51
|
Kague E, Witten PE, Soenens M, Campos CL, Lubiana T, Fisher S, Hammond C, Brown KR, Passos-Bueno MR, Huysseune A. Zebrafish sp7 mutants show tooth cycling independent of attachment, eruption and poor differentiation of teeth. Dev Biol 2018; 435:176-184. [PMID: 29409769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to fully replace teeth continuously makes zebrafish an attractive model to explore regeneration and tooth development. The requirement of attachment bone for the appearance of replacement teeth has been hypothesized but not yet investigated. The transcription factor sp7 (osterix) is known in mammals to play an important role during odontoblast differentiation and root formation. Here we study tooth replacement in the absence of attachment bone using sp7 zebrafish mutants. We analysed the pattern of tooth replacement at different stages of development and demonstrated that in zebrafish lacking sp7, attachment bone is never present, independent of the stage of tooth development or fish age, yet replacement is not interrupted. Without bone of attachment we observed abnormal orientation of teeth, and abnormal connection of pulp cavities of predecessor and replacement teeth. Mutants lacking sp7 show arrested dentinogenesis, with non-polarization of odontoblasts and only a thin layer of dentin deposited. Osteoclast activity was observed in sp7 mutants; due to the lack of bone of attachment, remodelling was diminished but nevertheless present along the pharyngeal bone. We conclude that tooth replacement is ongoing in the sp7 mutant despite poor differentiation and defective attachment. Without bone of attachment tooth orientation and pulp organization are compromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Kague
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom; Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - P E Witten
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - M Soenens
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - C L Campos
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T Lubiana
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - C Hammond
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - K Robson Brown
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M R Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Pesquisa sobre o Genoma Humano e Células Tronco, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Huysseune
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhu B, Ge W. Genome editing in fishes and their applications. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:3-12. [PMID: 28919449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There have been revolutionary progresses in genome engineering in the past few years. The newly-emerged genome editing technologies including zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated with Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) have enabled biological scientists to perform efficient and precise targeted genome editing in different species. Fish represent the largest group of vertebrates with many species having values for both scientific research and aquaculture industry. Genome editing technologies have found extensive applications in different fish species for basic functional studies as well asapplied research in such fields as disease modeling and aquaculture. This mini-review focuses on recent advancements and applications of the new generation of genome editing technologies in fish species, with particular emphasis on their applications in understanding reproductive functions because the reproductive axis has been most systematically and best studied among others and its function has been difficult to address with reverse genetics approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Elaswad A, Khalil K, Cline D, Page-McCaw P, Chen W, Michel M, Cone R, Dunham R. Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Protein into Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos for Gene Editing. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29443028 DOI: 10.3791/56275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genome of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been sequenced, leading to greater opportunities for studying channel catfish gene function. Gene knockout has been used to study these gene functions in vivo. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a powerful tool used to edit genomic DNA sequences to alter gene function. While the traditional approach has been to introduce CRISPR/Cas9 mRNA into the single cell embryos through microinjection, this can be a slow and inefficient process in catfish. Here, a detailed protocol for microinjection of channel catfish embryos with CRISPR/Cas9 protein is described. Briefly, eggs and sperm were collected and then artificial fertilization performed. Fertilized eggs were transferred to a Petri dish containing Holtfreter's solution. Injection volume was calibrated and then guide RNAs/Cas9 targeting the toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter molecule (TICAM 1) gene and rhamnose binding lectin (RBL) gene were microinjected into the yolk of one-cell embryos. The gene knockout was successful as indels were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The predicted protein sequence alterations due to these mutations included frameshift and truncated protein due to premature stop codons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elaswad
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University; Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University;
| | - Karim Khalil
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University; Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University
| | - David Cline
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University
| | - Patrick Page-McCaw
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Roger Cone
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan
| | - Rex Dunham
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wang C, Chen YL, Bian WP, Xie SL, Qi GL, Liu L, Strauss PR, Zou JX, Pei DS. Deletion of mstna and mstnb impairs the immune system and affects growth performance in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:572-580. [PMID: 29175471 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Myostatin (Mstn) is a negative regulator of muscle development in vertebrates. Although its function in muscle growth has been well studied in mammals and fish, it remains unclear whether or how mstn functions in the immune system. In this study, mstna-/- and mstnb-/- homozygous zebrafish were firstly generated using CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9). Deletion of mstnb but not mstna enhanced growth performance. Although survival rates under normal conditions were slightly decreased in both strains, mortality after dexamethasone-induced stress was increased by ∼30%. Furthermore, transcriptional levels of several critical immune-related genes were decreased, and the ability to withstand exposure to pathogenic E. tarda was decreased, compared with that of controls. In mstnb-/- but not mstna-/- zebrafish, expression of NF-κB subunits and several pro-inflammatory cytokines failed to respond to E. tarda exposure except nfkb1, c-rel and tnfα. Taken together, these results indicate that mstnb but not mstna plays a key role in zebrafish muscle growth. While each paralogue contributes to the response to bacterial insult, mstnb affects the immune system through activation of the NF-κB pathway, and mstna is likely to act upstream of NF-κB at some as yet unidentified target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yan-Ling Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Wan-Ping Bian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Shao-Lin Xie
