51
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Petitet F. Interactions pharmacocinétiques entre préparation à base de plantes et médicament : une revue de l’importance clinique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-012-0705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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52
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Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. An update on the ability of St. John's wort to affect the metabolism of other drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:691-708. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.680886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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53
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54
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Izzo AA. Interactions between herbs and conventional drugs: overview of the clinical data. Med Princ Pract 2012; 21:404-28. [PMID: 22236736 DOI: 10.1159/000334488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the clinical evidence of interactions between herbal and conventional medicines. Herbs involved in drug interactions--or that have been evaluated in pharmacokinetic trials--are discussed in this review. While many of the interactions reported are of limited clinical significance and many herbal products (e.g. black cohosh, saw palmetto, echinacea, hawthorn and valerian) seem to expose patients to minor risk under conventional pharmacotherapy, a few herbs, notably St. John's wort, may provoke adverse events sufficiently serious to endanger the patients' health. Healthcare professionals should remain vigilant for potential interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs, especially when drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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55
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Chin AC, Baskin LB. Effect of Herbal Supplement–Drug Interactions on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Ther Drug Monit 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385467-4.00019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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56
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Han HK. Role of transporters in drug interactions. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1865-77. [PMID: 22139686 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, a tremendous amount of work has been done on the molecular characterization of transport proteins in animals and humans, leading to a better understanding of the physiological roles of a number of transport proteins. Furthermore, there is increasing preclinical and clinical evidence to support the importance of transport proteins in the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of a wide variety of structurally diverse drugs. As a consequence, the degree of expression and functionality of transport proteins may directly affect the therapeutic effectiveness, safety and target specificity of drugs. Recently, there has also been increased awareness about potential drug-drug, drug-herb and drug-food interactions involving transporters. Traditionally, a change in metabolic clearance of a drug, particularly via cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism, has been considered the cause of many clinically important drug interactions. However, increasing evidence suggests that some drug interactions result from changes in the activity and/or expression of drug transporters. Accordingly, assessment of the clinical relevance of transporter-mediated drug interactions has become a regulatory issue during the drug approval process and also the evaluation of drug interaction potential has become an integral part of risk assessment during drug development processes. Therefore, this review will highlight the role of some selected drug transporters in drug interactions, as well as their clinical implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Kyung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Korea.
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57
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Na DH, Ji HY, Park EJ, Kim MS, Liu KH, Lee HS. Evaluation of metabolism-mediated herb-drug interactions. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1829-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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58
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Abstract
Drug-drug interactions are a serious clinical issue. An important mechanism underlying drug-drug interactions is induction or inhibition of drug transporters that mediate the cellular uptake and efflux of xenobiotics. Especially drug transporters of the small intestine, liver and kidney are major determinants of the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions in these three organs can considerably influence the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of drugs. In this article, we focus on probe drugs lacking significant metabolism to highlight mechanisms of interactions of selected intestinal, hepatic and renal drug transporters (e.g., organic anion transporting polypeptide [OATP] 1A2, OATP2B1, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, P-gp, organic anion transporter [OAT] 1, OAT3, breast cancer resistance protein [BCRP], organic cation transporter [OCT] 2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein [MATE] 1). Genotype-dependent drug-drug interactions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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59
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Xiao CQ, Chen R, Lin J, Wang G, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Zhou HH. Effect of genistein on the activities of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein in Chinese healthy participants. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:173-8. [PMID: 21943317 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.615954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effect of genistein on cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function using the probe substrates midazolam and talinolol, respectively. Eighteen healthy adult male participants were enrolled in a two-phase randomized crossover design. In each phase, the participants received placebo or genistein for 14 days. On the 15th day, midazolam and talinolol were administered and blood samples were obtained. Midazolam and talinolol pharmacokinetic parameter values were calculated and compared before and after genistein administration. Co-administration of genistein decreased the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 36 h (AUC 0-36) (143.65 ± 55.40 ng h/mL versus 126.10 ± 40.14 ng h/mL, p < 0.05), and the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC 0-∞) (209.18 ± 56.61 ng h/mL versus 180.59 ± 43.03 ng h/mL, p < 0.05), and also maximum concentration (Cmax) of midazolam (48.86 ± 20.21 ng/mL versus 36.25 ± 14.35 ng/mL p < 0.05). Similarly, AUC 0-36 (2490.282 ± 668.79 ng h/mL versus 2114.46 ± 861.11 ng h/mL, p < 0.05), AUC 0-∞ (2980.45 ± 921.09 ng h/mL versus 2626.92 ± 1003.78 ng h/mL, p < 0.05) and Cmax of talinolol (326.58 ± 197.67 ng/mL versus 293.42 ± 127.19 ng/mL, p < 0.05) were reduced by genistein co-administration. The oral clearance of midazolam (1.68 ± 0.85 h-1 versus 3.98 ± 0.59 h-1, p < 0.05) and talinolol (3.34 ± 1.24 h-1 versus 3.79 ± 1.55 h-1, p<0.05) were increased by genistien significantly. Administration of genistein can result in a modest induction of CYP3A and possibly P-gp activity in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Q Xiao
- The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City, Chenzhou, Hunan, P. R. China
