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Millet LJ, Park K, Watkins NN, Hsia KJ, Bashir R. Separating beads and cells in multi-channel microfluidic devices using dielectrophoresis and laminar flow. J Vis Exp 2011:2545. [PMID: 21339720 PMCID: PMC3197411 DOI: 10.3791/2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have advanced cell studies by providing a dynamic fluidic environment on the scale of the cell for studying, manipulating, sorting and counting cells. However, manipulating the cell within the fluidic domain remains a challenge and requires complicated fabrication protocols for forming valves and electrodes, or demands specialty equipment like optical tweezers. Here, we demonstrate that conventional printed circuit boards (PCB) can be used for the non-contact manipulation of cells by employing dielectrophoresis (DEP) for bead and cell manipulation in laminar flow fields for bioactuation, and for cell and bead separation in multichannel microfluidic devices. First, we present the protocol for assembling the DEP electrodes and microfluidic devices, and preparing the cells for DEP. Then, we characterize the DEP operation with polystyrene beads. Lastly, we show representative results of bead and cell separation in a multichannel microfluidic device. In summary, DEP is an effective method for manipulating particles (beads or cells) within microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Millet
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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52
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Toda M, Inomata N, Ono T. Bimorph Cantilevers Actuated by Focused Laser from the Side. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1541/ieejsmas.131.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Toda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
| | | | - Takahito Ono
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
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53
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Abstract
Modern microbiological research has increasingly focused on the interactions between bacterial cells and the surfaces that they inhabit. To this end, microfluidic devices have played a large role in enabling research of cell-surface interactions, especially surface attachment and biofilm formation. This review provides background on microfluidic devices and their use in biological systems, as well specific examples from current literature. Methods to observe and interrogate cells within microfluidic devices are described, as well as the analytical techniques that are used to collect these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Mosier
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE), University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
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54
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Lindström S, Andersson-Svahn H. Overview of single-cell analyses: microdevices and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3363-72. [PMID: 20967379 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous microdevices developed for single-cell analyses have been presented in the last decades. Practical usefulness in biological and clinical settings has become an important focus during the development and implementation of new structures and assays. Single-cell analysis has been applied in intracellular research, gene- and protein content and expression, PCR, cell culture and division, clone formation, differentiation, morphology, lysis, separation, sorting, cytotoxicity and fluorescence screens, antibody secretion, etc. as discussed here along with brief descriptions of the technical devices used for the studies, e.g. well-, trap-, pattern-, and droplet-based structures. This review aims to serve as an overview of available techniques for single-cell analysis by describing the different biological single-cell assays that have been performed to date and how each individual application requires a particular device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lindström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Box 285, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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55
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Ricciardi C, Canavese G, Castagna R, Ferrante I, Ricci A, Marasso SL, Napione L, Bussolino F. Integration of microfluidic and cantilever technology for biosensing application in liquid environment. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1565-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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56
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Abstract
The characterization of physical properties of cells such as their mass and stiffness has been of great interest and can have profound implications in cell biology, tissue engineering, cancer, and disease research. For example, the direct dependence of cell growth rate on cell mass for individual adherent human cells can elucidate the mechanisms underlying cell cycle progression. Here we develop an array of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) resonant mass sensors that can be used to directly measure the biophysical properties, mass, and growth rate of single adherent cells. Unlike conventional cantilever mass sensors, our sensors retain a uniform mass sensitivity over the cell attachment surface. By measuring the frequency shift of the mass sensors with growing (soft) cells and fixed (stiff) cells, and through analytical modeling, we derive the Young's modulus of the unfixed cell and unravel the dependence of the cell mass measurement on cell stiffness. Finally, we grew individual cells on the mass sensors and measured their mass for 50+ hours. Our results demonstrate that adherent human colon epithelial cells have increased growth rates with a larger cell mass, and the average growth rate increases linearly with the cell mass, at 3.25%/hr. Our sensitive mass sensors with a position-independent mass sensitivity can be coupled with microscopy for simultaneous monitoring of cell growth and status, and provide an ideal method to study cell growth, cell cycle progression, differentiation, and apoptosis.
