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Tark KC, Lee DW, Lew DH, Kang EH, Roh H, Lee MC. Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on hypertrophic scar remodeling in rabbit model. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 750:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Vayghan HJ, Ghadimi SS, Nourazarian AR. Preventive and therapeutic roles of ginseng - focus on colon cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:585-8. [PMID: 24568461 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases all over the world. Early screening and start of chemotherapy is effective in decreasing mortality. This type of cancer can be controlled to some extent via a healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables. Ginseng is a plant which has been consumed as a herbal medicine for thousands of years in Asian countries. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that this plant not only reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer, but also improves patient's status by enhancing the effects of chemotherapy drugs. However, further studies are needed to prove this relationship. We briefly review ginseng and its components such as ginsenosides reported anticancer effects and their mechanisms of action. Understanding these relationships may produce insights into chemical and pharmacological approaches for enhancing the chemo preventive effects of ginsenosides and for developing novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Jafari Vayghan
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran E-mail :
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Nilforoushzadeh MA, Javanmard SH, Ghanadian M, Asghari G, Jaffary F, Yakhdani AF, Dana N, Fatemi SA. The Effects of Adiantum capillus-veneris on Wound Healing: An Experimental In Vitro Evaluation. Int J Prev Med 2014; 5:1261-8. [PMID: 25400884 PMCID: PMC4223945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A lot of remedies, mostly plant based, were mentioned in the Persian old pharmacopoeias for promoting of burn and wound healing and tissue repairing. The efficacy of most of these old remedies is unexplored till now. Adiantum capillus-veneris from Adiantaceae family is one of them that was used to treating of some kinds of chronic wounds. METHODS Methanol extract was fractionated to four different partitions that is, hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous. The potential of A. capillus-veneris fractions in wound healing or prevention of chronic wounds were evaluated through angiogenesis and fibroblast proliferation, in addition to in vitro tests for protection against damage to fibroblasts by oxygen free radicals. RESULTS The aqueous part of A. capillus-veneris promoted significant angiogenesis (P < 0.05) through both capillary-like tubular formations and proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro. In addition, in the tests for protection against damage to fibroblasts by oxygen free radicals, aqueous and butanol fractions showed significant protective effects in the concentrations 50, and 500 μg/ml (P < 0.05) in comparison with a control group. In the toxicity testing, it showed weak irritation in the Hen's egg test chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) bioassay at the vascular level on the CAM of the chicken and no significant cytotoxicity in the MTT assays on normal human dermal fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Angiogenic effects and protective effects against oxygen free radicals suggested aqueous partition of A. capillus-veneris local application for prevention of late-radiation-induced injuries after radiation therapy and healing of external wounds similar to bedsores and burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Nilforoushzadeh
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran,Correspondence to: Dr. Mustafa Ghanadian, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Gholamreza Asghari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariba Jaffary
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fallah Yakhdani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasim Dana
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Ali Fatemi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kim J, Lee H, Kang KS, Chun KH, Hwang GS. Protective effect of Korean Red Ginseng against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in vitro and in vivo. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:46-53. [PMID: 25535476 PMCID: PMC4268568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in many chemotherapeutic protocols and play an important role in the normal regulation of bone remodeling. However, the prolonged use of GCs results in osteoporosis, which is partially due to apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes. In this study, effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on GC-treated murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and a GC-induced osteoporosis mouse model were investigated. Methods MC3T3-E1 cells were exposed to dexamethasone (Dex) with or without KRG and cell viability was measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate the apoptotic gene expression; osteogenic gene expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were also measured. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) proteins. A GC-induced osteoporosis animal model was used for in vivo study. Results and conclusion The MTT assay revealed that Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) prevents loss of cell viability caused by Dex-induced apoptosis in MC3T3E1 cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction data showed that groups treated with both Dex and KRG exhibited lower mRNA levels of caspase-3 and -9, whereas the mRNA levels of Bcl2, IAPs, and XIAP increased. Moreover, groups treated with both Dex and KRG demonstrated increased mRNA levels of ALP, RUNX2, and bone morphogenic proteins as well as increased ALP activity in MC3T3-E1 cells, compared to cells treated with Dex only. In addition, KRG increased protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and decreased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. Moreover, microcomputed tomography analysis of the femurs showed that GC implantation caused trabecular bone loss. However, a significant reduction of bone loss was observed in the KRG-treated group. These results suggest that the molecular mechanism of KRG in the GC-induced apoptosis may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent and/or delay osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Research, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Research, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Chun