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60
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Shimizu T, Sugiura T, Wakayama T, Kijima A, Nakamichi N, Iseki S, Silver DL, Kato Y. PDZK1 Regulates Breast Cancer Resistance Protein in Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2148-54. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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61
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Klemow K, Bartlow A, Crawford J, Kocher N, Shah J, Ritsick M. Medical Attributes of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum). OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10787-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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62
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Abstract
Interindividual differences in drug transporter expression can result in variability in drug response. This variation in gene expression is determined, in part, by the actions of nuclear hormone receptors that act as xenobiotic- and endobiotic-sensing transcription factors. Among the ligand-activated nuclear receptors, signaling through the pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) constitute major pathways regulating drug transporter expression in tissues. Hence, these endobiotic- and xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors are intrinsically involved in environmental influences of drug response. Moreover, because nuclear receptor genes are polymorphic, these transcription factors are also thought to contribute to heritability of variable drug action. In this chapter, the molecular aspects of drug transporter gene regulation by ligand-activated nuclear receptors will be reviewed including their clinical relevance.
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63
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Oswald S, Terhaag B, Siegmund W. In vivo probes of drug transport: commonly used probe drugs to assess function of intestinal P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in humans. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:403-447. [PMID: 21103977 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) may significantly influence drug absorption and elimination. Its expression and function is highly variable, regio-selective and influenced by genetic polymorphisms, drug interactions and intestinal diseases. An in vivo probe drug for intestinal P-gp should a registered, safe and well tolerated nonmetabolized selective substrate with low protein binding for which P-gp is rate-limiting during absorption. Other P-gp dependent processes should be of minor influence. The mechanism(s) and kinetics of intestinal uptake must be identified and quantified. Moreover, the release properties of the dosage form should be known. So far, the cardiac glycoside digoxin and the ß₁-selective blocker talinolol have been used in mechanistic clinical studies, because they meet most of these criteria. Digoxin and talinolol are suitable in vivo probe drugs for intestinal P-gp under the precondition, that they are used as tools in carefully designed pharmacokinetic studies with adequate biometrically planning of the sample size and that several limitations are considered in interpreting and discussion of the study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Oswald
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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64
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Abstract
P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) is one of the most extensively studied transporters regarding drug resistance and drug-drug interactions. P-glycoprotein is expressed in multiple key organs in drug disposition such as small intestine, blood-brain barrier, kidney, and liver. Therefore, P-glycoprotein mediated drug-drug interactions can occur at various organs and tissues. This chapter will mainly focus on drug-drug interactions that are mediated by the intestinal P-glycoprotein.During the last decade, many in vitro and in vivo studies reported that the induction or inhibition of P-glycoprotein can lead to drug-drug interactions. For instance, induction of the intestinal P-glycoprotein activity can cause reduced bioavailability of orally administered drugs and decreased therapeutic efficacy. On the other hand, the inhibition of the intestinal P-glycoprotein activity can lead to increased bioavailability, thus leading to an increased risk of adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Glaeser
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurember, Erlangen, Germany.
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65
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Tarirai C, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH. Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions reviewed. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1515-38. [PMID: 21067427 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.529129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD the global increase in the popularity of alternative medicines has raised renewed concerns regarding herb-drug interactions. These interactions are especially important for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices and may either be pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic in nature. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW pharmacokinetic interactions which may exist between herbs and drugs, and the mechanisms of these interactions with appropriate examples based on primary and secondary data in publications are discussed. The mechanisms covered include those that affect oral drug absorption (e.g., modulation of efflux and uptake transporters, complex formation, gastrointestinal motility and pH) and drug biotransformation (e.g., inhibition or induction of enzymes). WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN knowledge on the mechanisms of herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions supported by an extended list of these types of interactions for quick reference. A critical evaluation of certain herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions reported in the scientific literature. TAKE HOME MESSAGE as the incidence and severity of herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions increase due to a worldwide rise in the use of herbal preparations, more clinical data regarding herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions are needed to make informed decisions regarding patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemence Tarirai
- Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
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66
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Targeting drug transporters - combining in silico and in vitro approaches to predict in vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 637:65-103. [PMID: 20419430 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-700-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transporter proteins are expressed throughout the human body in different vital organs. They play an important role to various extents in determining absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/Tox) properties of therapeutic molecules. Over the past decade, numerous drug transporters have been cloned and considerable progress has been made toward understanding the molecular characteristics of individual transporters. In this chapter several in vitro and in silico techniques are described with applications to understand transporter behavior. These include employing new techniques to rapidly identify novel ligands for transporters. Ultimately these methods should lead to a greater overall appreciation of the role of transporters in vivo.