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Ge-Le Qi
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Li Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Phyllis R Strauss
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ji-Xing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Wu LF, Zhu DC, Wang BH, Lu YH, He P, Zhang YH, Gao HQ, Zhu XW, Xia W, Zhu H, Mo XB, Lu X, Zhang L, Zhang YH, Deng FY, Lei SF. Relative abundance of mature myostatin rather than total myostatin is negatively associated with bone mineral density in Chinese. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1329-1336. [PMID: 29247983 PMCID: PMC5783859 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Myostatin is mainly secreted by skeletal muscle and negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth. However, the roles of myostatin on bone metabolism are still largely unknown. Here, we recruited two large populations containing 6308 elderly Chinese and conducted comprehensive statistical analyses to evaluate the associations among lean body mass (LBM), plasma myostatin, and bone mineral density (BMD). Our data revealed that total myostatin in plasma was mainly determined by LBM. The relative abundance of mature myostatin (mature/total) was significantly lower in high versus low BMD subjects. Moreover, the relative abundance of mature myostatin was positively correlated with bone resorption marker. Finally, we carried out in vitro experiments and found that myostatin has inhibitory effects on the proliferation and differentiation of human osteoprogenitor cells. Taken together, our results have demonstrated that the relative abundance of mature myostatin in plasma is negatively associated with BMD, and the underlying functional mechanism for the association is most likely through inhibiting osteoblastogenesis and promoting osteoclastogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long-Fei Wu
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong-Cheng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sihong People's Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing-Hua Wang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Hua Lu
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei He
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- Disease Prevention and Control Center of Suzhou high Tech Zone, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Qin Gao
- Shishan Community Health Service Center, Suzhou High Tech Zone, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhu
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Bo Mo
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei-Yan Deng
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shu-Feng Lei
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Khalil K, Elayat M, Khalifa E, Daghash S, Elaswad A, Miller M, Abdelrahman H, Ye Z, Odin R, Drescher D, Vo K, Gosh K, Bugg W, Robinson D, Dunham R. Generation of Myostatin Gene-Edited Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) via Zygote Injection of CRISPR/Cas9 System. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7301. [PMID: 28779173 PMCID: PMC5544710 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The myostatin (MSTN) gene is important because of its role in regulation of skeletal muscle growth in all vertebrates. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 was utilized to successfully target the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, muscle suppressor gene MSTN. CRISPR/Cas9 induced high rates (88-100%) of mutagenesis in the target protein-encoding sites of MSTN. MSTN-edited fry had more muscle cells (p < 0.001) than controls, and the mean body weight of gene-edited fry increased by 29.7%. The nucleic acid alignment of the mutated sequences against the wild-type sequence revealed multiple insertions and deletions. These results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 is a highly efficient tool for editing the channel catfish genome, and opens ways for facilitating channel catfish genetic enhancement and functional genomics. This approach may produce growth-enhanced channel catfish and increase productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Khalil
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Medhat Elayat
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Khalifa
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Samer Daghash
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elaswad
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Michael Miller
- Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Hisham Abdelrahman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Zhi Ye
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Ramjie Odin
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - David Drescher
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Khoi Vo
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kamal Gosh
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - William Bugg
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Dalton Robinson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Rex Dunham
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Barman HK, Rasal KD, Chakrapani V, Ninawe AS, Vengayil DT, Asrafuzzaman S, Sundaray JK, Jayasankar P. Gene editing tools: state-of-the-art and the road ahead for the model and non-model fishes. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:577-589. [PMID: 28681201 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the DNA sequencing technologies and computational biology have revolutionized genome/transcriptome sequencing of non-model fishes at an affordable cost. This has led to a paradigm shift with regard to our heightened understandings of structure-functional relationships of genes at a global level, from model animals/fishes to non-model large animals/fishes. Whole genome/transcriptome sequencing technologies were supplemented with the series of discoveries in gene editing tools, which are being used to modify genes at pre-determined positions using programmable nucleases to explore their respective in vivo functions. For a long time, targeted gene disruption experiments were mostly restricted to embryonic stem cells, advances in gene editing technologies such as zinc finger nuclease, transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases and CRISPR (clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated nucleases have facilitated targeted genetic modifications beyond stem cells to a wide range of somatic cell lines across species from laboratory animals to farmed animals/fishes. In this review, we discuss use of different gene editing tools and the strategic implications in fish species for basic and applied biology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirak Kumar Barman
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India.