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gwi Seo Hwang
- Laboratory of Cell Differentiation Research, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
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Pazyar N, Yaghoobi R, Rafiee E, Mehrabian A, Feily A. Skin Wound Healing and Phytomedicine: A Review. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:303-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000357477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: an integrative review. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:601-17. [PMID: 24895176 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Burn wound healing is a complicated process including inflammation, re-epithelialization, granulation, neovascularization and wound contraction. Several biochemicals are involved in burn healing process including antioxidants, cytokines and liver and kidney damage biomarkers. Although several preparations are available for the management of burn wound, there is still a necessity of researching for efficacious medicine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate herbal preparations and their phytochemical constituents for burn wound management. For this purpose, electronic databases including Pubmed, Scirus, Scopus and Cochrane library were searched from 1966 to July 2013 for in vitro, in vivo or clinical studies which examined the effect of any herbal preparation on different types of burn wound. Only 3 human studies were found to include in this review. In contrast, there were 62 in vivo and in vitro studies that show the need for more clinical trials to prove the plant's potential to cure burn wound. Among single herbal preparations, Allium sativum, Aloe vera, Centella asiatica and Hippophae rhamnoides showed the best burn wound healing activity. Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and phenolic compounds were active constituents present in different herbs facilitating wound closure. Glycosides including madecassoside and asiaticoside and proteolytic enzymes were among the main active components. Phytochemicals represented positive activity at different stages of burn wound healing process by various mechanisms including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, collagen synthesis stimulation, cell proliferative and angiogenic effect. Overall, several herbal medicaments have shown marked activity in the management of wounds-especially burn wounds-and therefore can be considered as an alternative source of treatment. Furthermore, various natural compounds with verified burn-induced wound healing potential can be assumed as future natural drugs.
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Akhoondinasab MR, Khodarahmi A, Akhoondinasab M, Saberi M, Iranpour M. Assessing effect of three herbal medicines in second and third degree burns in rats and comparison with silver sulfadiazine ointment. Burns 2014; 41:125-31. [PMID: 24907191 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing effect of three herbal medicines on healing of deep second and third degree burns in rats and their comparison with silver sulfadiazine group. METHODS AND MATERIALS 40 rats were randomly assigned to one of the four groups, each group 10 rats. A deep second degree burn and a third degree burn were induced on the lower back and upper back of each rat under standard burning procedure, respectively. The burns were daily dressed with Robacin in group 1, silver sulfadiazine in group 2, aloe vera extract in group 3, and Rimojen in group 4. Responses to the treatment were assessed by digital photography during the treatment until day 32. Histological parameters (PMN, epithelialization, fibrosis, and angiogenesis) were assessed after the scar biopsy at the end of the research. RESULTS On the basis of the taken photos, the wound had better healing in Robacin group. Also, speed of healing was better in aloe vera group than silver sulfadiazine and Rimojen groups. In terms of wound surface area maximal improvement was observed at the same time in the second and third degree burn wounds in Robacin group, in the second degree wound of aloe vera and Rimojen groups, and in the third degree wound of aloe vera and silver sulfadiazine groups. In pathological respects, epithelialization was more evident in both wounds of aloe vera group and third degree burn of Robacin group. In both wounds of Robacin group (second and third degree), the extend of angiogenesis and fibrosis was significantly less than other groups; but, inflammation was at a less level in third degree of silver, second degree of Rimogen and aloe vera, and third degree of aloe vera groups. CONCLUSION In histological survey, minimal rate of angiogenesis and fibrosis was seen in Robacin group, which indicated less wound scar in this group. Healing speed of the burn wound was also higher in Robacin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Akhoondinasab
- Faculty of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Khodarahmi
- Burn Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Saberi
- Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center and Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kim MR, Lee HS, Choi HS, Kim SY, Park Y, Suh HJ. Protective effects of ginseng leaf extract using enzymatic extraction against oxidative damage of UVA-irradiated human keratinocytes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:933-45. [PMID: 24736942 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UVA is responsible for numerous biological effects on the skin, including premature aging characterized by wrinkles, leathery texture, and mottled pigmentation. The objective of this study was evaluating the protective effect of ginseng leaf extract prepared by Ultraflo L on skin from photodamage. Anti-wrinkle effect of ginseng leaf extract with or without Ultraflo L treatment were tested on human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) A. Ginseng leaves inhibited ROS generation, GHS depletion, and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 induced by UVA irradiation. The glutathione (GSH) content of the cells was significantly increased by over 25 μg mL(-1) of Ultraflo-treated extract (UTGL) as well as by over 100 μg mL(-1) of nonenzyme-treated extract (NEGL) compared to control. UTGL and NEGL treatments significantly decreased expression of metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9 compared with control, but inhibitory effects of two groups on expression of MMPs were not significantly different. Overall, ULtraflo L-treated ginseng leaves inhibited ROS generation, GHS depletion, and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in UVA photodamaged HaCat cells. From these results, enzyme-treated ginseng leaf extract has advantages over untreated ginseng leaves and have potential as a skin protective ingredient against UVA-induced photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ryung Kim
