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Chan I, Harper JI, Mellerio JE, McGrath JA. ADULT ectodermal dysplasia syndrome resulting from the missense mutation R298Q in the p63 gene. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004; 29:669-72. [PMID: 15550149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several ectodermal dysplasia syndromes have been shown to result from mutations in the gene that encodes the transcription factor p63. We describe an 11-year-old boy, with clinically normal parents, who had a developmental disorder that resembled EEC (ectrodactyly ectodermal dysplasia-clefting) syndrome (OMIM 604292). He had ectrodactyly and missing middle fingers bilaterally, onychodysplasia, hypodontia with missing teeth, hypohidrosis and lacrimal duct obstruction. DNA sequencing disclosed a heterozygous G-->A substitution at nucleotide 893, that converts an arginine residue (CGA) to glutamine (CAA), the mutation being designated R298Q. This mutation occurs within the DNA-binding domain of p63, and is close to many of the published EEC syndrome mutations. However, R298Q has been described once previously in a large German pedigree, not with EEC syndrome, but another ectodermal dysplasia disorder, ADULT (acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth) syndrome (OMIM 103285). Further clinical assessment in our patient revealed that, apart from not having cleft lip and/or palate, he had an exfoliative dermatitis of his hands and feet, and some freckling on his face and shoulders. Collectively, these features support a diagnosis of ADULT syndrome. This study has identified a specific genotype-phenotype correlation in a rare ectodermal dysplasia syndrome and the findings are useful in improving genetic counselling in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chan
- Genetic Skin Disease Group, St John's Institute of Dermatology, The Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Bertola DR, Kim CA, Albano LMJ, Scheffer H, Meijer R, van Bokhoven H. Molecular evidence that AEC syndrome and Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome are variable expression of a single genetic disorder. Clin Genet 2004; 66:79-80. [PMID: 15200513 DOI: 10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Berdón-Zapata V, Granillo-Alvarez M, Valdés-Flores M, García-Ortiz JE, Kofman-Alfaro S, Zenteno JC. p63 gene analysis in Mexican patients with syndromic and non-syndromic ectrodactyly. J Orthop Res 2004; 22:1-5. [PMID: 14656652 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-0266(03)00166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ectrodactyly is a congenital limb malformation that involves a central reduction defect of the hands and/or feet which is frequently associated with other phenotypic abnormalities. The condition appears to be genetically heterogeneous and recently it has been demonstrated that mutations in the p63 gene, a homologue of the tumor suppressor gene p53, are the cause of at least four autosomal dominant genetic syndromes which feature ectrodactyly: ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and facial clefting (EEC), split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM), limb-mammary syndrome (LMS), and acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome (ADULT). In this study, genetic analysis of the p63 gene in a group of 13 patients with ectrodactyly (syndromic and isolated) was performed. Four patients with syndromic ectrodactyly had p63 heterozygous point mutations that affect the DNA binding domain of the protein. One of these subjects exhibited the typical features of EEC syndrome as well as ankyloblepharon being, to our knowledge, the first case combining these traits. This finding supports the view of a clinical overlap in this group of autosomal dominant syndromes caused by p63 mutations and demonstrates that there are exceptions in the previously established p63 genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Berdón-Zapata
- Department of Genetics, Facultad de Medicina-UNAM, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, CP 06726, Mexico City, Mexico
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Bougeard G, Hadj-Rabia S, Faivre L, Sarafan-Vasseur N, Frébourg T. The Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome results from mutations of the TP63 gene. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11:700-4. [PMID: 12939657 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS, MIM 129400) corresponds to a rare form of anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia, which shares some features with the ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate syndrome (EEC, MIM 604292) resulting from TP63 mutations. We report here, in two unrelated patients with RHS, the identification of two distinct TP63 mutations, corresponding to a novel frameshift mutation (1709DelA, exon 14) located downstream the sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain and to a missense mutation (R279H, exon 7) within the DNA binding domain. Functional analysis of the R279H mutation, which had previously been reported in several EEC families, shows that this mutation disrupted the dominant negative activity of the DeltaNp63alpha and gamma isoforms on the transcriptional activity of TP53. This report shows, on a molecular basis, that RHS is also an EEC-like syndrome resulting from mutations of the TP63 gene, and highlights the wide phenotypic spectrum associated to TP63 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Bougeard
- INSERM EMI 9906-IFRMP, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France
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van Driel MA, Cuelenaere K, Kemmeren PPCW, Leunissen JAM, Brunner HG. A new web-based data mining tool for the identification of candidate genes for human genetic disorders. Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11:57-63. [PMID: 12529706 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2002] [Revised: 10/01/2002] [Accepted: 10/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the gene underlying a human genetic disorder can be difficult and time-consuming. Typically, positional data delimit a chromosomal region that contains between 20 and 200 genes. The choice then lies between sequencing large numbers of genes, or setting priorities by combining positional data with available expression and phenotype data, contained in different internet databases. This process of examining positional candidates for possible functional clues may be performed in many different ways, depending on the investigator's knowledge and experience. Here, we report on a new tool called the GeneSeeker, which gathers and combines positional data and expression/phenotypic data in an automated way from nine different web-based databases. This results in a quick overview of interesting candidate genes in the region of interest. The GeneSeeker system is built in a modular fashion allowing for easy addition or removal of databases if required. Databases are searched directly through the web, which obviates the need for data warehousing. In order to evaluate the GeneSeeker tool, we analysed syndromes with known genesis. For each of 10 syndromes the GeneSeeker programme generated a shortlist that contained a significantly reduced number of candidate genes from the critical region, yet still contained the causative gene. On average, a list of 163 genes based on position alone was reduced to a more manageable list of 22 genes based on position and expression or phenotype information. We are currently expanding the tool by adding other databases. The GeneSeeker is available via the web-interface (http://www.cmbi.kun.nl/GeneSeeker/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A van Driel
