage by MTX. Intestinal mucositis caused by MTX may be preventable by co-administered nimesulide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Arslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istinye State Hospital, 34465, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kelleni MT, Ibrahim SA, Abdelrahman AM. Effect of captopril and telmisartan on methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: impact of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:371-7. [PMID: 27269004 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1191576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a commonly used antineoplastic and anti-rheumatoid drug whose efficacy is limited by its hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of captopril (100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for seven days), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, and telmisartan (10 mg/kg/day p.o. for seven days), an angiotensin II receptor blocker with peroxisome proliferative receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonism, in a model of MTX (single dose 20 mg/kg i.p. at the fifth day) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results of the present study revealed MTX-induced hepatotoxicity as demonstrated by increased level of liver enzymes and confirmed by histopathology. Pretreatment with captopril or telmisartan produced a significant hepatic protection manifested as a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum levels of alanine transferase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes; hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and total nitrites and nitrates (NOx) levels; as well as a significant increase in hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In addition, there was a remarkable improvement in the histopathological features and a significant reduction in the expression of COX-2, iNOS and caspase-3 enzymes as compared with the MTX group. We recommend considering captopril/Telmisartan, if tolerated and not contraindicated, as preferable antihypertensive agents in patients receiving MTX in their chemotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina T Kelleni
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Salwa A Ibrahim
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Aly M Abdelrahman
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
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Čabarkapa A, Živković L, Borozan S, Zlatković-Švenda M, Dekanski D, Jančić I, Radak-Perović M, Bajić V, Spremo-Potparević B. Dry Olive Leaf Extract in Combination with Methotrexate Reduces Cell Damage in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients-A Pilot Study. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1615-1623. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Čabarkapa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Lada Živković
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Sunčica Borozan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Mirjana Zlatković-Švenda
- Clinical Rheumatology; Institute of Rheumatology, University of Belgrade School of Medicine; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Dragana Dekanski
- Biomedical Research; R&D Institute, Galenika a.d.; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Ivan Jančić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Belgrade; Serbia
| | - Marija Radak-Perović
- Clinical Rheumatology; Institute of Rheumatology, University of Belgrade School of Medicine; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Vladan Bajić
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics; Institute for Nuclear Research ‘Vinca’, University of Belgrade; Serbia
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Municio C, Soler Palacios B, Estrada-Capetillo L, Benguria A, Dopazo A, García-Lorenzo E, Fernández-Arroyo S, Joven J, Miranda-Carús ME, González-Álvaro I, Puig-Kröger A. Methotrexate selectively targets human proinflammatory macrophages through a thymidylate synthase/p53 axis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:2157-2165. [PMID: 26920997 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methotrexate (MTX) functions as an antiproliferative agent in cancer and an anti-inflammatory drug in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although macrophages critically contribute to RA pathology, their response to MTX remains unknown. As a means to identify MTX response markers, we have explored its transcriptional effect on macrophages polarised by GM-CSF (GM-MØ) or M-CSF (M-MØ), which resemble proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophages found in RA and normal joints, respectively. METHODS The transcriptomic profile of both human macrophage subtypes exposed to 50 nM of MTX under long-term and short-term schedules were determined using gene expression microarrays, and validated through quantitative real time PCR and ELISA. The molecular pathway involved in macrophage MTX-responsiveness was determined through pharmacological, siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches, metabolomics for polyglutamylated-MTX detection, western blot, and immunofluorescence on RA and normal joints. RESULTS MTX exclusively modulated gene expression in proinflammatory GM-MØ, where it influenced the expression of 757 genes and induced CCL20 and LIF at the mRNA and protein levels. Pharmacological and siRNA-mediated approaches indicated that macrophage subset-specific MTX responsiveness correlates with thymidylate synthase (TS) expression, as proinflammatory TS+ GM-MØ are susceptible to MTX, whereas anti-inflammatory TSlow/- M-MØ and monocytes are refractory to MTX. Furthermore, p53 activity was found to mediate the TS-dependent MTX-responsiveness of proinflammatory TS+ GM-MØ. Importantly, TS and p53 were found to be expressed by CD163+/TNFα+ GM-CSF-polarised macrophages from RA joints but not from normal synovium. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage response to MTX is polarisation-dependent and determined by the TS-p53 axis. CCL20 and LIF constitute novel macrophage markers for MTX responsiveness in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Municio
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Metabolismo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Soler Palacios
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Metabolismo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lizbeth Estrada-Capetillo
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Metabolismo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Benguria
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Lorenzo
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, IISPV, Reus, Spain
| | | | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Puig-Kröger
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Metabolismo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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71