- OURHOME Co. Ltd Food R&D Center, Sungnam, 462-819, Republic of Korea
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Ryu HJ, Yoo MG, Son SW. The efficacy of 3% minoxidil vs. combined 3% minoxidil and Korean red ginseng in treating female pattern alopecia. Int J Dermatol 2014; 53:e340-2. [PMID: 24451023 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jung Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Akhoondinasab MR, Akhoondinasab M, Saberi M. Comparison of healing effect of aloe vera extract and silver sulfadiazine in burn injuries in experimental rat model. World J Plast Surg 2014; 3:29-34. [PMID: 25489521 PMCID: PMC4236981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wound healing is widely discussed in the medical literature. This study compared the healing effect of aloe vera extract and silver sulfadiazine in burn injuries in experimental rat model. METHODS Sixteen rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups, each group 8 rats. A deep second-degree burn on the lower back and 3(rd) degree burn on upper back of each rat were created with a standard burning procedure. Burns were dressed daily with aloe vera extract in group 2 and silver sulfadiazine in group 1. Response to treatment was assessed by digital photography during treatment until day 32. Histological parameters (PMN, epithelialization, fibrosis and angiogenesis) were assessed after biopsy of scar at the end of research. RESULTS Wound healing was more visible in aloe vera group. Also the speed of healing in aloe vera group was better than silver sulfadiazine group. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, aloe vera can be a therapy of choice for burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Akhoondinasab
- Faculty of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;,Correspondence Author: Mohammad Reza Akhoondinasab, MD; Faculty of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Research Center, Motahhari Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, E-mail:
| | | | - Mohsen Saberi
- Medicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kim YS, Cho IH, Jeong MJ, Jeong SJ, Nah SY, Cho YS, Kim SH, Go A, Kim SE, Kang SS, Moon CJ, Kim JC, Kim SH, Bae CS. Therapeutic effect of total ginseng saponin on skin wound healing. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:360-7. [PMID: 23717081 PMCID: PMC3659532 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of total ginseng saponin (TGS) on the cutaneous wound healing process using histological analysis. A total of 24 ICR mice, 5-weeks-old, were used for all in vivo experiments. Mice were divided into control and TGS-treated groups and four equidistant 1-cm full-thickness dorsal incisional wounds were created. The wounds were extracted at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-injury for histomorphometrical analysis including wound area and contracture measurements, keratinocyte migration rate, and calculation of infiltrating inflammatory cells. The results showed that the wound area was smaller and keratinocyte migration rate was higher in the TGS-treated group than that of the control group from days 3 to 7. Inflammatory cells in the TGS-treated group at days 1 and 3 were reduced compared to the control group. Wound contraction in the TGS-treated group was greater than in the control group on days 3 to 5, and collagen deposition in the TGS-treated group was higher than in the control group during wound healing. The results indicate a beneficial effect of TGS when used to treat skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Chonnam National University College of Veterinary Medicine, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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Wound-healing effect of ginsenoside Rd from leaves of Panax ginseng via cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:285-93. [PMID: 23399764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is considered as one of the most valuable medicinal herbs in traditional medicine, and ginsenoside Rd is one of the main active ingredients in P. ginseng leaf. Although there is significant number of evidences implicated on the beneficial effects of the ginsenosides with diverse associated mechanisms, reports on the skin regeneration by the ginsenoside Rd are not sufficient. Therefore, we examined the mitogenic and protective effects of the ginsenoside Rd in the keratinocyte progenitor cells (KPCs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Furthermore, the signaling pathways involved in the activation of KPCs and HDFs were investigated, and wound-healing effect is evaluated in vivo through animal wound models. We found that the ginsenoside Rd significantly increased the proliferation and migration level of KPCs and HDFs in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the cell survival was significantly increased in H2O2 treated KPCs. Moreover, the ginsenoside Rd effectively induced collagen type 1 and down-regulated matrix metalloprotinase-1 (MMP-1) in a dose-dependent manner. All of these beneficial effects are associated with an induction of intracellular cAMP levels and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein expression in nucleus, which both attenuated by adenine 9-β-d-arabinofuranoside, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor. Application of the ginsenoside Rd to an excision wound in mice showed an effective healing process. As skin regeneration is mainly associated with the activation of HDFs and KPCs, P. ginseng leaf, an alternative source of the ginsenoside Rd, can be used as a natural source for skin regeneration.
