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Textile Concentric Ring Electrodes for ECG Recording Based on Screen-Printing Technology. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18010300. [PMID: 29361722 PMCID: PMC5796388 DOI: 10.3390/s18010300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among many of the electrode designs used in electrocardiography (ECG), concentric ring electrodes (CREs) are one of the most promising due to their enhanced spatial resolution. Their development has undergone a great push due to their use in recent years; however, they are not yet widely used in clinical practice. CRE implementation in textiles will lead to a low cost, flexible, comfortable, and robust electrode capable of detecting high spatial resolution ECG signals. A textile CRE set has been designed and developed using screen-printing technology. This is a mature technology in the textile industry and, therefore, does not require heavy investments. Inks employed as conductive elements have been silver and a conducting polymer (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate; PEDOT:PSS). Conducting polymers have biocompatibility advantages, they can be used with flexible substrates, and they are available for several printing technologies. CREs implemented with both inks have been compared by analyzing their electric features and their performance in detecting ECG signals. The results reveal that silver CREs present a higher average thickness and slightly lower skin-electrode impedance than PEDOT:PSS CREs. As for ECG recordings with subjects at rest, both CREs allowed the uptake of bipolar concentric ECG signals (BC-ECG) with signal-to-noise ratios similar to that of conventional ECG recordings. Regarding the saturation and alterations of ECGs captured with textile CREs caused by intentional subject movements, silver CREs presented a more stable response (fewer saturations and alterations) than those of PEDOT:PSS. Moreover, BC-ECG signals provided higher spatial resolution compared to conventional ECG. This improved spatial resolution was manifested in the identification of P1 and P2 waves of atrial activity in most of the BC-ECG signals. It can be concluded that textile silver CREs are more suitable than those of PEDOT:PSS for obtaining BC-ECG records. These developed textile electrodes bring the use of CREs closer to the clinical environment.
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52
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Heo JS, Eom J, Kim YH, Park SK. Recent Progress of Textile-Based Wearable Electronics: A Comprehensive Review of Materials, Devices, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1703034. [PMID: 29205836 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics are emerging as a platform for next-generation, human-friendly, electronic devices. A new class of devices with various functionality and amenability for the human body is essential. These new conceptual devices are likely to be a set of various functional devices such as displays, sensors, batteries, etc., which have quite different working conditions, on or in the human body. In these aspects, electronic textiles seem to be a highly suitable possibility, due to the unique characteristics of textiles such as being light weight and flexible and their inherent warmth and the property to conform. Therefore, e-textiles have evolved into fiber-based electronic apparel or body attachable types in order to foster significant industrialization of the key components with adaptable formats. Although the advances are noteworthy, their electrical performance and device features are still unsatisfactory for consumer level e-textile systems. To solve these issues, innovative structural and material designs, and novel processing technologies have been introduced into e-textile systems. Recently reported and significantly developed functional materials and devices are summarized, including their enhanced optoelectrical and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the remaining challenges are discussed, and effective strategies to facilitate the full realization of e-textile systems are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sang Heo
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06980, Korea
| | - Jimi Eom
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Park
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06980, Korea
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53
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Pappa AM, Parlak O, Scheiblin G, Mailley P, Salleo A, Owens RM. Organic Electronics for Point-of-Care Metabolite Monitoring. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 36:45-59. [PMID: 29196057 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review we focus on demonstrating how organic electronic materials can solve key problems in biosensing thanks to their unique material properties and implementation in innovative device configurations. We highlight specific examples where these materials solve multiple issues related to complex sensing environments, and we benchmark these examples by comparing them to state-of-the-art commercially available sensing using alternative technologies. We have categorized our examples by sample type, focusing on sensing from body fluids in vitro and on wearable sensors, which have attracted significant interest owing to their integration with everyday life activities. We finish by describing a future trend for in vivo, implantable sensors, which aims to build on current progress from sensing in biological fluids ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Centre Microélectronique de Provence (CMP)-École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (EMSE), Microélectronique et Objets Communicants (MOC), 13541 Gardanne, France; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OAS, UK; Equal contributions
| | - Onur Parlak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Equal contributions
| | - Gaetan Scheiblin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Laboratoire d'Électronique des Technologies de l'Information (LETI), MINATEC Campus, 38054 Grenoble, France; Equal contributions
| | - Pascal Mailley
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Laboratoire d'Électronique des Technologies de l'Information (LETI), MINATEC Campus, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roisin M Owens
- Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, Centre Microélectronique de Provence (CMP)-École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (EMSE), Microélectronique et Objets Communicants (MOC), 13541 Gardanne, France; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 OAS, UK.
