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Karmee SK, Hanefeld U. Ionic liquid catalysed synthesis of β-hydroxy ketones. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:1118-1123. [PMID: 21717582 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Different acidic ionic liquids (ILs; namely, 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone hydrogen sulfate, N,N,N-trioctyl-n-butanesulfonic acid ammonium hydrogen sulfate, 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfobutyl)imidazolium hydrogen sulfate) and basic ILs (namely, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium lactate and choline hydroxide) were tested as catalysts for the aldol reaction. The choline hydroxide catalysed reaction gave high yield (94.3%) and selectivity of the 4-hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one after a short reaction time (15 min) at 0 °C. This article demonstrates the potential of choline hydroxide, which is a derivative of choline and a naturally occurring water-soluble essential nutrient, as a highly active and selective green catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Kumar Karmee
- Gebouw voor Scheikunde, Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, NL
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Samland AK, Rale M, Sprenger GA, Fessner WD. The transaldolase family: new synthetic opportunities from an ancient enzyme scaffold. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1454-74. [PMID: 21574238 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aldol reactions constitute a powerful methodology for carbon-carbon bond formation in synthetic organic chemistry. Biocatalytic carboligation by aldolases offers a green, uniquely regio- and stereoselective tool with which to perform these transformations. Recent advances in the field, fueled by both discovery and protein engineering, have greatly improved the synthetic opportunities for the atom-economic asymmetric synthesis of chiral molecules with potential pharmaceutical relevance. New aldolases derived from the transaldolase scaffold (based on transaldolase B and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli) have been shown to be unusually flexible in their substrate scope; this makes them particularly valuable for addressing an expanded molecular range of complex polyfunctional targets. Extensive knowledge arising from structural and molecular biochemical studies makes it possible to address the remaining limitations of the methodology by engineering tailored biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Samland
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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53
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54
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Brovetto M, Gamenara D, Méndez PS, Seoane GA. C-C bond-forming lyases in organic synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4346-403. [PMID: 21417217 DOI: 10.1021/cr100299p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Brovetto
- Grupo de Fisicoquímica Orgánica y Bioprocesos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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55
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Influence of reaction conditions on the enantioselectivity of biocatalyzed C–C bond formations under high pressure conditions. J Biotechnol 2011; 152:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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57
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Nawrath T, Gerth K, Müller R, Schulz S. The biosynthesis of the aroma volatile 2-methyltetrahydrothiophen-3-one in the bacterium Chitinophaga Fx7914. Chembiochem 2011; 11:1914-9. [PMID: 20680979 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
2-Methyltetrahydrothiophen-3-one (3) is a volatile compound that plays an important role especially in food and flavour chemistry because it contributes to the aroma of several foodstuffs including wine. Although 3 can be formed by chemical reactions during food preparation, it is also produced by microorganisms. Recent studies with yeasts showed that methionine (1) is a potential precursor of 3, but the mechanism of the transformation is unknown. The biosynthetic pathway leading to 3 in the bacterium Chitinophaga Fx7914 was probed. Extensive feeding experiments with differently labelled precursors by using liquid cultures of Chitinophaga Fx7914 were performed. The volatiles released by the bacterium were collected by using a closed loop stripping apparatus (CLSA) and analysed by GC-MS. The observed incorporation pattern of the precursors into 3 led to the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway. One part of the compound 2 originates from homocysteine (15), which is transformed into 3-mercaptopropanal (17). The second biosynthetic building block is pyruvate (14). An acyloin-forming reaction furnishes the key intermediate 21, which cyclises intramolecularly to a diol. Dehydration followed by tautomerisation lead to the cyclic ketone 3, which is produced by the bacterium in racemic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Nawrath
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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58
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Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part X, 2005–2007. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385464-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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59
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Li C, Zhou YJ, Wang N, Feng XW, Li K, Yu XQ. Promiscuous protease-catalyzed aldol reactions: A facile biocatalytic protocol for carbon–carbon bond formation in aqueous media. J Biotechnol 2010; 150:539-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hietanen A, Ekholm FS, Leino R, Kanerva LT. Applying Biocatalysis to the Synthesis of Diastereomerically Enriched Cyanohydrin Mannosides. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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61
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Winkler CK, Stueckler C, Mueller NJ, Pressnitz D, Faber K. Asymmetric Synthesis of O-Protected Acyloins Using Enoate Reductases: Stereochemical Control through Protecting Group Modification. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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62
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Wang W, Liu X, Lin L, Feng X. Recent Progress in the Chemically Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyanohydrins. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China, Fax: +86‐28‐8541‐8249
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China, Fax: +86‐28‐8541‐8249
