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Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deficiency and Progressive Neuropathology in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Translational Evidence and Candidate Mechanisms. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2019; 27:94-107. [PMID: 30633010 PMCID: PMC6411441 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analytic evidence indicates that mood and psychotic disorders are associated with both omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (omega-3 PUFA) deficits and progressive regional gray and white matter pathology. Although the association between omega-3 PUFA insufficiency and progressive neuropathological processes remains speculative, evidence from translational research suggests that omega-3 PUFA insufficiency may represent a plausible and modifiable risk factor not only for enduring neurodevelopmental abnormalities in brain structure and function, but also for increased vulnerability to neurodegenerative processes. Recent evidence from human neuroimaging studies suggests that lower omega-3 PUFA intake/status is associated with accelerated gray matter atrophy in healthy middle-aged and elderly adults, particularly in brain regions consistently implicated in mood and psychotic disorders, including the amygdala, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and temporal cortex. Human neuroimaging evidence also suggests that both low omega-3 PUFA intake/status and psychiatric disorders are associated with reductions in white matter microstructural integrity and increased rates of white matter hyperintensities. Preliminary evidence suggests that increasing omega-3 PUFA status is protective against gray matter atrophy and deficits in white matter microstructural integrity in patients with mood and psychotic disorders. Plausible mechanisms mediating this relationship include elevated pro-inflammatory signaling, increased synaptic regression, and reductions in cerebral perfusion. Together these associations encourage additional neuroimaging research to directly investigate whether increasing omega-3 PUFA status can mitigate neuropathological processes in patients with, or at high risk for, psychiatric disorders.
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Jahangard L, Sadeghi A, Ahmadpanah M, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Haghighi M, Brand S. Influence of adjuvant omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on depression, sleep, and emotion regulation among outpatients with major depressive disorders - Results from a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 107:48-56. [PMID: 30317101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extant literature shows that adjuvant omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3PUFAs) to a standard antidepressant medication impacts favorably on symptoms of depression in participants with major depressive disorders (MDD). The aim of the present study was to investigate, if and to what extent compared to placebo adjuvant O3PUFAs had a favorable impact on symptoms of depression, anxiety, sleep and emotion regulation among outpatients with MDD. METHOD A total of 50 outpatients (mean age: M = 42.46; 68% females) took part in this randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study. They were randomly assigned either to the O3PUFA- or to the placebo-condition. Standard medication was sertraline at therapeutic dosages. At baseline, six weeks and 12 weeks later at study completion participants completed questionnaires covering symptoms of depression, anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, sleep disturbances, and emotion regulation. In parallel, experts blind to participants' group assignment rated participants' depression with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale. RESULTS Symptoms of depression (self- and experts' ratings) decreased over time, but more so in the O3PUFA condition, compared to the placebo condition. Likewise, anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty and sleep disturbances improved, but again more so in the O3PUFA condition. Further, regulation and control of emotions and perception of other's emotions improved over time, but more so in the O3PUFA condition. CONCLUSIONS Among outpatients with MDD, and compared to placebo, adjuvant O3PUFAs to a standard medication improved not only symptoms of depression, but also dimensions of anxiety and sleep, and above all patients' competencies to regulate their emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jahangard
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Sadeghi
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadpanah
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Edith Holsboer-Trachsler
- University of Basel, Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dena Sadeghi Bahmani
- University of Basel, Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Basel, Switzerland; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Haghighi
- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substances Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Serge Brand
- University of Basel, Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Basel, Switzerland; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran; University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport Sciences and Psychosocial Health, Basel, Switzerland.
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Cholewski M, Tomczykowa M, Tomczyk M. A Comprehensive Review of Chemistry, Sources and Bioavailability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1662. [PMID: 30400360 PMCID: PMC6267444 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, one of the key building blocks of cell membranes, have been of particular interest to scientists for many years. However, only a small group of the most important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered. This full-length review presents a broad and relatively complete cross-section of knowledge about omega-3 monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturates, and an outline of their modifications. This is important because all these subgroups undoubtedly play an important role in the function of organisms. Some monounsaturated omega-3s are pheromone precursors in insects. Polyunsaturates with a very long chain are commonly found in the central nervous system and mammalian testes, in sponge organisms, and are also immunomodulating agents. Numerous modifications of omega-3 acids are plant hormones. Their chemical structure, chemical binding (in triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and ethyl esters) and bioavailability have been widely discussed indicating a correlation between the last two. Particular attention is paid to the effective methods of supplementation, and a detailed list of sources of omega-3 acids is presented, with meticulous reference to the generally available food. Both the oral and parenteral routes of administration are taken into account, and the omega-3 transport through the blood-brain barrier is mentioned. Having different eating habits in mind, the interactions between food fatty acids intake are discussed. Omega-3 acids are very susceptible to oxidation, and storage conditions often lead to a dramatic increase in this exposure. Therefore, the effect of oxidation on their bioavailability is briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Cholewski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Monika Tomczykowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland.