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Rosillo MA, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C, Sánchez-Hidalgo M. An update on dietary phenolic compounds in the prevention and management of rheumatoid arthritis. Food Funct 2016; 7:2943-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Certain nutritional components influence the cellular metabolism and interfere in the pathological inflammatory process, so that they may act as a coadjuvant in the treatment of many chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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72
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Xu K, Cai YS, Lu SM, Li XL, Liu L, Li Z, Liu H, Xu P. Autophagy induction contributes to the resistance to methotrexate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synovial cells through high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:374. [PMID: 26702616 PMCID: PMC4718027 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synovial cells (RA-FLS) show resistance to methotrexate (MTX) treatment. To better understand the mechanisms of this resistance, RA-FLS and osteoarthritis fibroblast-like synovial cells (OA-FLS) were isolated and exposed to MTX. We analyzed the autophagy induced by MTX in vitro and its relationship to apoptosis. Methods Cell viability was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. Autophagy was determined by transmission electron microscopy as well as Western blot analysis. The expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3, Akt, p-Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1), and an 85 kDa caspase cleaved fragment of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase were measured by Western blotting. Results MTX-induced apoptosis was increased in OA-FLS compared with RA-FLS. However, MTX stimulated the autophagy response in RA-FLS by inducing autophagosome formation, but not in OA-FLS. In RA-FLS, transfection with Beclin-1 small interfering RNA inhibited autophagy and increased susceptibility to MTX, which induces cell death. MTX upregulated autophagy through its ability to enhance the expression of HMGB1 and Beclin-1 rather than through the Akt/mTOR pathway. Conclusions Autophagy induction contributes to resistance to MTX treatment in fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0892-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Yong-song Cai
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - She-Min Lu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Bennett SJ, Augustyniak EM, Dunston CR, Brown RA, Shantsila E, Lip GY, Torrao RD, Pararasa C, Remtulla AH, Ladouce R, Friguet B, Griffiths HR. CD4+ T cell surface alpha enolase is lower in older adults. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 152:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Salva KA, Wood GS. Epigenetically Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy (ePDT) is Superior to Conventional Photodynamic Therapy for Inducing Apoptosis in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1444-51. [PMID: 26302991 DOI: 10.1111/php.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinate (ALA-PDT) selectively induces apoptosis in diseased cells and is highly effective for treating actinic keratoses. However, similar results are achieved only in a subset of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Our previous work shows that the apoptotic resistance of CTCL correlates with low expression of death receptors like Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), and that methotrexate upregulates FAS by inhibiting the methylation of its promoter, acting as an epigenetic derepressor that restores the susceptibility of FAS-low CTCL to caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate that methotrexate increases the response of CTCL to ALA-PDT, a concept we refer to as epigenetically enhanced PDT (ePDT). Multiple CTCL cell lines were subjected to conventional PDT versus ePDT. Apoptotic biomarkers were analyzed in situ with multispectral imaging analysis of immunostained cells, a method that is quantitative and 5× more sensitive than standard immunohistology for antigen detection. Compared to conventional PDT or methotrexate alone, ePDT led to significantly greater cell death in all CTCL cell lines tested by inducing greater activation of caspase-8-mediated extrinsic apoptosis. Upregulation of FAS and/or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand pathway components was observed in different CTCL cell lines. These findings provide a rationale for clinical trials of ePDT for CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Agnes Salva
- Department of Dermatology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Gary S Wood
- Department of Dermatology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,VA Medical Center, Madison, WI
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Takayanagi N. Biological agents and respiratory infections: Causative mechanisms and practice management. Respir Investig 2015; 53:185-200. [PMID: 26344608 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological agents are increasingly being used to treat patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease. In Japan, currently approved biological agents for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) include tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin-6 receptor-blocking monoclonal antibody, and T-cell costimulation inhibitor. Rheumatologists have recognized that safety issues are critical aspects of treatment decisions in RA. Therefore, a wealth of safety data has been gathered from a number of sources, including randomized clinical trials and postmarketing data from large national registries. These data revealed that the most serious adverse events from these drugs are respiratory infections, especially pneumonia, tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteriosis, and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and that the most common risk factors associated with these respiratory infections are older age, concomitant corticosteroid use, and underlying respiratory comorbidities. Because of this background, in 2014, the Japanese Respiratory Society published their consensus statement of biological agents and respiratory disorders. This review summarizes this statement and adds recent evidence, especially concerning respiratory infections in RA patients, biological agents and respiratory infections, and practice management of respiratory infections in patients treated with biological agents. To decrease the incidence of infections and reduce mortality, we should know the epidemiology, risk factors, management, and methods of prevention of respiratory infections in patients receiving biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Takayanagi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Saitama Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, 1696 Itai, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0105, Japan.