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57
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New self-assembled monolayer coated cantilever for histidine-tag protein immobilization. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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58
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Privorotskaya N, Liu YS, Lee J, Zeng H, Carlisle JA, Radadia A, Millet L, Bashir R, King WP. Rapid thermal lysis of cells using silicon-diamond microcantilever heaters. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:1135-1141. [PMID: 20390131 DOI: 10.1039/b923791g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design and application of microcantilever heaters for biochemical applications. Thermal lysis of biological cells was demonstrated as a specific example. The microcantilever heaters, fabricated from selectively doped single crystal silicon, provide local resistive heating with highly uniform temperature distribution across the cantilevers. Very importantly, the microcantilever heaters were coated with a layer of 100 nm thick electrically insulating ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) layer used for cell immobilization on the cantilever surface. Fibroblast cells or bacterial cells were immobilized on the UNCD/cantilever surfaces and thermal lysis was demonstrated via optical fluorescence microscopy. Upon electrical heating of the cantilever structures to 93 degrees C for 30 seconds, fibroblast cell and nuclear membrane were compromised and the cells were lysed. Over 90% of viable bacteria were also lysed after 15 seconds of heating at 93 degrees C. This work demonstrates the utility of silicon-UNCD heated microcantilevers for rapid cell lysis and forms the basis for other rapid and localized temperature-regulated microbiological experiments in cantilever-based lab on chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Privorotskaya
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA
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59
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Park JY, Morgan M, Sachs AN, Samorezov J, Teller R, Shen Y, Pienta KJ, Takayama S. Single cell trapping in larger microwells capable of supporting cell spreading and proliferation. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2010; 8:263-268. [PMID: 20352022 PMCID: PMC2845479 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-009-0503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cell trapping methods using microwells with small dimensions (10-20 μm) are useful for examining the instantaneous cell response to reagents; however, such wells have insufficient space for longer duration screening tests that require observation of cell attachment and division. Here we describe a flow method that enables single cell trapping in microwells with dimensions of 50 μm, a size sufficient to allow attachment and division of captured cells. Among various geometries tested, triangular microwells were found to be most efficient for single cell trapping while providing ample space for cells to grow and spread. An important trapping mechanism is the formation of fluid streamlines inside, rather than over, the microwells. A strong flow recirculation occurs in the triangular microwell so that it efficiently catches cells. Once a cell is captured, the cell presence in the microwell changes the flow pattern, thereby preventing trapping of other cells. About 62% of microwells were filled with single cells after a 20 min loading procedure. Human prostate cancer cells (PC3) were used for validation of our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Yull Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mina Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aaron N. Sachs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julia Samorezov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan Teller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Urology, Michigan Center for Translational Pathology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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61
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Kim DH, Wong PK, Park J, Levchenko A, Sun Y. Microengineered platforms for cell mechanobiology. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2009; 11:203-33. [PMID: 19400708 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-061008-124915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play important roles in the regulation of various biological processes at the molecular and cellular level, such as gene expression, adhesion, migration, and cell fate, which are essential to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In this review, we discuss emerging bioengineered tools enabled by microscale technologies for studying the roles of mechanical forces in cell biology. In addition to traditional mechanobiology experimental techniques, we review recent advances of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based approaches for cell mechanobiology and discuss how microengineered platforms can be used to generate in vivo-like micromechanical environment in in vitro settings for investigating cellular processes in normal and pathophysiological contexts. These capabilities also have significant implications for mechanical control of cell and tissue development and cell-based regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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62
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Qavi AJ, Washburn AL, Byeon JY, Bailey RC. Label-free technologies for quantitative multiparameter biological analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:121-35. [PMID: 19221722 PMCID: PMC2667559 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the postgenomic era, information is king and information-rich technologies are critically important drivers in both fundamental biology and medicine. It is now known that single-parameter measurements provide only limited detail and that quantitation of multiple biomolecular signatures can more fully illuminate complex biological function. Label-free technologies have recently attracted significant interest for sensitive and quantitative multiparameter analysis of biological systems. There are several different classes of label-free sensors that are currently being developed both in academia and in industry. In this critical review, we highlight, compare, and contrast some of the more promising approaches. We describe the fundamental principles of these different methods and discuss advantages and disadvantages that might potentially help one in selecting the appropriate technology for a given bioanalytical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Qavi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Adam L. Washburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ji-Yeon Byeon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Ryan C. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801
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63
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Meighan MM, Staton SJR, Hayes MA. Bioanalytical separations using electric field gradient techniques. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:852-65. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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