| | - Kiran Dashrath Rasal
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India
| | - Vemulawada Chakrapani
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India
| | - A S Ninawe
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, CGO Complex, Block 3, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Doyil T Vengayil
- Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), 5 and 5A, Lower Ground Floor, Vasant Square Mall, Sector-B, Pocket - 5, Vasantkunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India
| | - Syed Asrafuzzaman
- Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), 5 and 5A, Lower Ground Floor, Vasant Square Mall, Sector-B, Pocket - 5, Vasantkunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India
| | - Jitendra K Sundaray
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India
| | - Pallipuram Jayasankar
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751002, India
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Doetschman T, Georgieva T. Gene Editing With CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-Directed Nuclease. Circ Res 2017; 120:876-894. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic engineering of model organisms and cultured cells has for decades provided important insights into the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular development and disease. In the past few years the development of several nuclease systems has broadened the range of model/cell systems that can be engineered. Of these, the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) system has become the favorite for its ease of application. Here we will review this RNA-guided nuclease system for gene editing with respect to its usefulness for cardiovascular studies and with an eye toward potential therapy. Studies on its off-target activity, along with approaches to minimize this activity will be given. The advantages of gene editing versus gene targeting in embryonic stem cells, including the breadth of species and cell types to which it is applicable, will be discussed. We will also cover its use in iPSC for research and possible therapeutic purposes; and we will review its use in muscular dystrophy studies where considerable progress has been made toward dystrophin correction in mice. The CRISPR/Ca9s system is also being used for high-throughput screening of genes, gene regulatory regions, and long noncoding RNAs. In addition, the CRISPR system is being used for nongene-editing purposes such as activation and inhibition of gene expression, as well as for fluorescence tagging of chromosomal regions and individual mRNAs to track their cellular location. Finally, an approach to circumvent the inability of post-mitotic cells to support homologous recombination-based gene editing will be presented. In conclusion, applications of the CRISPR/Cas system are expanding at a breath-taking pace and are revolutionizing approaches to gain a better understanding of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doetschman
- From the BIO5 Institute (T.D., T.G.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (T.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Teodora Georgieva
- From the BIO5 Institute (T.D., T.G.) and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (T.D.), University of Arizona, Tucson
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Liu Y, Lin H. Genetic analysis of the reproductive axis in fish using genome-editing nucleases. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:302-308. [PMID: 36659358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction in fish is controlled by the brain-pituitary-gonad reproductive axis. Although genes of the reproductive axis are conserved from fish to humans, their in vivo functions are less clear in fish. Mutant lines of the reproductive axis have been systematically investigated in zebrafish and medaka using recently developed genome-editing nucleases. Here, we review recent progress in the genetic analysis of the reproductive axis in fish as well as the opportunities and challenges of applying genome-editing nucleases in fisheries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Genome editing opens a new era for physiological study and directional breeding of fishes. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:157-158. [PMID: 36659398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
61
|
Niu P, Zhong Z, Wang M, Huang G, Xu S, Hou Y, Yan Y, Wang H. Zinc finger transcription factor Sp7/Osterix acts on bone formation and regulates col10a1a expression in zebrafish. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:174-184. [PMID: 36659402 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sp7/Osterix as a zinc finger transcription factor is expressed specifically in osteoblasts. Embryonic lethality of Sp7 knockout mice, however, has prevented from examining the functions of Sp7 in osteoblast and bone formation in live animals. Here we used TALEN, a versatile genome-editing tool, to generate one zebrafish sp7 mutant line. Homozygous sp7-/- mutant zebrafish are able to survive to adulthood. Alizarin Red staining and Micro-CT analysis showed that sp7-/- larvae and adult fish fail to develop normal opercula, and display curved tail fins and severe craniofacial malformation, while Alcian Blue staining showed no obvious cartilage defects in sp7-/- fish. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that a number of osteoblast markers including spp1, phex, col1ala, and col1a1b are significantly down-regulated in sp7-/- fish. Furthermore, col10a1a, whose ortholog is the cartilage marker in mice, was shown to be a novel downstream gene of Sp7 as an osteoblast marker in zebrafish. Together, these results suggest that Sp7 is required for zebrafish bone development and zebrafish sp7 mutants provide animal models for investigating novel aspects of bone development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Niu