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Gurrieri F, Kjaer KW, Sangiorgi E, Neri G. Limb anomalies: Developmental and evolutionary aspects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 115:231-44. [PMID: 12503118 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this review we describe the developmental mechanisms involved in the making of a limb, by focusing on the nature and types of interactions of the molecules that play a part in the regulation of limb patterning and characterizing clinical conditions that are known to result from the abnormal function of these molecules. The latter subject is divided into sections dealing with syndromal and nonsyndromal deficiencies, polydactylies, and brachydactylies. Conditions caused by mutations in homeobox genes and fibroblast growth factors and their receptor genes are listed separately. Since the process of limb development has been conserved for more than 300 millions years, with all the necessary adaptive modifications occurring throughout evolution, we also take into consideration the evolutionary aspects of limb development in terms of genetic repertoire, molecular pathways, and morphogenetic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Gurrieri
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University of Rome, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Brunner HG, Hamel BCJ, Bokhoven Hv HV. P63 gene mutations and human developmental syndromes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 112:284-90. [PMID: 12357472 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The P63 gene is a recently discovered member of the p53 family. While P53 is ubiquitously expressed, p63 is expressed specifically in embryonic ectoderm and in the basal regenerative layers of epithelial tissues in the adult. Complete abrogation of P63 gene function in an animal model points to the relevance of P63 for the proper development of ectodermally derived tissues. The p63 knockout mouse dies at birth and has truncation of the limbs, as well as absence of epidermis, prostate, breast, and urothelial tissues, apparently reflecting ectodermal stem cell loss. A number of dominant human syndromes have been mapped to chromosome 3q27 and ultimately to mutations in the p63 gene. These syndromes have abnormal limb development and/or ectodermal dysplasia and include ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, clefting syndrome; ankyloblepharon, ectodermal dysplasia, clefting syndrome; acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome; limb-mammary syndrome; as well as nonsyndromic split hand/foot malformation. The pattern of heterozygous mutations is distinct for each of these syndromes. Consistent with this syndrome-specific mutational pattern, the functional consequences of mutations on the p63 proteins also vary, invoking dominant-negative and gain-of-function mechanisms rather than a simple loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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van Bokhoven H, Brunner HG. Splitting p63. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:1-13. [PMID: 12037717 PMCID: PMC384966 DOI: 10.1086/341450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2002] [Accepted: 04/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative TP63 mutations have been identified in five distinct human developmental disorders that are characterized by various degrees of limb abnormalities, ectodermal dysplasia, and facial clefts. The distribution of mutations over the various p63 protein domains and the structural and functional implications of these mutations establish a clear genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Several autosomal dominantly inherited human syndromes have recently been shown to result from mutations in the p63 gene. These syndromes have various combinations of limb malformations fitting the split hand-split foot spectrum, orofacial clefting, and ectodermal dysplasia. The p63 syndrome family includes the EEC syndrome, AEC syndrome, ADULT syndrome, limb-mammary syndrome, and non-syndromic split hand/foot malformation. The pattern of heterozygous mutations is distinct for each of these syndromes. The functional effects on the p63 proteins also vary between syndromes. In all of these syndromes, the mutation appears to have both dominant negative and gain of function effects rather than causing a simple loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Brunner
- University Medical Centre, Department of Human Genetics 417, Geert Grooteplein 16, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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van Bokhoven H, McKeon F. Mutations in the p53 homolog p63: allele-specific developmental syndromes in humans. Trends Mol Med 2002; 8:133-9. [PMID: 11879774 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4914(01)02260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
p63 is the most recently discovered but most ancient member of the p53 family. In marked contrast to p53, p63 is highly expressed in embryonic ectoderm and in the basal, regenerative layers of many epithelial tissues in the adult. The p63-knockout mouse dies at birth and lacks limbs, epidermis, prostate, breast and urothelial tissues, apparently owing to the loss of stem cells required for these tissues. Significantly, several dominant human syndromes involving limb development and/or ectodermal dysplasia have been mapped to chromosome 3q27 and ultimately the gene encoding p63. The heterozygous p63mutations are distinct for each of the syndromes and are thought to act through both dominant-negative and gain-of-function mechanisms rather than a loss-of-function haploinsufficiency. The allele specificity of these syndromes offers unique molecular insights into the poorly understood actions of p63 in limb development, ectodermal-mesodermal interactions and stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans van Bokhoven
- Dept of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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