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Kordjazi M, Shabanpour B, Zabihi E, Faramarzi MA, Feizi F, Ahmadi Gavlighi H, Feghhi MA, Hosseini SA. Sulfated polysaccharides purified from two species of padina improve collagen and epidermis formation in the rat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2013; 2:156-63. [PMID: 24551807 PMCID: PMC3927382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides have shown promising effects on wound healing processes along with many other biological activities. The sulfated polysaccharides extracted from two algae species habitats in Persian Gulf were studied in vivo for their effects on collagen formation and epidermal regeneration. The polysaccharides were purified from aqueous extracts of P. tetrastromatica and P. boergesenii using CaCl2 and ethanol precipitation. The sulfate content of each polysaccharide was determined. Two identical wounds (either burn or excision) were made on the back of 4 groups of male Wistar rats (10 rats per group) under anesthesia. The algal polysaccharide ointments (2%) were applied twice daily on one side and the other wound was treated with Eucerin (as control). The rats were sacrificed on day 7 or 14, and then the wound samples were examined for epidermal thickness by light microscope. Furthermore, hydroxyproline content (as a marker of collagen formation) was spectro-photometrically measured. The polysaccharides purified from P. boergesenii had higher sulfate content (32.6±1%) compared to P. tetrastromatica (19±1%). Both algal polysaccharides showed some improvements in collagen formation (hydroxyproline content) and epidermal thickness in both wound models compared to the vehicle. The sulfated polysaccharides purified from P. tetrastromatica and P. boergesenii seaweeds are able to induce collagen formation and epidermal regeneration in the two wound models. The superior healing properties of P. boergesenii polysaccharides might be correlated to its higher sulfate content. Both algal polysaccharides are good candidates for wound healing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moazameh Kordjazi
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Shabanpour
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology research Center (CMBRC), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Corresponding author: Cellular and Molecular Biology research Center (CMBRC), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farideh Feizi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology research Center (CMBRC), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Feghhi
- Persian Gulf Biotechnology Park, Persian Gulf Biotechnology Research Center, Qeshm Island, Iran.