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76
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Therapeutic Role of Innovative Anti-Inflammatory Medications in the Prevention of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Cardiol Rev 2015; 23:252-60. [DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tkachev V, Goodell S, Opipari AW, Hao LY, Franchi L, Glick GD, Ferrara JLM, Byersdorfer CA. Programmed death-1 controls T cell survival by regulating oxidative metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5789-800. [PMID: 25972478 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) maintains immune homeostasis by negatively regulating T cell function and survival. Blockade of PD-1 increases the severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but the interplay between PD-1 inhibition and T cell metabolism is not well studied. We found that both murine and human alloreactive T cells concomitantly upregulated PD-1 expression and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This PD-1(Hi)ROS(Hi) phenotype was specific to alloreactive T cells and was not observed in syngeneic T cells during homeostatic proliferation. Blockade of PD-1 signaling decreased both mitochondrial H2O2 and total cellular ROS levels, and PD-1-driven increases in ROS were dependent upon the oxidation of fatty acids, because treatment with etomoxir nullified changes in ROS levels following PD-1 blockade. Downstream of PD-1, elevated ROS levels impaired T cell survival in a process reversed by antioxidants. Furthermore, PD-1-driven changes in ROS were fundamental to establishing a cell's susceptibility to subsequent metabolic inhibition, because blockade of PD-1 decreased the efficacy of later F1F0-ATP synthase modulation. These data indicate that PD-1 facilitates apoptosis in alloreactive T cells by increasing ROS in a process dependent upon the oxidation of fat. In addition, blockade of PD-1 undermines the potential for subsequent metabolic inhibition, an important consideration given the increasing use of anti-PD-1 therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tkachev
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Stefanie Goodell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Anthony W Opipari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | - Gary D Glick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - James L M Ferrara
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Craig A Byersdorfer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapies, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
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Chakrabarti G, Gerber DE, Boothman DA. Expanding antitumor therapeutic windows by targeting cancer-specific nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-biogenesis pathways. Clin Pharmacol 2015; 7:57-68. [PMID: 25870517 PMCID: PMC4381889 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s79760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) biogenesis is an essential mechanism by which both normal and cancer cells maintain redox balance. While antitumor approaches to treat cancers through elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not new ideas, depleting specific NADPH-biogenesis pathways that control recovery and repair pathways are novel, viable approaches to enhance cancer therapy. However, to elicit efficacious therapies exploiting NADPH-biogenic pathways, it is crucial to understand and specifically define the roles of NADPH-biogenesis pathways used by cancer cells for survival or recovery from cell stress. It is equally important to select NADPH-biogenic pathways that are expendable or not utilized in normal tissue to avoid unwanted toxicity. Here, we address recent literature that demonstrates specific tumor-selective NADPH-biogenesis pathways that can be exploited using agents that target specific cancer cell pathways normally not utilized in normal cells. Defining NADPH-biogenesis profiles of specific cancer-types should enable novel strategies to exploit these therapeutic windows for increased efficacy against recalcitrant neoplastic disease, such as pancreatic cancers. Accomplishing the goal of using ROS as a weapon against cancer cells will also require agents, such as NQO1 bioactivatable drugs, that selectively induce elevated ROS levels in cancer cells, while normal cells are protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David E Gerber
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David A Boothman
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA ; Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Future therapies of wet age-related macular degeneration. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:138070. [PMID: 25802751 PMCID: PMC4354726 DOI: 10.1155/2015/138070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population, and the prevalence of the disease increases exponentially with every decade after the age of 50 years. While VEGF inhibitors are promising drugs for treating patients with ocular neovascularization, there are limitations to their potential for improving vision in AMD patients. Thus, future therapies are required to have the potential to improve visual outcomes. This paper will summarize the future strategies and therapeutic targets that are aimed at enhancing the efficacy and duration of effect of antiangiogenic strategies.
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Resheq YJ, Li KK, Ward ST, Wilhelm A, Garg A, Curbishley SM, Blahova M, Zimmermann HW, Jitschin R, Mougiakakos D, Mackensen A, Weston CJ, Adams DH. Contact-dependent depletion of hydrogen peroxide by catalase is a novel mechanism of myeloid-derived suppressor cell induction operating in human hepatic stellate cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2578-86. [PMID: 25667417 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) represent a unique cell population with distinct immunosuppressive properties that have been demonstrated to shape the outcome of malignant diseases. Recently, human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) have been reported to induce monocytic-MDSC from mature CD14(+) monocytes in a contact-dependent manner. We now report a novel and unexpected mechanism by which CD14(+)HLADR(low/-) suppressive cells are induced by catalase-mediated depletion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Incubation of CD14(+) monocytes with catalase led to a significant induction of functional MDSC compared with media alone, and H2O2 levels inversely correlated with MDSC frequency (r = -0.6555, p < 0.05). Catalase was detected in primary HSC and a stromal cell line, and addition of the competitive catalase inhibitor hydroxylamine resulted in a dose-dependent impairment of MDSC induction and concomitant increase of H2O2 levels. The NADPH-oxidase subunit gp91 was significantly increased in catalase-induced MDSC as determined by quantitative PCR outlining the importance of oxidative burst for the induction of MDSC. These findings represent a so far unrecognized link between immunosuppression by MDSC and metabolism. Moreover, this mechanism potentially explains how stromal cells can induce a favorable immunological microenvironment in the context of tissue oxidative stress such as occurs during cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazid J Resheq
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Ka-Kit Li
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T Ward
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Annika Wilhelm
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Abhilok Garg
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Curbishley
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslava Blahova
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Henning W Zimmermann
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 25074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Regina Jitschin
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Chris J Weston
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - David H Adams