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhaomin Zhong
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Hou
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yilin Yan
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Li M, Wang D. Gene editing nuclease and its application in tilapia. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:165-173. [PMID: 36659401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing nucleases including zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) system (CRISPR/Cas9) provide powerful tools that improve our ability to understand the physiological processes and their underlying mechanisms. To date, these approaches have already been widely used to generate knockout and knockin models in a large number of species. Fishes comprise nearly half of extant vertebrate species and provide excellent models for studying many aspects of biology. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in the use of gene editing nucleases for studies of fish species. We focus particularly on the use of TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for studying sex determination in tilapia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education, China), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education, China), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Yu T, Graf M, Renn J, Schartl M, Larionova D, Huysseune A, Witten PE, Winkler C. A vertebrate-specific and essential role for osterix in osteogenesis revealed by gene knockout in the teleost medaka. Development 2016; 144:265-271. [PMID: 27993982 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
osterix (osx; sp7) encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that controls osteoblast differentiation in mammals. Although identified in all vertebrate lineages, its role in non-mammalian bone formation remains elusive. Here, we show that an osx mutation in medaka results in severe bone defects and larval lethality. Pre-osteoblasts fail to differentiate leading to severe intramembranous and perichondral ossification defects. The notochord sheath mineralizes normally, supporting the idea of an osteoblast-independent mechanism for teleost vertebral centra formation. This study establishes a key role for Osx for bone formation in a non-mammalian species, and reveals conserved and non-conserved features in vertebrate bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingsheng Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Martin Graf
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Joerg Renn
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany.,Texas Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Daria Larionova
- Department of Biology, Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ann Huysseune
- Department of Biology, Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Paul Eckhard Witten
- Department of Biology, Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore .,Centre for Bioimaging Sciences (CBIS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Witten PE, Harris MP, Huysseune A, Winkler C. Small teleost fish provide new insights into human skeletal diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:321-346. [PMID: 28129851 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small teleost fish such as zebrafish and medaka are increasingly studied as models for human skeletal diseases. Efficient new genome editing tools combined with advances in the analysis of skeletal phenotypes provide new insights into fundamental processes of skeletal development. The skeleton among vertebrates is a highly conserved organ system, but teleost fish and mammals have evolved unique traits or have lost particular skeletal elements in each lineage. Several unique features of the skeleton relate to the extremely small size of early fish embryos and the small size of adult fish used as models. A detailed analysis of the plethora of interesting skeletal phenotypes in zebrafish and medaka pushes available skeletal imaging techniques to their respective limits and promotes the development of new imaging techniques. Impressive numbers of zebrafish and medaka mutants with interesting skeletal phenotypes have been characterized, complemented by transgenic zebrafish and medaka lines. The advent of efficient genome editing tools, such as TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9, allows to introduce targeted deficiencies in genes of model teleosts to generate skeletal phenotypes that resemble human skeletal diseases. This review will also discuss other attractive aspects of the teleost skeleton. This includes the capacity for lifelong tooth replacement and for the regeneration of dermal skeletal elements, such as scales and fin rays, which further increases the value of zebrafish and medaka models for skeletal research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - M P Harris
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - C Winkler
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|