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54
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Sinha SK, Noh Y, Reljin N, Treich GM, Hajeb-Mohammadalipour S, Guo Y, Chon KH, Sotzing GA. Screen-Printed PEDOT:PSS Electrodes on Commercial Finished Textiles for Electrocardiography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37524-37528. [PMID: 29020777 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Electrocardiography (ECG) is an essential technique for analyzing and monitoring cardiovascular physiological conditions such as arrhythmia. This article demonstrates the integration of screen-printed ECG circuitry from a commercially available conducting polymer, PEDOT:PSS, onto commercially available finished textiles. ECG signals were recorded in dry skin conditions due to the ability of PEDOT:PSS to function as both ionic and electronic conductors. The signal amplifies when the skin transpires water vapor or by applying a common lotion on the skin. Finally, PEDOT:PSS wires connected to PEDOT:PSS electrodes have been shown to record ECG signals comparable to Ag/AgCl connected to copper wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh K Sinha
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yeonsik Noh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Natasa Reljin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Gregory M Treich
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Shirin Hajeb-Mohammadalipour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Yang Guo
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Ki H Chon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut , 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Gregory A Sotzing
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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55
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Hwang SH, Jeon S, Kim MJ, Choi DG, Choi JH, Jung JY, Kim KS, Lee J, Jeong JH, Youn JR. Covalent bonding-assisted nanotransfer lithography for the fabrication of plasmonic nano-optical elements. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14335-14346. [PMID: 28725906 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02666h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many high-resolution patterning techniques have been developed to realize nano- and microscale applications of electric devices, sensors, and transistors. However, conventional patterning methods based on photo or e-beam lithography are not employed to fabricate optical elements of high aspect ratio and a sub-100 nm scale due to the limit of resolution, high costs and low throughput. In this study, covalent bonding-assisted nanotransfer lithography (CBNL) was proposed to fabricate various structures of high resolution and high aspect ratio at low cost by a robust and fast chemical reaction. The proposed process is based on the formation of covalent bonds between silicon of adhesive layers on a substrate and oxygen of the deposited material on the polymer stamp. The covalent bond is strong enough to detach multiple layers from the stamp for a large area without defects. The obtained nanostructures can be used for direct application or as a hard mask for etching. Two nano-optical applications were demonstrated in this study, i.e., a meta-surface and a wire-grid polarizer. A perfect absorption meta-surface was generated by transferring subwavelength hole arrays onto a substrate without any post-processing procedures. In addition, a wire-grid polarizer with high aspect ratio (1 : 3) and 50 nm line width was prepared by the nano-transfer of materials, which were used as a hard mask for etching. Therefore, CBNL provides a means of achieving large-area nano-optical elements with a simple roll-to-plate process at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hyoung Hwang
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Daehak-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-744, South Korea.