- Division of Immunity and Infection, Centre for Liver Research and Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Chara L, Sánchez-Atrio A, Pérez A, Cuende E, Albarrán F, Turrión A, Chevarria J, del Barco AA, Sánchez MA, Monserrat J, Prieto A, de la Hera A, Sanz I, Diaz D, Alvarez-Mon M. The number of circulating monocytes as biomarkers of the clinical response to methotrexate in untreated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:2. [PMID: 25592233 PMCID: PMC4310181 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this work was to analyze the number and distribution of circulating monocytes, and of their CD14+highCD16−, CD14+highCD16+ and CD14+lowCD16+ subset cells, in treatment-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to determine their value in predicting the clinical response to methotrexate (MTX) treatment. Methods This prospective work investigated the number of circulating monocytes, and the numbers of CD14+highCD16−, CD14+highCD16+ and CD14+lowCD16+ subset cells, in 52 untreated patients with RA before MTX treatment, and at 3 and 6 months into treatment, using flow cytometry. Results The absolute number of circulating monocytes, and the numbers of CD14+highCD16−, CD14+highCD16+ and CD14+lowCD16+ subset cells, were significantly higher in MTX non-responders than in responders and healthy controls before starting and throughout treatment. Responders showed normal numbers of monocytes, and of their subset cells, over the study period. The pre-treatment absolute number of circulating monocytes, and the numbers of CD14+highCD16− and CD14+highCD16+ subset cells, were found to be predictive of the clinical response to MTX, with a sensitivity and specificity of >70% and >88%, respectively. Conclusions Treatment-naive patients with RA showed an anomalous distribution of circulating monocyte subsets, and an anomalous number of cells in each subset. A higher pre-treatment number of circulating monocytes, and higher numbers of CD14+highCD16− and CD14+highCD16+ subset cells, predict a reduced clinical response to MTX in untreated patients with RA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0375-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Chara
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Sánchez-Atrio
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Pérez
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Cuende
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Albarrán
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Turrión
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio Chevarria
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Miguel A Sánchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jorge Monserrat
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Prieto
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio de la Hera
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - David Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Melchor Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. .,Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Tieri P, Zhou X, Zhu L, Nardini C. Multi-omic landscape of rheumatoid arthritis: re-evaluation of drug adverse effects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:59. [PMID: 25414848 PMCID: PMC4220167 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To provide a frame to estimate the systemic impact (side/adverse events) of (novel) therapeutic targets by taking into consideration drugs potential on the numerous districts involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from the inflammatory and immune response to the gut-intestinal (GI) microbiome. Methods: We curated the collection of molecules from high-throughput screens of diverse (multi-omic) biochemical origin, experimentally associated to RA. Starting from such collection we generated RA-related protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks (interactomes) based on experimental PPI data. Pharmacological treatment simulation, topological and functional analyses were further run to gain insight into the proteins most affected by therapy and by multi-omic modeling. Results: Simulation on the administration of MTX results in the activation of expected (apoptosis) and adverse (nitrogenous metabolism alteration) effects. Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) and Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase-4 (IRAK4, already an RA target) emerge as relevant nodes. The former controls the activation of inflammatory, proliferative and degenerative pathways in host and pathogens. The latter controls immune alterations and blocks innate response to pathogens. Conclusions: This multi-omic map properly recollects in a single analytical picture known, yet complex, information like the adverse/side effects of MTX, and provides a reliable platform for in silico hypothesis testing or recommendation on novel therapies. These results can support the development of RA translational research in the design of validation experiments and clinical trials, as such we identify GRB2 as a robust potential new target for RA for its ability to control both synovial degeneracy and dysbiosis, and, conversely, warn on the usage of IRAK4-inhibitors recently promoted, as this involves potential adverse effects in the form of impaired innate response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tieri
- IAC - Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone," CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome, Italy ; Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoYuan Zhou
- Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Christine Nardini
- Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
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83
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Selimoğlu Şen H, Şen V, Bozkurt M, Türkçü G, Güzel A, Sezgi C, Abakay Ö, Kaplan I. Carvacrol and pomegranate extract in treating methotrexate-induced lung oxidative injury in rats. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1983-90. [PMID: 25326861 PMCID: PMC4211419 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to evaluate the effects of carvacrol (CRV) and pomegranate extract (PE) on methotrexate (MTX)-induced lung injury in rats. Material/Methods A total of 32 male rats were subdivided into 4 groups: control (group I), MTX treated (group II), MTX+CRV treated (group III), and MTX+PE treated (group IV). A single dose of 73 mg/kg CRV was administered intraperitoneally to rats in group III on Day 1 of the investigation. To group IV, a dose of 225 mg/kg of PE was administered via orogastric gavage once daily over 7 days. A single dose of 20 mg/kg of MTX was given intraperitoneally to groups II, III, and IV on Day 2. The total duration of experiment was 8 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured from rat lung tissues and cardiac blood samples. Results Serum and lung specimen analyses demonstrated that MDA, TOS, and OSI levels were significantly greater in group II relative to controls. Conversely, the TAC level was significantly reduced in group II when compared to the control group. Pre-administering either CRV or PE was associated with decreased MDA, TOS, and OSI levels and increased TAC levels compared to rats treated with MTX alone. Histopathological examination revealed that lung injury was less severe in group III and IV relative to group II. Conclusions MTX treatment results in rat lung oxidative damage that is partially counteracted by pretreatment with either CRV or PE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Velat Şen
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Bozkurt
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Gül Türkçü
- Department of Pathology, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Abdulmenap Güzel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Cengizhan Sezgi
- Department of Pulmonology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Abakay
- Department of Pulmonology, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Pomegranate reverses methotrexate-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in hepatocytes by modulating Nrf2-NF-κB pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:2040-50. [PMID: 24231097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of the widely used chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (MTX) is limited due to its associated hepatotoxicity. Pomegranate polyphenols are of huge health benefits and known to possess remarkable antioxidant properties capable of protecting normal cells from various stimuli-induced oxidative stress and cell death. In this study, we explored the protective role of pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) in ameliorating MTX-induced hepatic damage. Male Swiss albino mice exposed to MTX (20 mg/kg body weight) exhibited distinct markers of toxicity such as increased activities of enzymes alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase and also increased oxidative stress in liver evidenced by increased ROS generation and lipid peroxidation. Decrease in reduced glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, hepatic heme oxygenase 1 and NQO-1 activities were also observed. Tracing the signal transduction pathways, it was seen that MTX exposure significantly increased nuclear translocation of NF-κB coupled with increase in phosphorylated Iκ-B and down-regulation of NF-kappaB-dependent antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Treatment with MTX increased the expression of the apoptotic enhancer Rho/Cdc42 as well as the phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK. A shift in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio towards apoptosis and increase in the caspase 3 level was also evident. Administration of PFE for 7 consecutive days before and after MTX challenge suppressed MTX-induced cell death, mitigated the injurious effects of MTX and offered protection against apoptosis. PFE was shown to reduce ROS generation in hepatocytes by activating the Nrf2-ARE pathway and inhibiting NF-κB as a consequence of which the antioxidant defense mechanism in the liver was up-regulated, thereby conferring protection against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and apoptosis.