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China, Fax: +86‐28‐8541‐8249
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China, Fax: +86‐28‐8541‐8249
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63
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Giovannini PP, Pedrini P, Venturi V, Fantin G, Medici A. Bacillus stearothermophilus acetylacetoin synthase: A new catalyst for C–C bond formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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64
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Iturrate L, Sánchez-Moreno I, Oroz-Guinea I, Pérez-Gil J, García-Junceda E. Preparation and Characterization of a Bifunctional Aldolase/Kinase Enzyme: A More Efficient Biocatalyst for CC Bond Formation. Chemistry 2010; 16:4018-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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66
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Avi M, Steinkellner G, Keilitz J, Hajji C, Haag R, Gruber K, Griengl H. α- and β-oxygenated aldehydes derived from Diels–Alder reactions as substrates for hydroxynitrile lyases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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67
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North M, Usanov DL, Young C. Lewis acid catalyzed asymmetric cyanohydrin synthesis. Chem Rev 2009; 108:5146-226. [PMID: 19067648 DOI: 10.1021/cr800255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael North
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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68
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Stecher H, Tengg M, Ueberbacher B, Remler P, Schwab H, Griengl H, Gruber-Khadjawi M. Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Using Non-natural Cofactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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69
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Stecher H, Tengg M, Ueberbacher B, Remler P, Schwab H, Griengl H, Gruber-Khadjawi M. Biocatalytic Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Using Non-natural Cofactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:9546-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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70
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Fryszkowska A, Toogood H, Sakuma M, Gardiner JM, Stephens GM, Scrutton NS. Asymmetric Reduction of Activated Alkenes by Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase: Specificity and Control of Stereochemical Outcome by Reaction Optimisation. Adv Synth Catal 2009; 351:2976-2990. [PMID: 20396613 PMCID: PMC2854813 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We show that pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase (PETNR), a member of the 'ene' reductase old yellow enzyme family, catalyses the asymmetric reduction of a variety of industrially relevant activated alpha,beta-unsaturated alkenes including enones, enals, maleimides and nitroalkenes. We have rationalised the broad substrate specificity and stereochemical outcome of these reductions by reference to molecular models of enzyme-substrate complexes based on the crystal complex of the PETNR with 2-cyclohexenone 4a. The optical purity of products is variable (49-99% ee), depending on the substrate type and nature of substituents. Generally, high enantioselectivity was observed for reaction products with stereogenic centres at Cbeta (>99% ee). However, for the substrates existing in two isomeric forms (e.g., citral 11a or nitroalkenes 18-19a), an enantiodivergent course of the reduction of E/Z-forms may lead to lower enantiopurities of the products. We also demonstrate that the poor optical purity obtained for products with stereogenic centres at Calpha is due to non-enzymatic racemisation. In reactions with ketoisophorone 3a we show that product racemisation is prevented through reaction optimisation, specifically by shortening reaction time and through control of solution pH. We suggest this as a general strategy for improved recovery of optically pure products with other biocatalytic conversions where there is potential for product racemisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fryszkowska
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Helen Toogood
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Michiyo Sakuma
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - John M. Gardiner
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Gill M. Stephens
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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71
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Cutulic SPY, Findlay NJ, Zhou SZ, Chrystal EJT, Murphy JA. Metal-Free Reductive Cleavage of C−O σ-bonds in Acyloin Derivatives by an Organic Neutral Super-Electron-Donor. J Org Chem 2009; 74:8713-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901815t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain P. Y. Cutulic
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Findlay
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Sheng-Ze Zhou
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | | | - John A. Murphy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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72
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Kim YM, Chang YH, Choi NS, Kim Y, Song JJ, Kim JS. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a new deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase from Yersinia sp. EA015. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 68:196-200. [PMID: 19505577 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new deoC gene encoding deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) was identified in Yersinia sp. EA015 isolated from soil. The DERA gene had an open reading frame (ORF) of 672 base pairs encoding 223 amino acids to yield a protein of molecular mass 24.8 kDa. The amino acid sequence was 94% identical to that of DERA from Yersinia intermedia ATCC 29909. DERA was over-expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The specific activity was 137 micromol/min/mg. The Michaelis constant (k(m) value) of DERA was 9.1 mM. DERA was optimally active at pH 6.0 and 50 degrees C. DERA was tolerant to a high concentration (300 mM) of acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mo Kim
- Enzyme Fusion Technology Research Team, Molecular Bioprocess Research Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
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73
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Belokon YN, Clegg W, Harrington RW, Maleev VI, North M, Pujol MO, Usanov DL, Young C. Mechanism-Guided Development of VO(salen)X Complexes as Catalysts for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyanohydrin Trimethylsilyl Ethers. Chemistry 2009; 15:2148-65. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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74