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56
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Lee JW, Yun KS. ECG Monitoring Garment Using Conductive Carbon Paste for Reduced Motion Artifacts. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9090439. [PMID: 30965742 PMCID: PMC6418715 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a fundamental organ of the human circulatory system and the continuous measurement of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals is of great importance for pre-detection of heart diseases. Dry electrodes that do not require electrolyte gel have been developed for wearable ECG monitoring applications. However, this kind of electrode often introduces motion artifacts because of the high contact impedance between the electrode and skin. We propose a wearable ECG monitoring garment that employs electrodes made of conductive carbon-based paste. This paste is directly applied to the skin and after drying for 5 min, it forms a patch electrode that is detachable and flexible. The contact impedance between the patch electrode and the skin is very low because the paste covers the skin in a conformal manner. The experimental results show that the contact area of the carbon-based paste on the skin replica is almost 100%. At frequencies under 10 Hz, the contact impedance of the patch electrode is of 70.0 kΩ, much lower than the typical 118.7 kΩ impedance of a Ag/AgCl electrode. We also demonstrate that the ECG signals measured using the custom-designed garment and the patch electrodes are very stable even during actions such as walking and running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Seok Yun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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57
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Ding Y, Xu W, Wang W, Fong H, Zhu Z. Scalable and Facile Preparation of Highly Stretchable Electrospun PEDOT:PSS@PU Fibrous Nonwovens toward Wearable Conductive Textile Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30014-30023. [PMID: 28806516 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable conductive textiles are highly desired for potential applications in wearable electronics. This study demonstrates a scalable and facile preparation of all-organic nonwoven that is mechanically stretchable and electrically conductive. Polyurethane (PU) fibrous nonwoven is prepared via the electrospinning technique; in the following step, the electrospun PU nonwoven is dip-coated with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). This simple method enables convenient preparation of PEDOT:PSS@PU nonwovens with initial sheet resistance in the range of 35-240 Ω/sq (i.e., the electrical conductivity in the range of 30-200 S m-1) by varying the number of dip-coating times. The resistance change of the PEDOT:PSS@PU nonwoven under stretch is investigated. The PEDOT:PSS@PU nonwoven is first stretched and then released repeatedly under certain strain (denoted as prestretching strain); the resistance of PEDOT:PSS@PU nonwoven becomes constant after the irreversible change for the first 10 stretch-release cycles. Thereafter, the resistance of the nonwoven does not vary appreciably under stretch as long as the strain is within the prestretching strain. Therefore, the PEDOT:PSS@PU nonwoven can be used as a stretchable conductor within the prestretching strain. Circuits using sheet and twisted yarn of the nonwovens as electric conductors are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Ding
- Biomedical Engineering PhD Program, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Wenhui Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Wenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textile, Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hao Fong
- Biomedical Engineering PhD Program, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Zhengtao Zhu
- Biomedical Engineering PhD Program, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology , Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Textile, Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianjin 300387, China
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58
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Sempionatto JR, Nakagawa T, Pavinatto A, Mensah ST, Imani S, Mercier P, Wang J. Eyeglasses based wireless electrolyte and metabolite sensor platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1834-1842. [PMID: 28470263 PMCID: PMC5507201 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The demand for wearable sensors has grown rapidly in recent years, with increasing attention being given to epidermal chemical sensing. Here, we present the first example of a fully integrated eyeglasses wireless multiplexed chemical sensing platform capable of real-time monitoring of sweat electrolytes and metabolites. The new concept has been realized by integrating an amperometric lactate biosensor and a potentiometric potassium ion-selective electrode into the two nose-bridge pads of the glasses and interfacing them with a wireless electronic backbone placed on the glasses' arms. Simultaneous real-time monitoring of sweat lactate and potassium levels with no apparent cross-talk is demonstrated along with wireless signal transduction. The electrochemical sensors were screen-printed on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) stickers and placed on each side of the glasses' nose pads in order to monitor sweat metabolites and electrolytes. The electronic backbone on the arms of the glasses' frame offers control of the amperometric and potentiometric transducers and enables Bluetooth wireless data transmission to the host device. The new eyeglasses system offers an interchangeable-sensor feature in connection with a variety of different nose-bridge amperometric and potentiometric sensor stickers. For example, the lactate bridge-pad sensor was replaced with a glucose one to offer convenient monitoring of sweat glucose. Such a fully integrated wireless "Lab-on-a-Glass" multiplexed biosensor platform can be readily expanded for the simultaneous monitoring of additional sweat electrolytes and metabolites.