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67
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Ma JD, Tsunoda SM, Bertino JS, Trivedi M, Beale KK, Nafziger AN. Evaluation of in vivo P-glycoprotein phenotyping probes: a need for validation. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49:223-37. [PMID: 20214407 DOI: 10.2165/11318000-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug transporters are involved in clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter that displays genetic polymorphism. Phenotyping permits evaluation of real-time, in vivo P-gp activity and P-gp-mediated drug-drug interactions. Digoxin, fexofenadine, talinolol and quinidine are commonly used probe drugs for P-gp phenotyping. Although current regulatory guidance documents highlight methodologies for evaluating transporter-based drug-drug interactions, whether current probe drugs are suitable for phenotyping has not been established, and validation criteria are lacking. This review proposes validation criteria and evaluates P-gp probes to determine probe suitability. Based on these criteria, digoxin, fexofenadine, talinolol and quinidine have limitations to their use and are not recommended for P-gp phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Ma
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.
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68
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Lei HP, Yu XY, Xie HT, Li HH, Fan L, Dai LL, Chen Y, Zhou HH. Effect of St. John’s wort supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion in healthy male Chinese volunteers. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:275-81. [DOI: 10.3109/00498250903509383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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69
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Turkanovic J, Ngo SNT, Milne RW. Effect of St John's wort on the disposition of fexofenadine in the isolated perfused rat liver. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.08.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study examined the effects of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on the disposition of fexofenadine, a substrate of P-glycoprotein/organic anion transporting polypeptide, in the isolated perfused rat liver.
Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given St John's wort, 1000 mg/kg, by intragastric gavage once daily for 14 days. On day 15, livers were isolated surgically and perfused in a recirculating system with fexofenadine (2 μg/ml), either alone or following addition of ciclosporin (0.5 μg/ml) 5 min before the addition of fexofenadine. Perfusate samples and bile were collected for 60 min. Fexofenadine in perfusate, bile and the homogenised livers was measured by HPLC.
Key findings
Administration of St John's wort significantly increased biliary clearance with respect to perfusate and biliary clearance with respect to the concentration in the liver, by 74% and 71%, respectively. This was reversed by ciclosporin.
Conclusions
St John's wort enhanced the elimination of fexofenadine into the bile. This could be because it increases the activity of P-glycoprotein on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Turkanovic
- Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Suong N T Ngo
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Robert W Milne
- Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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70
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Borrelli F, Izzo AA. Herb-drug interactions with St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): an update on clinical observations. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:710-27. [PMID: 19859815 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
St John's wort (SJW) extracts, prepared from the aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum, contain numerous pharmacologically active ingredients, including naphthodianthrones (e.g., hypericin and its derivatives), phloroglucinols derivatives (e.g., hyperforin, which inhibits the reuptake of a number of neurotransmitters, including serotonin), and flavonoids. Such extracts are widely used for the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression. As a monotherapy, SJW has an encouraging safety profile. However, relevant and, in some case, life-threatening interactions have been reported, particularly with drugs which are substrate of cytochrome P450 and/or P-glycoprotein. Well-documented SJW interactions include (1) reduced blood cyclosporin concentration, as suggested by multiple case reports as well as by clinical trials, (2) serotonin syndrome or lethargy when SJW was given with serotonin reuptake inhibitors, (3) unwanted pregnancies in women while using oral contraceptives and SJW, and (4) reduced plasma drug concentration of antiretroviral (e.g., indinavir, nevirapine) and anticancer (i.e., irinotecan, imatinib) drugs. Hyperforin, which is believed to contribute to the antidepressant action of St John's wort, is also strongly suspected to be responsible of most of the described interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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71
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Zeng Y, He FY, He YJ, Dai LL, Fan L, Zhou HH. Effect of bifendate on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy subjects. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:844-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00498250903111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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72
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73
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Shugarts S, Benet LZ. The role of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. Pharm Res 2009; 26:2039-54. [PMID: 19568696 PMCID: PMC2719753 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug transporters are recognized as key players in the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The localization of uptake and efflux transporters in organs responsible for drug biotransformation and excretion gives transporter proteins a unique gatekeeper function in controlling drug access to metabolizing enzymes and excretory pathways. This review seeks to discuss the influence intestinal and hepatic drug transporters have on pharmacokinetic parameters, including bioavailability, exposure, clearance, volume of distribution, and half-life, for orally dosed drugs. This review also describes in detail the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) and explains how many of the effects drug transporters exert on oral drug pharmacokinetic parameters can be predicted by this classification scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shugarts