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Haygert P, Roversi K, Milanesi LH, Maurer LH, Camponogara C, Duarte T, Barcelos RCS, Emanuelli T, Oliveira SM, Duarte MMMF, Trevizol F, Burger ME. Can the dietary fat type facilitate memory impairments in adulthood? A comparative study between Mediterranean and Western-based diet in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Berger M, Taylor S, Harriss L, Campbell S, Thompson F, Jones S, Makrides M, Gibson R, Paul Amminger G, Sarnyai Z, McDermott R. Cross-sectional association of seafood consumption, polyunsaturated fatty acids and depressive symptoms in two Torres Strait communities. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:353-362. [PMID: 30073906 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1504429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Dietary intake of long-chain omega 3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) represents a putative modifiable risk factor for depression, and a high ratio of omega 6 (n-6) to n-3 LCPUFA is frequently observed in patients with major depressive disorder. Recent reports suggest that the availability of fish and seafood may be associated with lower depression rates. The aim of this study was to investigate associations of fish consumption and LCPUFA levels with depressive symptoms.Methods Participants for this cross-sectional study (n=206) were recruited at a community screening programme in two Torres Strait Islander communities (Mer and Waiben). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the adapted Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (aPHQ-9) and diet with a structured questionnaire. LCPUFA concentrations were measured with a capillary dried blood spot system (PUFAcoat). Logistic and quantile regression modelling was used to test the relationship between seafood consumption, membrane LCPUFAs and depression scores.Results A higher blood n-6/3 LCPUFA ratio was associated with moderate/severe depression scores across both study sites (OR=1.59 (95%CI 1.09-2.34), P = .017). Seafood consumption was higher and the proportion of participants with aPHQ-9 scores above the cut-off for depression was lower on Mer (n = 100) compared with Waiben (n = 106). Higher seafood consumption was associated with lower depression scores on Waiben (B = -0.57 (95%CI -0.98 - -0.16), P = .006) but not on Mer.Conclusions Our findings support an association of n-3 LCPUFA from natural sources with depressive symptoms. The availability of fresh seafood in the local diet may represent a protective factor for depression in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximus Berger
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.,Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sean Taylor
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Linton Harriss
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Sandra Campbell
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Fintan Thompson
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Samuel Jones
- Torres and Cape Hospital and Health Service, Thursday Island, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert Gibson
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - G Paul Amminger
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zoltan Sarnyai
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Robyn McDermott
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine (AITHM), College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Relationship between Diet and Mental Health in a Young Adult Appalachian College Population. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080957. [PMID: 30044399 PMCID: PMC6115820 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Young adults in Appalachia may face poor nutritional status due to low access to healthy food and high mental health symptoms attributed to high stress and the college environment. A cross-sectional design was used to investigate the relationship between diet intake and mental health status of this population via surveys. Participant responses (n = 1956) showed students’ mean number of depressed days over the past 30 days was 9.67 ± 8.80, and of anxious days, 14.1 ± 10.03. The mean fruit and vegetable intake was 1.80 ± 1.27 times per day and the mean added sugars intake was 1.79 ± 1.26 times per day. 36.7% of students were found to be food insecure. One-way ANOVA and Chi-Squared analyses were used to determine relationship between variables. Significant variables were placed into a full logistic regression model. Food insecurity and fruit and vegetable intake remained significant predictors of depression in males (odds ratio (OR) = 2.33 95% CI 1.47–3.71 and OR = 68 95% CI 50–89, respectively) and in females food insecurity remained a significant predictor of depression (OR = 2.26 95% CI 1.67–3.07). Food insecurity and added sugars intake were significant predictor of anxiety in males (OR = 2.33 95% CI 1.47–3.71 and OR = 1.09 95% CI 0.91–1.3, respectively) and for anxiety in females, added sugars intake and food insecurity were significant predictors (OR = 1.18 95% CI 1.05–1.32 and OR = 1.65 95% CI 1.27–2.16, respectively). Improving college student’s diet intake through increased access to healthy foods could improve the mental health and well-being of students.