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59
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Ryan J, Mengistie DA, Gabrielsson R, Lund A, Müller C. Machine-Washable PEDOT:PSS Dyed Silk Yarns for Electronic Textiles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9045-9050. [PMID: 28245105 PMCID: PMC5355901 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Durable, electrically conducting yarns are a critical component of electronic textiles (e-textiles). Here, such yarns with exceptional wear and wash resistance are realized through dyeing silk from the silkworm Bombyx mori with the conjugated polymer:polyelectrolyte complex PEDOT:PSS. A high Young's modulus of approximately 2 GPa combined with a robust and scalable dyeing process results in up to 40 m long yarns that maintain their bulk electrical conductivity of approximately 14 S cm-1 when experiencing repeated bending stress as well as mechanical wear during sewing. Moreover, a high degree of ambient stability is paired with the ability to withstand both machine washing and dry cleaning. For the potential use for e-textile applications to be illustrated, an in-plane thermoelectric module that comprises 26 p-type legs is demonstrated by embroidery of dyed silk yarns onto a piece of felted wool fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason
D. Ryan
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Desalegn Alemu Mengistie
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Roger Gabrielsson
- Institution
of Technology and Science, ITN, Linköping
University, 58183 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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60
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Ismailov U, Ismailova E, Takamatsu S. A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles. J Vis Exp 2017:55439. [PMID: 28362384 PMCID: PMC5409277 DOI: 10.3791/55439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, wearable electronics devices combine a large variety of functional, stretchable, and flexible technologies. However, in many cases, these devices cannot be worn under everyday conditions. Therefore, textiles are commonly considered the best substrate to accommodate electronic devices in wearable use. In this paper, we describe how to selectively pattern organic electroactive materials on textiles from a solution in an easy and scalable manner. This versatile deposition technique enables the fabrication of wearable organic electronic devices on clothes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usein Ismailov
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne, CMP-EMSE, MOC
| | - Esma Ismailova
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne, CMP-EMSE, MOC;
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61
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Bihar E, Roberts T, Saadaoui M, Hervé T, De Graaf JB, Malliaras GG. Inkjet-Printed PEDOT:PSS Electrodes on Paper for Electrocardiography. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28121395 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS electrodes are shown to record cutaneous electrophysiological signals such as electrocardiograms via a simple finger-to-electrode contact. The recordings are of high quality and show no deterioration over a 3 month period, paving the way for the development of the next generation of low-cost, convenient-to-use healthcare monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Bihar
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; MOC, 880 Route de Mimet 13541 Gardanne France
- Microvitae Technologies; Hôtel Technologique; Europarc Sainte Victoire; Bâtiment 6 Route de Valbrillant 13590 Meyreuil France
- Department of Flexible Electronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; MOC, 880 Route de Mimet 13541 Gardanne France
| | - Timothée Roberts
- Microvitae Technologies; Hôtel Technologique; Europarc Sainte Victoire; Bâtiment 6 Route de Valbrillant 13590 Meyreuil France
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS; ISM; Marseille France
| | - Mohamed Saadaoui
- Department of Flexible Electronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; MOC, 880 Route de Mimet 13541 Gardanne France
| | - Thierry Hervé
- Microvitae Technologies; Hôtel Technologique; Europarc Sainte Victoire; Bâtiment 6 Route de Valbrillant 13590 Meyreuil France
| | | | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; MOC, 880 Route de Mimet 13541 Gardanne France
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62
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Jiang Y, Togane M, Lu B, Yokoi H. sEMG Sensor Using Polypyrrole-Coated Nonwoven Fabric Sheet for Practical Control of Prosthetic Hand. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:33. [PMID: 28220058 PMCID: PMC5292570 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges of using a myoelectric prosthetic hand in daily life is to conveniently measure stable myoelectric signals. This study proposes a novel surface electromyography (sEMG) sensor using polypyrrole-coated nonwoven fabric sheet as electrodes (PPy electrodes) to allow people with disabilities to control prosthetic limbs. The PPy electrodes are sewn on an elastic band to guarantee close contact with the skin and thus reduce the contact electrical impedance between the electrodes and the skin. The sensor is highly customizable to fit the size and the shape of the stump so that people with disabilities can attach the sensor by themselves. The performance of the proposed sensor was investigated experimentally by comparing measurements of Ag/AgCl electrodes with electrolytic gel and the sEMG from the same muscle fibers. The high correlation coefficient (0.87) between the two types of sensors suggests the effectiveness of the proposed sensor. Another experiment of sEMG pattern recognition to control myoelectric prosthetic hands showed that the PPy electrodes are as effective as Ag/AgCl electrodes for measuring sEMG signals for practical myoelectric control. We also investigated the relation between the myoelectric signals' signal-to-noise ratio and the source impedances by simultaneously measuring the source impedances and the myoelectric signals with a switching circuit. The results showed that differences in both the norm and the phase of the source impedance greatly affect the common mode noise in the signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlai Jiang