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Iturrate L, Sánchez-Moreno I, Doyagüez EG, García-Junceda E. Substrate channelling in an engineered bifunctional aldolase/kinase enzyme confers catalytic advantage for C-C bond formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1721-3. [PMID: 19294274 DOI: 10.1039/b822345a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new bifunctional enzyme that displays both aldolase and kinase activities has been designed and successfully used in the synthesis of aldol adducts, employing DHA as initial donor, with an increase in the reaction rate of 20-fold over the parent enzymes, which can be interpreted in terms of substrate channelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Iturrate
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
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75
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Fesko K, Giger L, Hilvert D. Synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids with a reengineered alanine racemase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5987-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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76
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Cabirol F, Tan PL, Tay B, Cheng S, Hanefeld U, Sheldon R. Linum usitatissimumHydroxynitrile Lyase Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates: A Recyclable Enantioselective Catalyst. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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77
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Suau T, Álvaro G, Benaiges MD, López-Santín J. Kinetic modelling of aldolase-catalyzed addition between dihydroxyacetone phosphate and (S)-alaninal. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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78
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79
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Correia I, Aksu S, Adão P, Pessoa JC, Sheldon RA, Arends IW. Vanadate substituted phytase: Immobilization, structural characterization and performance for sulfoxidations. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:318-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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80
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81
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van der Kamp MW, Perruccio F, Mulholland AJ. Substrate polarization in enzyme catalysis: QM/MM analysis of the effect of oxaloacetate polarization on acetyl-CoA enolization in citrate synthase. Proteins 2007; 69:521-35. [PMID: 17623847 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Citrate synthase is an archetypal carbon-carbon bond forming enzyme. It promotes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to citrate by catalyzing the deprotonation (enolization) of acetyl-CoA, followed by nucleophilic attack of the enolate form of this substrate on OAA to form a citryl-CoA intermediate and subsequent hydrolysis. OAA is strongly bound to the active site and its alpha-carbonyl group is polarized. This polarization has been demonstrated spectroscopically, [(Kurz et al., Biochemistry 1985;24:452-457; Kurz and Drysdale, Biochemistry 1987;26:2623-2627)] and has been suggested to be an important catalytic strategy. Substrate polarization is believed to be important in many enzymes. The first step, formation of the acetyl-CoA enolate intermediate, is thought to be rate-limiting in the mesophilic (pig/chicken) enzyme. We have examined the effects of substrate polarization on this key step using quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods. Free energy profiles have been calculated by AM1/CHARMM27 umbrella sampling molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, together with potential energy profiles. To study the influence of OAA polarization, profiles were calculated with different polarization of the OAA alpha-carbonyl group. The results indicate that OAA polarization influences catalysis only marginally but has a larger effect on intermediate stabilization. Different levels of treatment of OAA are compared (MM or QM), and its polarization in the protein and in water analyzed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d)/CHARMM27 level. Analysis of stabilization by individual residues shows that the enzyme mainly stabilizes the enolate intermediate (not the transition state) through electrostatic (including hydrogen bond) interactions: these contribute much more than polarization of OAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc W van der Kamp
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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82
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Guillena G, Nájera C, Ramón DJ. Enantioselective direct aldol reaction: the blossoming of modern organocatalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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83
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84
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Ardao I, Suau T, Ruiz J, Ríos SD, Álvaro G, Caminal G, Benaiges MD, González G, López-Santín J. DHAP-dependent aldolases in stereoselective synthesis: Kinetic studies and immobilisation. J Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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85
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Purkarthofer T, Skranc W, Schuster C, Griengl H. Potential and capabilities of hydroxynitrile lyases as biocatalysts in the chemical industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:309-20. [PMID: 17607575 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of hydroxynitrile lyases (HNLs) as catalysts for the stereoselective condensation of HCN with carbonyl compounds has been reported as early as 1908. This enzymatic C-C bond coupling reaction furnishes enantiopure cyanohydrins which serve as versatile bifunctional building blocks for chemical synthesis. Screening of natural sources led to the discovery of both (R)- and (S)-selective HNLs, and several distinctly different classes of these enzymes with substantial differences concerning sequence, structure, and mechanism have been found. Especially during the last two centuries, HNLs have been developed into valuable biocatalysts, which can be produced in recombinant form by overexpression in microbial hosts, resulting in the implementation of industrial processes utilizing these enzymes. Recently, protein engineering in combination with in silico methods gave rise to the development of a tailor-made HNL for large-scale manufacturing of a specific target cyanohydrin.