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Glossmann H, Reider N. A marriage of two "Methusalem" drugs for the treatment of psoriasis?: Arguments for a pilot trial with metformin as add-on for methotrexate. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 5:252-63. [PMID: 24194965 PMCID: PMC3772913 DOI: 10.4161/derm.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article we present arguments that the “antidiabetic” drug metformin could be useful as an add-on therapy to methotrexate for the treatment of psoriasis and, perhaps, for rheumatoid arthritis as well. Biochemical data suggest that both drugs may share a common cellular target, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This enzyme is a master regulator of metabolism and controls a number of downstream targets, e.g., important for cellular growth or function in many tissues including T-lymphocytes. Clinical observations as well as experimental results argue for anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and antiproliferative activities of metformin and a case-control study suggests that the drug reduces the risk for psoriasis.
Patients with psoriasis have higher risk of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular mortality. Metformin has proven efficacy in the treatment of prediabetes and leads to a pronounced and sustained weight loss in overweight individuals. We expect that addition of metformin to methotrexate can lead to positive effects with respect to the PASI score, reduction of the weekly methotrexate dose and of elevated cardiovascular risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome and psoriasis. For reasons explained later we suggest that only male, overweight patients are to be included in a pilot trial. On the other side of the coin are concerns that the gastrointestinal side effects of metformin are intolerable for patients under low dose, intermittent methotrexate therapy. Metformin has another side effect, namely interference with vitamin B12 and folate metabolism, leading to elevated homocysteine serum levels. As patients must receive folate supplementation and will be controlled with respect to their B12 status increased hematological toxicity is unlikely to result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Glossmann
- Institute for Biochemical Pharmacology; Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Innsbruck; Innsbruck, Austria
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86
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Lee SY, Park SH, Lee SW, Lee SH, Son MK, Choi YH, Chung WT, Yoo YH. Synoviocyte apoptosis may differentiate responder and non-responder patients to methotrexate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 37:1286-94. [PMID: 24988987 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate whether methotrexate (MTX) in vitro induces apoptosis in synoviocytes obtained from rheumatoid arthritis patients and whether the apoptosis inducing effect of MTX to synoviocytes is correlated with the clinical responsiveness to MTX in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We evaluated 18 patients with RA taking MTX 15-20 mg/week as the subject group (nine responders and nine non-responders) and ten patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and nine patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) as the control group. Synoviocytes, cultured from the synovial fluid of the knee joint of each subject, were used for experiments between passages 4 and 6, and were treated with MTX. The induction of apoptosis was determined by the quantification of DNA hypoploidy by flow cytometry, nuclear morphology, caspases activation, DNA electrophoresis, and mitochondrial membrane potential measurements. The viability of synoviocytes treated with MTX was different between the MTX responders and nonresponders. MTX induced apoptosis in cultured synoviocytes by mitochondria- and caspase-dependent manners in the MTX responders but did not in the MTX non-responder, OA, and AS patients. The apoptotic responsiveness of the synoviocytes to MTX predicts the sensitivity to MTX treatment and provides a method determine the early application of an anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agent in RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeob Lee
- Division of Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University, Pusan, Republic of Korea,
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87
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Olsen NJ, Spurlock CF, Aune TM. Methotrexate induces production of IL-1 and IL-6 in the monocytic cell line U937. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R17. [PMID: 24444433 PMCID: PMC3978848 DOI: 10.1186/ar4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methotrexate (MTX) has been for decades a standard treatment in a wide range of conditions, from malignancies to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite this long experience, the mechanisms of action of MTX remain incompletely understood. Reported immunologic effects of MTX include induction of increased production of some cytokines, an effect that seems to be at odds with the generally anti-inflammatory effects of this drug in diseases like RA. To further elucidate these immune activities, we examined effects of MTX on the human monocytic cell line U937. Methods The U937 cell line was treated in vitro with pharmacologic-range concentrations of MTX and effects on production of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and TNF alpha were measured. Changes in gene expression for IL-1 and IL-6 and specificities in the Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway including JNK 1, JNK2, JUN and FOS were also determined. The contribution of NF-kB, folate and adenosine pathways to the observed effects was determined by adding appropriate inhibitors to the MTX cultures. Results MTX mediated a dose-dependent increase in IL-1 and IL-6 in U937 cells, as measured by secreted proteins and levels of gene expression. The increased cytokine expression was inhibited by addition of parthenolide and folinic acid, but not by caffeine and theophylline, suggesting that NF-kB and folates, but not adenosine, were involved in mediating the observed effects. When U937 cells were cultured with MTX, upregulated expression of JUN and FOS, but not JNK 1 or 2, also was observed. Conclusions MTX induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines in U937 monocytic cells. These effects might mediate the known toxicities of MTX including pneumonitis, mucositis and decreased bone mineral density.