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Togane
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems, University of Electro-Communications Tokyo, Japan
| | - Baoliang Lu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Hiroshi Yokoi
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-CommunicationsTokyo, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems, University of Electro-CommunicationsTokyo, Japan
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63
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Braendlein M, Lonjaret T, Leleux P, Badier J, Malliaras GG. Voltage Amplifier Based on Organic Electrochemical Transistor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600247. [PMID: 28105401 PMCID: PMC5238735 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are receiving a great deal of attention as amplifying transducers for electrophysiology. A key limitation of this type of transistors, however, lies in the fact that their output is a current, while most electrophysiology equipment requires a voltage input. A simple circuit is built and modeled that uses a drain resistor to produce a voltage output. It is shown that operating the OECT in the saturation regime provides increased sensitivity while maintaining a linear signal transduction. It is demonstrated that this circuit provides high quality recordings of the human heart using readily available electrophysiology equipment, paving the way for the use of OECTs in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Braendlein
- Department of BioelectronicsEcole Nationale Supérieure des MinesCMP‐EMSE, MOCGardanne13541France
| | - Thomas Lonjaret
- Department of BioelectronicsEcole Nationale Supérieure des MinesCMP‐EMSE, MOCGardanne13541France
- MicroVitae TechnologiesHôtel TechnologiqueMeyreuil13590France
| | - Pierre Leleux
- Department of BioelectronicsEcole Nationale Supérieure des MinesCMP‐EMSE, MOCGardanne13541France
| | - Jean‐Michel Badier
- Institut de Neurosciences des SystèmesAix‐Marseille Université, INS/Inserm13005MarseilleFrance
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of BioelectronicsEcole Nationale Supérieure des MinesCMP‐EMSE, MOCGardanne13541France
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64
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Automatic Identification of Systolic Time Intervals in Seismocardiogram. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37524. [PMID: 27874050 PMCID: PMC5118745 DOI: 10.1038/srep37524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous and non-invasive monitoring of hemodynamic parameters through unobtrusive wearable sensors can potentially aid in early detection of cardiac abnormalities, and provides a viable solution for long-term follow-up of patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases without disrupting the daily life activities. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and siesmocardiogram (SCG) signals can be readily acquired from light-weight electrodes and accelerometers respectively, which can be employed to derive systolic time intervals (STI). For this purpose, automated and accurate annotation of the relevant peaks in these signals is required, which is challenging due to the inter-subject morphological variability and noise prone nature of SCG signal. In this paper, an approach is proposed to automatically annotate the desired peaks in SCG signal that are related to STI by utilizing the information of peak detected in the sliding template to narrow-down the search for the desired peak in actual SCG signal. Experimental validation of this approach performed in conventional/controlled supine and realistic/challenging seated conditions, containing over 5600 heart beat cycles shows good performance and robustness of the proposed approach in noisy conditions. Automated measurement of STI in wearable configuration can provide a quantified cardiac health index for long-term monitoring of patients, elderly people at risk and health-enthusiasts.
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Guo Y, Otley MT, Li M, Zhang X, Sinha SK, Treich GM, Sotzing GA. PEDOT:PSS "Wires" Printed on Textile for Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:26998-27005. [PMID: 27632390 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the fabrication of all-organic conductive wires is demonstrated by utilizing patterning techniques such as inkjet printing and sponge stencil to apply poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) onto nonwoven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. The coating of the conducting polymer is only present on the surface of the substrate (penetration depth ∼ 200 μm) to retain the functionality and wearability of the textile. The wires fabricated by different patterning techniques provide a wide range of resistance, i.e., tens of kΩ/□ to less than 2 Ω/□ that allows the resistance to be tailored to a specific application. The sheet resistance is measured to be as low as 1.6 Ω/□, and the breakdown current is as high as 0.37 A for a 1 mm wide line. The specific breakdown current exceeds the previously reported values of macroscopic carbon nanotube based materials. Simple circuits composed of the printed wires are demonstrated, and resistance of the circuit from the measurement agrees with the calculated value based on Kirchhoff's rules. Additionally, the printed PEDOT:PSS wires show less than 6.2% change in sheet resistance after three washing and drying cycles using detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Michael T Otley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Mengfang Li
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Xiaozheng Zhang
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Sneh K Sinha
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Gregory M Treich
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Gregory A Sotzing
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut , 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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66