| | - Seyed Abbas Hosseini
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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Jung K, Chin YW, Chung YH, Park YH, Yoo H, Min DS, Lee B, Kim J. Anti-gastritis and wound healing effects of Momordicae Semen extract and its active component. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 35:126-32. [PMID: 22889079 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.712139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Momordicae Semen, Momordica cochinchinensis Springer (Cucurbitaceae), has long been known to effectively relieve boils, rheumatic pain, and hemorrhoids. In this study, we investigated whether Momordicae Semen extract (MSE) has anti-gastritis effects in various rodent models and also explored possible mechanisms for the gastroprotective effects of MSE. MSE provided remarkable protective effects, comparable to those of rebamipide, in ethanol- and diclofenac-induced acute gastritis. In addition, it has demonstrated protective effect in a Helicobacter pylori-insulted chronic gastritis model. MSE also showed wound healing effect on cutaneous injury of mice and stimulated calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin receptors, which may be related to its anti-gastritis effects. In a single oral dose toxicity study, the approximate lethal dose of MSE was determined at >2000 mg/kg/day. The NOAEL was set to be 2000 mg/kg/day from the repeated oral dose toxicity study. Moreover, momordica saponin I, a major ingredient of MSE, treatment decreased gastric mucosa damage indices in the ethanol- and diclofenac-induced acute gastritis models. The results suggest that MSE could be a promising gastroprotective herbal medicine and momordica saponin I might be used as an active marker compound for MSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwon Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kwok HH, Yue PYK, Mak NK, Wong RNS. Ginsenoside Rb1 induces type I collagen expression through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:532-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shen K, Ji L, Gong C, Ma Y, Yang L, Fan Y, Hou M, Wang Z. Notoginsenoside Ft1 promotes angiogenesis via HIF-1α mediated VEGF secretion and the regulation of PI3K/AKT and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:784-92. [PMID: 22771629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Notoginsenoside Ft1 (Ft1) is a saponin isolated from Panax notoginseng, which has been used traditionally for the treatment of trauma injuries in East Asia. Here we show that Ft1 is a novel stimulator of angiogenesis. The results show that Ft1 induces proliferation, migration, and tube formation in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ft1 increases translocalization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) from cytoplasm to nuclei, where it binds to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter, increasing the expression of VEGF mRNA and the subsequent secretion of the growth factor. Ft1 induces the activation of PI3K/AKT and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Pharmacological inhibition with LY294002, wortmanin or PD98059 reduces Ft1-induced angiogenesis, indicating the important role played by these pathways. In addition, Ft1 induces phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and siRNA-mediated mTOR knockdown decreases tube formation, proliferation, transport of HIF-1α into nuclei and VEGF mRNA expression in response to Ft1. Finally, in vivo, Ft1 promotes the formation of blood vessels in Matrigel plug and wound healing in mice. Taken together, the present results reveal that Ft1 stimulates angiogenesis via HIF-1α-mediated VEGF expression, with PI3K/AKT and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascades concurrently participating in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Shen
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
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Pashinyan AG, Shapoval ES, Dzhavayeva DG, Arutyunyan GB. Principles of skin care for patients with rosacea. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2012. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The article covers problems of vegetovascular changes in case of rosacea. The efficacy and safety of skin care products for rosacea patients were evaluated.
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Effects of ginsenoside Rb₁ on skin changes. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:946242. [PMID: 22505819 PMCID: PMC3303758 DOI: 10.1155/2012/946242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng roots (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) have been used traditionally for the treatment, especially prevention, of various diseases in China, Korea, and Japan. Both experimental and clinical studies suggest ginseng roots to have pharmacological effects in patients with life-style-related diseases such as non-insulin-dependent diabetic mellitus, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. The topical use of ginseng roots to treat skin complaints including atopic suppurative dermatitis, wounds, and inflammation is also described in ancient Chinese texts; however, there have been relatively few studies in this area. In the present paper, we describe introduce the biological and pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rb1 isolated from Red ginseng roots on skin damage caused by burn-wounds using male Balb/c mice (in vivo) and by ultraviolet B irradiation using male C57BL/6J and albino hairless (HR-1) mice (in vivo). Furthermore, to clarify the mechanisms behind these pharmacological actions, human primary keratinocytes and the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT were used in experiments in vitro.