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The concomitant use of meloxicam and methotrexate does not clearly increase the risk of silent kidney and liver damages in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2013; 34:833-40. [PMID: 24362788 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-013-2920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the concomitant use of meloxicam and methotrexate might induce kidney and liver damages in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We enrolled 101 RA patients with normal kidney and liver functions taking meloxicam and methotrexate concomitantly for more than 6 months. Blood and urine tests were performed. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were used for evaluating silent kidney and liver damages. Ultrasonography was also performed to exclude structural abnormalities. We adopted 90 mL/min/1.73 mm(2) and 5.3 kPa as the cutoff for an abnormal eGFR and LSM. The mean age (85 women) was 51.9 years. The mean eGFR was 97.0 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and the mean LSM was 4.7 kPa. The mean weekly dose of methotrexate was 13.4 mg. The mean weekly dose of methotrexate did not correlate with eGFR or LSM. Neither the cumulative dose of meloxicam or methotrexate nor the mean weekly dose of methotrexate showed the significant odds ratio or relative risk for abnormal eGFR and LSM values. The use of higher-dose MTX, above 15 mg per week, with meloxicam did not significantly increase the risk for abnormal LSM and eGFR (RR = 2.042, p = 0.185; RR = 0.473, p = 0.218). The concomitant use of meloxicam and MTX did not clearly increase the risk of silent kidney or liver damage in RA patients with normal laboratory results taking MTX and meloxicam concurrently for over 6 months.
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89
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Kolli VK, Natarajan K, Isaac B, Selvakumar D, Abraham P. Mitochondrial dysfunction and respiratory chain defects in a rodent model of methotrexate-induced enteritis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:1051-65. [PMID: 24347301 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113515503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of methotrexate (MTX), a widely used chemotherapeutic drug, is limited by its gastrointestinal toxicity and the mechanism of which is not clear. The present study investigates the possible role of mitochondrial damage in MTX-induced enteritis. Small intestinal injury was induced in Wistar rats by the administration of 7 mg kg(-1) body wt. MTX intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days. MTX administration resulted in severe small intestinal injury and extensive damage to enterocyte mitochondria. Respiratory control ratio, the single most useful and reliable test of mitochondrial function, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yll)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction, a measure of cell viability were significantly reduced in all the fractions of MTX-treated rat enterocytes. A massive decrease (nearly 70%) in the activities of complexes II and IV was also observed. The results of the present study suggest that MTX-induced damage to enterocyte mitochondria may play a critical role in enteritis. MTX-induced alteration in mitochondrial structure may cause its dysfunction and decreases the activities of the electron chain complexes. MTX-induced mitochondrial damage can result in reduced adenosine triphosphate synthesis, thereby interfering with nutrient absorption and enterocyte renewal. This derangement may contribute to malabsorption of nutrients, diarrhea, and weight loss seen in patients on MTX chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Kolli
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medial College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medial College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Isaac
- Department of Anatomy, Christian Medial College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Selvakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medial College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Abraham
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medial College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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90
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Blits M, Jansen G, Assaraf YG, van de Wiel MA, Lems WF, Nurmohamed MT, van Schaardenburg D, Voskuyl AE, Wolbink GJ, Vosslamber S, Verweij CL. Methotrexate Normalizes Up-Regulated Folate Pathway Genes in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:2791-802. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Jansen
- VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Mike T. Nurmohamed
- VU University Medical Center, and Jan van Breemen Research Institute
- Reade; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan van Schaardenburg
- VU University Medical Center, and Jan van Breemen Research Institute
- Reade; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Gert-Jan Wolbink
- Jan van Breemen Research Institute
- Reade; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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91
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Chang CJ, Lin JF, Chang HH, Lee GA, Hung CF. Lutein protects against methotrexate-induced and reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptotic cell injury of IEC-6 cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72553. [PMID: 24039779 PMCID: PMC3765170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose High-dose chemotherapy using methotrexate (MTX) frequently induces side effects such as mucositis that leads to intestinal damage and diarrhea. Several natural compounds have been demonstrated of their effectiveness in protecting intestinal epithelial cells from these adverse effects. In this paper, we investigated the protection mechanism of lutein against MTX-induced damage in IEC-6 cells originating from the rat jejunum crypt. Methods The cell viability, induced-apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential in IEC-6 cells under MTX treatment were examined in the presence or absence of lutein. Expression level of Bcl2, Bad and ROS scavenging enzymes (including SOD, catalase and Prdx1) were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Results The cell viability of IEC-6 cells exposed to MTX was decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. MTX induces mitochondrial membrane potential loss, ROS generation and caspase 3 activation in IEC-6 cells. The cytotoxicity of MTX was reduced in IEC-6 cells by the 24 h pre-treatment of lutein. We found that pre-treatment of lutein significantly reduces MTX-induced ROS and apoptosis. The expression of SOD was up-regulated by the pre-treatment of lutein in the MTX-treated IEC-6 cells. These results indicated that lutein can protect IEC-6 cells from the chemo-drugs induced damage through increasing ROS scavenging ability. Conclusion The MTX-induced apoptosis of IEC-6 cells was shown to be repressed by the pre-treatment of lutein, which may represent a promising adjunct to conventional chemotherapy for preventing intestinal damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jen Chang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Fan Lin
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Hsien Chang