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Gualandi I, Marzocchi M, Achilli A, Cavedale D, Bonfiglio A, Fraboni B. Textile Organic Electrochemical Transistors as a Platform for Wearable Biosensors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33637. [PMID: 27667396 PMCID: PMC5035988 DOI: 10.1038/srep33637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of wearable chemical sensors is receiving a great deal of attention in view of non-invasive and continuous monitoring of physiological parameters in healthcare applications. This paper describes the development of a fully textile, wearable chemical sensor based on an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) entirely made of conductive polymer (PEDOT:PSS). The active polymer patterns are deposited into the fabric by screen printing processes, thus allowing the device to actually "disappear" into it. We demonstrate the reliability of the proposed textile OECTs as a platform for developing chemical sensors capable to detect in real-time various redox active molecules (adrenaline, dopamine and ascorbic acid), by assessing their performance in two different experimental contexts: i) ideal operation conditions (i.e. totally dipped in an electrolyte solution); ii) real-life operation conditions (i.e. by sequentially adding few drops of electrolyte solution onto only one side of the textile sensor). The OECTs response has also been measured in artificial sweat, assessing how these sensors can be reliably used for the detection of biomarkers in body fluids. Finally, the very low operating potentials (<1 V) and absorbed power (~10-4 W) make the here described textile OECTs very appealing for portable and wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - M Marzocchi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Achilli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica ed Elettronica, Università di Cagliari, Piazza D'Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - D Cavedale
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Bonfiglio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica ed Elettronica, Università di Cagliari, Piazza D'Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - B Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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67
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Papaiordanidou M, Takamatsu S, Rezaei-Mazinani S, Lonjaret T, Martin A, Ismailova E. Cutaneous Recording and Stimulation of Muscles Using Organic Electronic Textiles. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2001-6. [PMID: 27242014 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Electronic textiles are an emerging field providing novel and non-intrusive solutions for healthcare. Conducting polymer-coated textiles enable a new generation of fully organic surface electrodes for electrophysiological evaluations. Textile electrodes are able to assess high quality muscular monitoring and to perform transcutaneous electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papaiordanidou
- UMR7287; CNRS; Aix-Marseille University; 163 avenue de Luminy 13288 Marseille France
- INSERM U 1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice; Université de Bourgogne; UFR STAPS; Campus Universitaire; BP 27877 F-21078 Dijon France
| | - Seiichi Takamatsu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; 1-2-1 Namiki Tsukuba 305-8564 Japan
| | - Shahab Rezaei-Mazinani
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; MOC 13541 Gardanne France
| | - Thomas Lonjaret
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; MOC 13541 Gardanne France
- MicroVitae Technologies; Hôtel Technologique; Europarc Sainte Victoire Bât 6, Route de Valbrillant 13590 Meyreuil France
| | - Alain Martin
- INSERM U 1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice; Université de Bourgogne; UFR STAPS; Campus Universitaire; BP 27877 F-21078 Dijon France
| | - Esma Ismailova
- Department of Bioelectronics; Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines; CMP-EMSE; MOC 13541 Gardanne France
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68
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Takamatsu S, Lonjaret T, Ismailova E, Masuda A, Itoh T, Malliaras GG. Wearable Keyboard Using Conducting Polymer Electrodes on Textiles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:4485-8. [PMID: 26618790 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A wearable keyboard is demonstrated in which conducting polymer electrodes on a knitted textile sense tactile input as changes in capacitance. The use of a knitted textile as a substrate endows stretchability and compatibility to large-area formats, paving the way for a new type of wearable human-machine interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Takamatsu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-8564, Japan
| | - Thomas Lonjaret
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
- MicroVitae Technologies, Hôtel Technologique, Europarc Sainte Victoire Bât 6, Route de Valbrillant, 13590, Meyreuil, France
| | - Esma Ismailova
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Atsuji Masuda
- Industrial Technology Center of Fukui Prefecture, 10, Kitainadam 61 Kawai-washizukamatchi, Fukui, Fukui, 910-0102, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Itoh
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-8564, Japan
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
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69
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Bandodkar AJ, Jeerapan I, Wang J. Wearable Chemical Sensors: Present Challenges and Future Prospects. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amay J. Bandodkar
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Strakosas X, Wei B, Martin DC, Owens RM. Biofunctionalization of polydioxythiophene derivatives for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:4952-4968. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00852f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that development of biomedical devices relies on engineering of the interface between the device and the biological component. Improved performance for these sensors and devices can be achieved through biofunctionalization. In this review we focus on highlighting the biofunctionalization of polydioxythiophene sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bin Wei
- Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- US
| | - David C. Martin
- Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- US
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