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Tian HM, Wu YX, Lin YQ, Chen XY, Yu M, Lu T, Xie L. Dietary patterns affect maternal macronutrient intake levels and the fatty acid profile of breast milk in lactating Chinese mothers. Nutrition 2018; 58:83-88. [PMID: 30391695 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fatty acids (FA) in human milk play an important role in meeting the nutritional demands and promoting the growth and development of breastfeeding infants. Breast milk FA is sensitive to maternal dietary habits, and dietary patterns are better used to explain the effect of diet on FA. Few studies have examined the association between maternal dietary patterns and the FA components of breast milk in developing countries. In this study, we aimed to determine whether dietary patterns affect the FA profile of breast milk in lactating Chinese mothers with the overall goal to optimize the management of infant feeding. METHODS A total of 274 lactating women ranging from 22 d to 6 mo postpartum were included, and samples of their breast milk were collected together with completed questionnaires. Using a principal component analysis, four dietary patterns were identified in a rotated component matrix. FA profiles were detected using capillary gas chromatography and presented as the percentage by weight of total FA. RESULTS Maternal intake of energy, carbohydrates, and proteins showed differences between the different dietary patterns. In addition, there were significant differences in the total proportions of saturated, polyunsaturated, and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk among the four patterns (P < 0.001; P = 0.025; P = 0.038, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that maternal dietary patterns can affect macronutrient intake levels and milk FA profiles in lactating Chinese women. These results are of great significance in understanding how a maternal diet can both improve maternal macronutrient intake and the FA nutritional status of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xia Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qi Lin
- Jilin Women and Children Health Hospital, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Yan Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China.
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Mocking RJT, Assies J, Ruhé HG, Schene AH. Focus on fatty acids in the neurometabolic pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018. [PMID: 29524021 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Continuous research into the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia, suggests an important role for metabolism. This narrative review will provide an up-to-date summary of how metabolism is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of these psychiatric disorders. We will focus on (I) the important role of fatty acids in these metabolic alterations, (II) whether fatty acid alterations represent epiphenomena or risk factors, and (III) similarities and dissociations in fatty acid alterations between different psychiatric disorders. (Historical) epidemiological evidence links fatty acid intake to psychiatric disorder prevalence, corroborated by altered fatty acid concentrations measured in psychiatric patients. These fatty acid alterations are connected with other concomitant pathophysiological mechanisms, including biological stress (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis and oxidative stress), inflammation, and brain network structure and function. Metabolomics and lipidomics studies are underway to more deeply investigate this complex network of associated neurometabolic alterations. Supplementation of fatty acids as disease-modifying nutraceuticals has clinical potential, particularly add-on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in depressed patients with markers of increased inflammation. However, by interpreting the observed fatty acid alterations as partly (mal)adaptive phenomena, we attempt to nuance translational expectations and provide new clinical applications for these novel neurometabolic insights, e.g., to predict treatment response or depression recurrence. In conclusion, placing fatty acids in context can contribute to further understanding and optimized treatment of psychiatric disorders, in order to diminish their overwhelming burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - J Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - H G Ruhé
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Warneford Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Tengeler AC, Kozicz T, Kiliaan AJ. Relationship between diet, the gut microbiota, and brain function. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:603-617. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C Tengeler
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pedriatrics, Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud university medical center, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Ferrosenescence: The iron age of neurodegeneration? Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 174:63-75. [PMID: 29180225 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been associated with iron retention in many cell types, including the neurons, promoting neurodegeneration by ferroptosis. Excess intracellular iron accelerates aging by damaging the DNA and blocking genomic repair systems, a process we define as ferrosenescence. Novel neuroimaging and proteomic techniques have pinpointed indicators of both iron retention and ferrosenescence, allowing for their early correction, potentially bringing prevention of neurodegenerative disorders within reach. In this review, we take a closer look at the early markers of iron dyshomeostasis in neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on preventive strategies based on nutritional and microbiome manipulations.
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