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gon-Ann Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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van der Heijden JW, Assaraf YG, Gerards AH, Oerlemans R, Lems WF, Scheper RJ, Dijkmans BAC, Jansen G. Methotrexate analogues display enhanced inhibition of TNF-α production in whole blood from RA patients. Scand J Rheumatol 2013; 43:9-16. [PMID: 23987246 DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2013.797490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although methotrexate (MTX) is the anchor drug in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients experience clinical resistance to MTX upon prolonged treatment. We explored whether new-generation antifolates elicit superior anti-inflammatory properties when compared to MTX, based on their capacity to inhibit tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. METHOD T cells in whole blood from 18 RA patients (including MTX-naïve, MTX- responsive, and MTX non-responsive patients) and seven healthy volunteers were stimulated with αCD3/αCD28 antibodies and incubated ex vivo for 72 h with MTX and eight novel antifolate drugs with potentially favourable biochemical and pharmacological properties. Drug concentrations exerting 50% inhibition (IC-50) of TNF-α production (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) were determined as an estimate for their anti-inflammatory capacity. In addition, induction of T-cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS The new-generation antifolates PT523, PT644, raltitrexed, and GW1843 proved to be potent inhibitors of TNF-α production in activated T cells from all three groups of RA patients and from healthy volunteers. Based on IC-50 values, these antifolates were up to 10.3 times more potent than MTX. The anti-inflammatory effects were observed at drug concentrations that provoked suppression of T-cell activation and induction of apoptosis in 20-40% of activated T cells. CONCLUSION In an ex-vivo setting, novel antifolates elicited marked inhibition of TNF-α production in activated T cells from RA patients. Further clinical evaluation is warranted to investigate whether a low dosage of these antifolates can elicit immunosuppressive effects equivalent to MTX, and whether they are superior to MTX in patients who fail to respond to MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W van der Heijden
- Department of Rheumatology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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93
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Elango T, Dayalan H, Gnanaraj P, Malligarjunan H, Subramanian S. Impact of methotrexate on oxidative stress and apoptosis markers in psoriatic patients. Clin Exp Med 2013; 14:431-7. [PMID: 23949337 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-013-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX), a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent, is considered an effective drug in the treatment of psoriasis. The aim of this study was to find out whether the effect of MTX treatment in psoriasis is due to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Psoriasis vulgaris patients (58 in number) were recruited for this study. Healthy volunteers (45 in number) served as control. Samples of psoriatic patients were collected and analyzed for total reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, nitrite, nitrate levels and the activities of antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant status (TAS) and also the protein expression of caspase-3, before (Day 0) and after (at the end of 6 and 12 weeks) MTX treatment. Our results show a significant increase in tissue ROS and plasma MDA after MTX treatment when compared with before MTX treatment in psoriasis patients (p < 0.001). The levels of serum nitrite and nitrate were decreased significantly after MTX treatment (p < 0.001). The activities of plasma SOD, TAS and serum CAT levels were decreased, but not significantly after 12 weeks of treatment. The expression of caspase-3 was increased after MTX treatment. In conclusion, MTX induce apoptosis through oxidative stress by reducing NO and increasing caspase-3 levels. MTX-induced apoptosis may account for the beneficial effect of MTX treatment in psoriasis patients, which is characterized by acanthosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilselvi Elango
- Department of Medical Research, SRM Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamilnadu, India
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Effect of the systemic use of methotrexate on the oxidative stress and paraoxonase enzyme in psoriasis patients. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:495-500. [PMID: 23660995 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that oxidative stress contributes in the efficacy and toxicity of methotrexate (MTX) treatment. The present study aims to investigate the systemic MTX treatments impact on the total oxidant and antioxidant status of the patients with psoriasis. A total of 26 psoriasis patients were included in the study. Serum total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and serum paraoxonase enzyme (PON) levels were measurement of all patients, and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) were calculated before and after 8 weeks of MTX therapy. Psoriasis Area Severity Index scores of the patients decreased significantly after MTX treatment. While the serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein decreased significantly, the serum ALT levels of the patients increased significantly after MTX treatment. There was no statistically significant alteration in serum levels of PON, TAS, TOS, and OSI after the MTX therapy. The oxidative stress emerging with 8-week MTX treatment is not significantly increased in the patients. In parallel with the decreasing inflammation by MTX treatment in patients with psoriasis, a decrease in oxidative stress (OS) is also expected. However, the expected reduction in OS might have been precluded by MTX-induced OS, which resulted in no significant difference between pre- and post-treatment values of OS parameters in our study. There is a possibility that the 8-week results may change with longer treatment durations and higher cumulative doses.
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95
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Ćalasan MB, Thurlings RM, Wulffraat NM, Prakken BJ. Translational medicine from bedside to bench and back again: methotrexate revisited. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.13.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Preclinical efficacy of melatonin to reduce methotrexate-induced oxidative stress and small intestinal damage in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:959-69. [PMID: 23053903 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methotrexate is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for leukemia and other malignancies. The efficacy of this drug is often limited by mucositis and intestinal injury, which are the major causes of morbidity in children and adults. AIM The present study investigates whether melatonin, a powerful antioxidant, could have a protective effect. METHOD Rats were pretreated with melatonin (20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) daily 1 h before methotrexate (7 mg/kg body weight) administration for three consecutive days. After the final dose of methotrexate, the rats were sacrificed and the small intestine was used for light microscopy and biochemical assays. Intestinal homogenates were used for assay of oxidative stress parameters malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content, and myeloperoxidase activity, a marker of neutrophil infiltration as well as for the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. RESULT Pretreatment with melatonin had a dose-dependent protective effect on methotrexate (MTX)-induced alterations in small intestinal morphology. Morphology was saved to some extent with 20 mg melatonin pretreatment and near normal morphology was achieved with 40 mg melatonin pretreatment. Biochemically, pretreatment with melatonin significantly attenuated MTX-induced oxidative stress (P < 0.01 for MDA, P < 0.001 for protein carbonyl content) and restored the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase P < 0.05, superoxide dismutase P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrate that supplementation by exogenous melatonin significantly reduces MTX-induced small intestinal damage, indicating that it may be beneficial in ameliorating MTX-induced enteritis in humans.