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86
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Gruber-Khadjawi M, Purkarthofer T, Skranc W, Griengl H. Hydroxynitrile Lyase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Nitroaldol (Henry) Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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87
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Holt J, Arends IW, Minnaard A, Hanefeld U. Hydrolase-Catalysed Preparation of Chiral α,α-Disubstituted Cyanohydrin Acetates. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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88
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89
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Mlynarski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01‐224 Warsaw, Poland, Fax: +48‐22‐632‐66‐81
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90
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Belokon YN, Blacker AJ, Clutterbuck LA, Hogg D, North M, Reeve C. An Asymmetric, Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis ofO-Acetylcyanohydrins. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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91
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Blacker J, Clutterbuck LA, Crampton MR, Grosjean C, North M. Catalytic, asymmetric Strecker reactions catalysed by titaniumIV and vanadiumV(salen) complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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92
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Samland AK, Sprenger GA. Microbial aldolases as C-C bonding enzymes--unknown treasures and new developments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:253-64. [PMID: 16614860 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aldolases are a specific group of lyases that catalyze the reversible stereoselective addition of a donor compound (nucleophile) onto an acceptor compound (electrophile). Whereas most aldolases are specific for their donor compound in the aldolization reaction, they often tolerate a wide range of aldehydes as acceptor compounds. C-C bonding by aldolases creates stereocenters in the resulting aldol products. This makes aldolases interesting tools for asymmetric syntheses of rare sugars or sugar-derived compounds as iminocyclitols, statins, epothilones, and sialic acids. Besides the well-known fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, other aldolases of microbial origin have attracted the interest of synthetic bio-organic chemists in recent years. These are either other dihydroxyacetone phosphate aldolases or aldolases depending on pyruvate/phosphoenolpyruvate, glycine, or acetaldehyde as donor substrate. Recently, an aldolase that accepts dihydroxyacetone or hydroxyacetone as a donor was described. A further enlargement of the arsenal of available chemoenzymatic tools can be achieved through screening for novel aldolase activities and directed evolution of existing aldolases to alter their substrate- or stereospecifities. We give an update of work on aldolases, with an emphasis on microbial aldolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Samland
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Germany
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93
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Vugts DJ, Veum L, al-Mafraji K, Lemmens R, Schmitz RF, de Kanter FJJ, Groen MB, Hanefeld U, Orru RVA. A Mild Chemo-Enzymatic Oxidation–Hydrocyanation Protocol. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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94
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Elenkov M, Hauer B, Janssen D. Enantioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Cyanide Catalysed by Halohydrin Dehalogenases: A New Approach to Non-Racemic β-Hydroxy Nitriles. Adv Synth Catal 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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95
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Rossbach BM, Leopold K, Weberskirch R. Selbstorganisierte Nanoreaktoren als hochaktive Katalysatoren in der hydrolytischen Ringöffnung terminaler Epoxide in Wasser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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96
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Rossbach BM, Leopold K, Weberskirch R. Self-Assembled Nanoreactors as Highly Active Catalysts in the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution (HKR) of Epoxides in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1309-12. [PMID: 16425317 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Rossbach
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Stoffe, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Abstract
Catalytic cascade reactions increase atom efficiency and help to reduce waste. Therefore they have recently attracted considerable attention. When performing them we have experienced that the immobilisation of the catalyst and the nature of the support are crucial factors. The carriers can play various roles from facilitating filtration and compartmentalisation to specifically binding unwanted compounds in the reaction media. In this Feature Article we give an overview of our work on such carrier dependent cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Veum
- Gebouw voor Scheikunde, Technische Universiteit Delft, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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