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0912, USA
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74
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Han Y, Guo D, Chen Y, Tan ZR, Zhou HH. Effect of continuous silymarin administration on oral talinolol pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:694-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250903060077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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75
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Foster BC, Kearns N, Arnason JT, Saleem A, Ogrodowczyk C, Desjardins S. Comparative study of hop-containing products on human cytochrome p450-mediated metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:5100-5105. [PMID: 19489632 DOI: 10.1021/jf8038132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five national and international brands of beer were examined for their potential to affect human cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism. They represented the two main categories of beer, ales and lagers, and included a number of specialty products including bitter (porter, stout), coffee, ice, wheat, Pilsner, and hemp seed. Aliquots were examined for nonvolatile soluble solids, effect on CYP metabolism and P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transport, and major alpha- and beta-hop acids. Wide variance was detected in contents of alcohol, nonvolatile suspended solids, and hop acids and in the potential to affect CYP-mediated metabolism and Pgp-mediated efflux transport. Many of the products affected CYP2C9-mediated metabolism, and only two (NRP 306 and 307) markedly affected CYP3A4; hence, some products have the capacity to affect drug safety. CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP19 (aromatase) inhibition to the log concentration of beta-acid content was significant with r(2) > 0.37, suggesting that these components can account for some of the variation in inhibition of CYP metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Foster
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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76
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Rodrigues AC, Hirata MH, Hirata RDC. Impact of cholesterol on ABC and SLC transporters expression and function and its role in disposition variability to lipid-lowering drugs. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:1007-16. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This report focuses on the effects of cholesterol on the expression and function of the ATP-binding cassette (ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC2) and solute-linked carrier (SLCO1B1 and SLCO2B1) drug transporters with a particular focus on the potential impact of cholesterol on lipid-lowering drug disposition. Statins are the most active agents in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. However, considerable interindividual variation exists in the response to statin therapy. Therefore, it would be huge progress if factors were identified that reliably differentiate between responders and nonresponders. Many studies have suggested that plasma lipid concentrations can affect drug disposition of compounds, such as ciclosporin and amphotericin B. Both compounds are able to affect the expression and function of ABC transporters. Although still speculative, these effects might be owing to the regulation of drug transporters by plasma cholesterol levels. Studies with normo- and hyper-cholesterolemic individuals, before and after atorvastatin treatment, have demonstrated that plasma cholesterol levels are correlated with drug transporter expression, as well as being related to atorvastatin’s cholesterol-lowering effect. The mechanism influencing the correlation between cholesterol levels and the expression and function of drug transporters remains unclear. Some studies provide strong evidence that nuclear receptors, such as the pregnane X receptor and the constitutive androstane receptor, mediate this effect. In the near future, pharmacogenomic studies with individuals in a pathological state should be performed in order to identify whether high plasma cholesterol levels might be a factor contributing to interindividual oral drug bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cristina Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, B17, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Mario Hiroyuki Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, B17, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Rosario Dominguez Crespo Hirata
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, B17, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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77
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Tachibana S, Yoshinari K, Chikada T, Toriyabe T, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y. Involvement of Vitamin D receptor in the intestinal induction of human ABCB1. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1604-10. [PMID: 19460946 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) is an efflux transporter that limits the cellular uptake levels of various drugs in intestine, brain, and other tissues. The expression of human ABCB1 has recently been reported to be under the control of nuclear receptor NR1I subfamily members, pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3). Here, we have investigated the involvement of another NR1I member, vitamin D receptor (VDR, NR1I1), in ABCB1 expression. In the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line LS174T, which abundantly expresses VDR, both 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-VD3) and lithocholic acid (LCA) increased ABCB1 mRNA levels. Reporter gene assays in LS174T cells with constructs containing various lengths of the ABCB1 regulatory region revealed that the region containing multiple nuclear receptor binding motifs located at -7.8 kilobases [termed nuclear receptor-responsive module (NURREM)], to which PXR and CAR also bind, is essential for the VDR-mediated ABCB1 transactivation. Further reporter assays with constructs containing truncated NURREM and gel shift assays suggested simultaneous binding of multiple VDR/retinoid X receptor alpha heterodimers to NURREM. Furthermore, knockdown of VDR expression in LS174T cells blocked the LCA- and the 1,25-VD3-induced transcription of ABCB1 reporter genes. In human hepatoma HepG2 cells, in contrast with LS174T cells, 1,25-VD3 activated the ABCB1 transcription only in the presence of ectopically expressed VDR. These results suggest that the NR1I subfamily members regulate the ABCB1 expression sharing the binding sites within NURREM and that the physiologically produced LCA and 1,25-VD3 may modulate the ABCB1 expression in human intestines, possibly associated with interindividual variations of ABCB1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Tachibana
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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78
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A new model for studying tissue-specific mdr1a gene expression in vivo by live imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:5394-9. [PMID: 19282474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807343106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance continues to be a major impediment to successful chemotherapy in cancer patients. One cause of multidrug resistance is enhanced expression of the mdr1 gene, but the precise factors and physiological conditions controlling mdr1 expression are not entirely known. To gain a better understanding of mdr1 transcriptional regulation, we created a unique mouse model that allows noninvasive bioimaging of mdr1 gene expression in vivo and in real time. The model uses a firefly luciferase (fLUC) gene inserted by homologous recombination into the murine mdr1a genetic locus. The inserted fLUC gene is preceded by a neo expression cassette flanked by loxP sites, so that Cre-mediated recombination is required to configure the fLUC gene directly under the control of the endogenous mdr1a promoter. We now demonstrate that the mdr1a.fLUC knock-in is a faithful reporter for mdr1a expression in naive animals, in which fLUC mRNA levels and luminescence intensities accurately parallel endogenous mdr1a mRNA expression. We also demonstrate xenobiotic-inducible regulation of mdr1a.fLUC expression in real time, in parallel with endogenous mdr1a expression, resulting in a more detailed understanding of the kinetics of mdr1a gene induction. This mouse model demonstrates the feasibility of using bioimaging coupled with Cre/loxP conditional knock-in to monitor regulated gene expression in vivo. It represents a unique tool with which to study the magnitude and kinetics of mdr1a induction under a variety of physiologic, pharmacologic, genetic, and environmental conditions.
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79
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Fan L, Mao XQ, Tao GY, Wang G, Jiang F, Chen Y, Li Q, Zhang W, Lei HP, Hu DL, Huang YF, Wang D, Zhou HH. Effect ofSchisandra chinensisextract andGinkgo bilobaextract on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:249-54. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802687657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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80
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Lundahl A, Hedeland M, Bondesson U, Knutson L, Lennernäs H. The effect of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and biliary excretion of finasteride and its metabolites in healthy men. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 36:433-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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81
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Murakami T, Takano M. Intestinal efflux transporters and drug absorption. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:923-39. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.7.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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82
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Abstract
Human jejunal permeability (P(eff)) is determined in the intestinal region with the highest expression of carrier proteins and largest surface area. Intestinal P(eff) are often based on multiple parallel transport processes. Site-specific jejunal P(eff) cannot reflect the permeability along the intestinal tract, but they are useful for approximating the fraction oral dose absorbed. It seems like drugs with a jejunal P(eff) > 1.5 x 10(-4) cm s(-1) will be completely absorbed no matter which transport mechanism(s) are utilized. Many drugs that are significantly effluxed in vitro have a rapid and complete intestinal absorption (i.e. >85%) mediated by passive transcellular diffusion. The determined jejunal P(eff) for drugs transported mainly by absorptive carriers (such as peptide and amino acid transporters) will accurately predict the fraction of the dose absorbed as a consequence of the regional expression. The data also show that: (1) the human intestinal epithelium has a large resistance towards large and hydrophilic compounds; and (2) the paracellular route has a low contribution for compounds larger than approximately molecular weight 200. There is a need for more exploratory in vivo studies to clarify drug absorption and first-pass extraction along the intestine. One is encouraged to develop in vivo perfusion techniques for more distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract in humans. This would stimulate the development of more relevant and complex in vitro absorption models and form the basis for an accurate physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of oral drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lennernäs
- Biopharmaceutics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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