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Choi YJ, Choi H, Cho CH, Park JW. Red ginseng deregulates hypoxia-induced genes by dissociating the HIF-1 dimer. J Nat Med 2011; 65:344-52. [PMID: 21240677 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Water extract of Korean red ginseng (KRGW) contains numerous bioactive ginsenosides and is very popular as a multi-purpose medicine for health improvement. KRGW has been in the limelight because of its clinical benefit in cancer control. A growing body of evidence suggests that hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) plays critical roles in tumor promotion under hypoxia and that it is a compelling target for cancer therapy. In this paper we investigated the effect of KRGW on HIF-1-mediated adaptation to hypoxia. In both Hep3B cancer and HEK293 immortalized normal cell lines, KRGW attenuated the expression of hypoxia-induced genes without apparent cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, KRGW did not affect the synthesis, degradation, and translocation of HIF-1 in hypoxia. Interestingly, KRGW was found to repress the transcriptional activity of HIF-1 by interfering with the dimerization between HIF-1α and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator. To identify the HIF-inhibiting ingredient(s), we examined the effects of major ginsenosides on HIF-1 activity, but all ginsenosides tested failed to inactivate HIF-1. Based on these results, we propose that HIF-1 inhibition underlies the anticancer effect of ginseng. It is also proposed that KRGW could be an anticancer drug targeting hypoxic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Joon Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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70
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Lee HS, Lee HJ, Cho HJ, Park SS, Kim JM, Suh HJ. Cosmetic Potential of Enzymatic Treated Ginseng Leaf. J Ginseng Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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71
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Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. American ginseng: potential structure-function relationship in cancer chemoprevention. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:947-54. [PMID: 20599804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng has a prominent position on the list of best-selling herbal products in the world, and its main active constituents are thought to be ginsenosides. Compared with the long history of use and widespread research on Asian ginseng, studies of American ginseng are relatively limited, especially regarding cancer chemoprevention. In recent studies of American ginseng, steaming or heating altered the ginsenoside profile and thereby increased anticancer effects. Yet the ginsenoside structures and their activities have not been systematically elucidated. In this commentary, we introduce the different ginsenosides in American ginseng, both the naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from steaming or biotransformation. We briefly review American ginseng's reported anticancer effects and their mechanisms of action, and explore the possible structural-function relationship with a focus on sugar molecules, hydroxyl groups and stereoselectivity in ginsenosides. Understanding these relationships may produce insights into chemical and pharmacological approaches for enhancing the chemopreventive effects of ginsenoside and for developing novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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Kang JM, Kim N, Kim B, Kim JH, Lee BY, Park JH, Lee MK, Lee HS, Kim JS, Jung HC, Song IS. Enhancement of gastric ulcer healing and angiogenesis by cochinchina Momordica seed extract in rats. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:875-81. [PMID: 20514308 PMCID: PMC2877244 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.6.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cochinchina momordica seed is the dried ripe seed of Momordica cochinchinensis, a perennial vine. The antiulcer effect of an extract from cochinchina momordica seeds (SK-MS10) was evaluated in a rat model of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers. Gastric ulcers were produced by subserosal injection of acetic acid. SK-MS10 (200 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered orally once per day for 14 days after the acetic acid injection. The stomach was removed and the ulcer size measured at day 7 and 14 of the treatment. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was assessed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, the microvasculature density (MVD) adjacent to the ulcer margin was examined by immunohistochemistry. The treatment with SK-MS10 for 7 and 14 days significantly accelerated ulcer healing and increased the expression of mRNA (at day 7) as well as VEGF protein (at day 14) compared to the vehicle-treated rats. The MVD for factor VIII was also higher in the SK-MS10 treatment group compared to the vehicle-treated rats; however, these differences were not statistically significant. These results suggest that SK-MS10 treatment accelerates the healing of gastric ulcers via upregulation of VEGF and angiogenesis in an acetic acid rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Mook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | | | - Joo-Hyon Kim
- Life Science R&D Center, SK Chemicals, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Chae Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Sung Song
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cho S, Won CH, Lee DH, Lee MJ, Lee S, So SH, Lee SK, Koo BS, Kim NM, Chung JH. Red Ginseng Root Extract Mixed with Torilus Fructus and Corni Fructus Improves Facial Wrinkles and Increases Type I Procollagen Synthesis in Human Skin: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Med Food 2009; 12:1252-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soyun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, Ulsan University Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Dermatological Science, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Serah Lee
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Dermatological Science, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho So
- Ginseng Research Group, KT&G Central Research Institute, Yuseong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kye Lee
- Ginseng Research Group, KT&G Central Research Institute, Yuseong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Suk Koo
- Ginseng Research Group, KT&G Central Research Institute, Yuseong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Mi Kim
- Ginseng Research Group, KT&G Central Research Institute, Yuseong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Dermatological Science, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Effect of oral mucosal adhesive films containing ginsenoside Rb1 on 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis in hamsters. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616:281-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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75