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Kesler S, Janelsins M, Koovakkattu D, Palesh O, Mustian K, Morrow G, Dhabhar FS. Reduced hippocampal volume and verbal memory performance associated with interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 30 Suppl:S109-16. [PMID: 22698992 PMCID: PMC3665606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many survivors of breast cancer show significant cognitive impairments, including memory deficits. Inflammation induced by chemotherapy may contribute to hippocampal changes that underlie these deficits. In this cross-sectional study, we measured bilateral hippocampal volumes from high-resolution magnetic resonance images in 42 chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors and 35 healthy female controls. Patients with breast cancer were, on average, 4.8 ± 3.4 years off-therapy. In a subset of these participants (20 breast cancer, 23 controls), we quantified serum cytokine levels. Left hippocampal volumes and memory performance were significantly reduced and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) concentrations were significantly elevated in the breast cancer group compared to controls. In the breast cancer group, lower left hippocampal volume was associated with higher levels of TNFα and lower levels of IL-6 with a significant interaction between these two cytokines suggesting a potential modulatory effect of IL-6 on TNFα. Verbal memory performance was associated with cytokine levels and left hippocampal volume in both groups. These findings provide evidence of altered hippocampal volume and verbal memory difficulties following breast cancer chemotherapy that may be mediated by TNFα and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli Kesler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Michelle Janelsins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Della Koovakkattu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Oxana Palesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Karen Mustian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Gary Morrow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Firdaus S. Dhabhar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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Spurlock CF, Tossberg JT, Fuchs HA, Olsen NJ, Aune TM. Methotrexate increases expression of cell cycle checkpoint genes via JNK activation. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2012; 64:1780-9. [PMID: 22183962 PMCID: PMC3310965 DOI: 10.1002/art.34342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess defects in expression of critical cell cycle checkpoint genes and proteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) relative to presence or absence of methotrexate (MTX) treatment, and to investigate the role of JNK in induction of these genes by MTX. METHODS Flow cytometric analysis was used to quantify changes in levels of intracellular proteins, measure reactive oxygen species (ROS), and determine apoptosis in different lymphoid populations. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to identify changes in cell cycle checkpoint target genes. RESULTS RA patients expressed reduced baseline levels of MAPK9, TP53, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, CHEK2, and RANGAP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and JNK total protein. The reduction in expression of mRNA for MAPK9, TP53, CDKN1A, and CDKN1B was greater in patients not receiving MTX than in those receiving low-dose MTX, with no difference in expression levels of CHEK2 and RANGAP1 mRNA between MTX-treated and non-MTX-treated patients. Further, JNK levels were inversely correlated with C-reactive protein levels in RA patients. In tissue culture, MTX induced expression of both p53 and p21 by JNK-2- and JNK-1-dependent mechanisms, respectively, while CHEK2 and RANGAP1 were not induced by MTX. MTX also induced ROS production, JNK activation, and sensitivity to apoptosis in activated T cells. Supplementation with tetrahydrobiopterin blocked these MTX-mediated effects. CONCLUSION Our findings support the notion that MTX restores some, but not all, of the proteins contributing to cell cycle checkpoint deficiencies in RA T cells, via a JNK-dependent pathway.
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Bosma-den Boer MM, van Wetten ML, Pruimboom L. Chronic inflammatory diseases are stimulated by current lifestyle: how diet, stress levels and medication prevent our body from recovering. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:32. [PMID: 22510431 PMCID: PMC3372428 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serhan and colleagues introduced the term "Resoleomics" in 1996 as the process of inflammation resolution. The major discovery of Serhan's work is that onset to conclusion of an inflammation is a controlled process of the immune system (IS) and not simply the consequence of an extinguished or "exhausted" immune reaction. Resoleomics can be considered as the evolutionary mechanism of restoring homeostatic balances after injury, inflammation and infection. Under normal circumstances, Resoleomics should be able to conclude inflammatory responses. Considering the modern pandemic increase of chronic medical and psychiatric illnesses involving chronic inflammation, it has become apparent that Resoleomics is not fulfilling its potential resolving capacity. We suggest that recent drastic changes in lifestyle, including diet and psycho-emotional stress, are responsible for inflammation and for disturbances in Resoleomics. In addition, current interventions, like chronic use of anti-inflammatory medication, suppress Resoleomics. These new lifestyle factors, including the use of medication, should be considered health hazards, as they are capable of long-term or chronic activation of the central stress axes. The IS is designed to produce solutions for fast, intensive hazards, not to cope with long-term, chronic stimulation. The never-ending stress factors of recent lifestyle changes have pushed the IS and the central stress system into a constant state of activity, leading to chronically unresolved inflammation and increased vulnerability for chronic disease. Our hypothesis is that modern diet, increased psycho-emotional stress and chronic use of anti-inflammatory medication disrupt the natural process of inflammation resolution ie Resoleomics.
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Lee SW. Hidden Questions on Methotrexate. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2012. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2012.19.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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