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Kang TH, Park HM, Kim YB, Kim H, Kim N, Do JH, Kang C, Cho Y, Kim SY. Effects of red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 123:446-451. [PMID: 19501277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Korean herb medicine, has been widely used in China and Japan for fatigue and enhancement of resistance to many diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY This study is aimed to assess the effects of Korean red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation induced skin aging in hairless mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Red ginseng extracts prepared with ethanol were used in this study. To standardize Korean red ginseng, it was analyzed by HPLC. And inhibitory effects of red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice were determined by the measurement of wrinkle, expression of type I procollagen and MMP-1 and immunohistology. RESULTS Based on the HPLC quantitative analysis, ginsenoside Rb1 content in Korean red ginseng was 43.5mg/g of extract. In the result of body weight gain and food efficiency rate, body weights of all groups were increased during experimental periods. In the wrinkle measurement and image analysis of skin replicas, the results showed that the dietary supply containing red ginseng extract significantly inhibited wrinkle formation caused by chronic UVB irradiation. In the changes of expression of procollagen type I and MMP-1 in the skin of UV irradiated hairless mice fed dietary supplement containing 2.5% red ginseng extract, level of mRNA of procollagen type I was decreased. But protein level of that was increased. And in terms of MMP-1, either mRNA or protein levels of MMP-1 were significantly decreased. These results showed anti-wrinkle effect of Korean red ginseng involved the inhibition of collagen degradation rather than increased collagen synthesis. CONCLUSION It is shown that Korean red ginseng may be functional food candidate for skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ho Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
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76
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Kim YG, Sumiyoshi M, Sakanaka M, Kimura Y. Effects of ginseng saponins isolated from red ginseng on ultraviolet B-induced skin aging in hairless mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 602:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kim YG, Sumiyoshi M, Kawahira K, Sakanaka M, Kimura Y. Effects of Red Ginseng extract on ultraviolet B-irradiated skin change in C57BL mice. Phytother Res 2008; 22:1423-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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78
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Kawahira K, Sumiyoshi M, Sakanaka M, Kimura Y. Effects of ginsenoside Rb1 at low doses on histamine, substance P, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in the burn wound areas during the process of acute burn wound repair. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 117:278-284. [PMID: 18329832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY We reported recently that the facilitating effects of ginsenosid Rb(1) on burn wound-healing might be due to the promotion of angiogenesis. Increased histamine, substance P (SP), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 levels caused inflammation, and pain following severe burn wound injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on the histamine, SP, and MCP-1 levels in burn wound tissue during burn wound repair. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Ginsenoside Rb1 (1 ng/wound) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (2.5 microg/wound) significantly increased the levels of MCP-1 on day 1 compared to the MCP-1 level in vehicle-treated mice. Histamine production of the burn wound area on day 7 was increased by topical application of ginsenoside Rb1 (100 fg-1 ng/wound) and bFGF. The number of mast cells migrating to the burn wound area was also increased by ginsenoside Rb1. Conversely, the increased SP production was reduced by ginsenoside Rb1. This finding suggests that the pain induction by burn injury may be reduced by ginsenoside Rb1. The facilitating actions of ginsenoside Rb1 on burn wound healing may be due to the increase in histamine production via the increase in mast cell migration to the burn wound area induced by the rapid elevation of MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kawahira
- Division of Functional Histology, Department of Functional Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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79
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Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M, Samukawa KI, Satake N, Sakanaka M. Facilitating action of asiaticoside at low doses on burn wound repair and its mechanism. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 584:415-23. [PMID: 18353310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some reports published from 1967 to 1999 describe the use of ointments containing high doses (0.1 to 0.2%, w/w) C. asiataica herb extracts to enhance wound repair. Lower doses at which burn wound repair is enhanced by such topical applications have not been established yet. We found that the application of asiaticoside at low doses of 10(-8) to 10(-12)% (w/w) facilitated burn wound repair. To clarify the accelerating mechanisms of asiaticoside on burn wound repair, we examined the effects of asiaticoside on the levels of various cytokines produced at the site of the burn wound. The topical application of a low dose (10 pg, 1 ng, or 100 ng/wound area) of asiaticoside increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin (IL)-1beta levels in burn wound exudates. Asiaticoside (10 pg to 100 ng/ml) enhanced MCP-1 production in HaCaT cells, but it had no direct effect on VEGF production. Furthermore, asiaticoside (10 pg to 100 ng/ml) increased the IL-1beta production in THP-1 macrophages with MCP-1, but it had no effect on IL-1beta production without MCP-1 or with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These findings suggest that the enhancement of burn wound healing by asiaticoside might be due to the promotion of angiogenesis during skin wound repair as a result of the stimulation of VEGF production caused by the increase in MCP-1 expression in keratinocytes and the increase in IL-1beta expression in macrophages induced cooperatively by asiaticoside plus MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kimura
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Basic Medical Research, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, 791-0295, Japan.
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Kim YM, Namkoong S, Yun YG, Hong HD, Lee YC, Ha KS, Lee H, Kwon HJ, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Water extract of Korean red ginseng stimulates angiogenesis by activating the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and eNOS pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1674-9. [PMID: 17827719 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is important for promoting cardiovascular disease, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. We investigated the effects of Korean red ginseng water extract (KRGE) on angiogenesis and its underlying signal mechanism. KRGE increased in vitro proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as well as stimulated in vivo angiogenesis without increasing VEGF expression. KRGE-induced angiogenesis was accompanied by phosphorylation of ERK1/2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Akt), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) as well as an increase in NO production. Inhibition of PI3K activity by wortmannin completely inhibited KRGE-induced angiogenesis and phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and eNOS, indicating that PI3K/Akt activation is an upstream event of the KRGE-mediated angiogenic pathway. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked KRGE-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation without affecting Akt and eNOS activation. However, the eNOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine effectively inhibited tube formation, but partially blocked proliferation and migration as well as ERK phosphorylation, without altering Akt and eNOS activation, revealing that the eNOS/NO pathway is partially involved in ERK1/2 activation. This study demonstrated that KRGE stimulates in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through the activation of the PI3K/Akt-dependent ERK1/2 and eNOS signal pathways and their cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Kim
- Vascular System Research Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Kangwon-do 200-701, Korea
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Sakanaka M, Zhu P, Zhang B, Wen TC, Cao F, Ma YJ, Samukawa K, Mitsuda N, Tanaka J, Kuramoto M, Uno H, Hata R. Intravenous infusion of dihydroginsenoside Rb1 prevents compressive spinal cord injury and ischemic brain damage through upregulation of VEGF and Bcl-XL. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:1037-54. [PMID: 17600519 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng root (Panax Ginseng CA Meyer) has been used clinically by many Asian people for thousands of years without any detrimental effects. One of the major components of Red ginseng root is ginsenoside Rb(1) (gRb1). Previously, we showed that intravenous infusion of gRb1 ameliorated ischemic brain damage through upregulation of an anti-apoptotic factor, Bcl-x(L) and that topical application of gRb1 to burn wound lesion facilitated wound healing through upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In the present study, we produced dihydroginsenoside Rb1 (dgRb1), a stable chemical derivative of gRb1, and showed that intravenous infusion of dgRb1 improved spinal cord injury (SCI) as well as ischemic brain damage. As we expected, the effective dose of dgRb1 was ten times lower than that of gRb1. Intravenous infusion of dgRb1 at this effective dose did not affect brain temperature, blood pressure or cerebral blood flow, suggesting that dgRb1 rescued damaged neurons without affecting systemic parameters. In subsequent in vitro studies that focused on dgRb1-induced expression of gene products responsible for neuronal death or survival, we showed that dgRb1 could upregulate the expression of not only Bcl-x(L), but also a potent angiogenic and neurotrophic factor, VEGF. We also showed that dgRb1-induced expression of bcl-x(L) and VEGF mRNA was HRE (hypoxia response element) and STRE (signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (Stat5) response element) dependent, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sakanaka
- Department of Functional Histology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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Papapetropoulos A. A ginseng-derived oestrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) agonist, Rb1 ginsenoside, attenuates capillary morphogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:172-4. [PMID: 17603551 PMCID: PMC1978256 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng extracts contain a variety of active ingredients and have been shown to promote or inhibit angiogenesis, depending on the presence of different ginsenosides that exert opposing effects on blood vessel growth. Leung et al. in this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology report that Rb1, a ginsenoside that constitutes only 0.37-0.5% of ginseng extracts (depending on manufacturing and processing methods), blocks tube-like network formation by endothelial cells in vitro. At the molecular level, Rb1 binds to the oestrogen receptors and stimulates the transcription of pigment epithelium-derived factor that, in turn, inhibits matrix-driven capillary morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Papapetropoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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