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Type I photodynamic therapy by organic–inorganic hybrid materials: From strategies to applications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Archer SA, Raza A, Dröge F, Robertson C, Auty AJ, Chekulaev D, Weinstein JA, Keane T, Meijer AJHM, Haycock JW, MacNeil S, Thomas JA. A dinuclear ruthenium(ii) phototherapeutic that targets duplex and quadruplex DNA. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3502-3513. [PMID: 30996941 PMCID: PMC6430095 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim of developing a sensitizer for photodynamic therapy, a previously reported luminescent dinuclear complex that functions as a DNA probe in live cells was modified to produce a new iso-structural derivative containing RuII(TAP)2 fragments (TAP = 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene). The structure of the new complex has been confirmed by a variety of techniques including single crystal X-ray analysis. Unlike its parent, the new complex displays Ru → L-based 3MLCT emission in both MeCN and water. Results from electrochemical studies and emission quenching experiments involving guanosine monophosphate are consistent with an excited state located on a TAP moiety. This hypothesis is further supported by detailed DFT calculations, which take into account solvent effects on excited state dynamics. Cell-free steady-state and time-resolved optical studies on the interaction of the new complex with duplex and quadruplex DNA show that the complex binds with high affinity to both structures and indicate that its photoexcited state is also quenched by DNA, a process that is accompanied by the generation of the guanine radical cation sites as photo-oxidization products. Like the parent complex, this new compound is taken up by live cells where it primarily localizes within the nucleus and displays low cytotoxicity in the absence of light. However, in complete contrast to [{RuII(phen)2}2(tpphz)]4+, the new complex is therapeutically activated by light to become highly phototoxic toward malignant human melanoma cell lines showing that it is a promising lead for the treatment of this recalcitrant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Archer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Ahtasham Raza
- Materials Science & Engineering , University of Sheffield , Mappin St , Sheffield S1 3JD , UK . ;
| | - Fabian Dröge
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Craig Robertson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Alexander J Auty
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Theo Keane
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - Anthony J H M Meijer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
| | - John W Haycock
- Materials Science & Engineering , University of Sheffield , Mappin St , Sheffield S1 3JD , UK . ;
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Materials Science & Engineering , University of Sheffield , Mappin St , Sheffield S1 3JD , UK . ;
| | - James A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield , S3 7HF , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)114 222 9325
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Tian N, Sun W, Guo X, Lu J, Li C, Hou Y, Wang X, Zhou Q. Mitochondria targeted and NADH triggered photodynamic activity of chloromethyl modified Ru(ii) complexes under hypoxic conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2676-2679. [PMID: 30747181 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09186b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Three chloromethyl-modified Ru(ii) complexes were designed and synthesized as mitochondria targeting photosensitizers, which can generate carbon radicals in the presence of NADH under visible light irradiation, cause DNA cleavage and covalent binding in Ar-saturated solutions, and lead to apoptosis of human ovarian carcinoma SKOV-3 cells under hypoxic conditions (3% O2), demonstrating a new mode of type I mechanism to overcome the limitation of hypoxia in photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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Reichardt C, Monro S, Sobotta FH, Colón KL, Sainuddin T, Stephenson M, Sampson E, Roque J, Yin H, Brendel JC, Cameron CG, McFarland S, Dietzek B. Predictive Strength of Photophysical Measurements for in Vitro Photobiological Activity in a Series of Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Derived from π-Extended Ligands. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3156-3166. [PMID: 30763081 PMCID: PMC6500734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the correlation between photocytotoxicity and the prolonged excited-state lifetimes exhibited by certain Ru(II) polypyridyl photosensitizers comprised of π-expansive ligands. The eight metal complexes selected for this study differ markedly in their triplet state configurations and lifetimes. Human melanoma SKMEL28 and human leukemia HL60 cells were used as in vitro models to test photocytotoxicity induced by the compounds when activated by either broadband visible or monochromatic red light. The photocytotoxicities of the metal complexes investigated varied over 2 orders of magnitude and were positively correlated with their excited-state lifetimes. The complexes with the longest excited-state lifetimes, contributed by low-lying 3IL states, were the most phototoxic toward cancer cells under all conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichardt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena, Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Fabian H. Sobotta
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katsuya L. Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Mat Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Eric Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Johannes C. Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Sherri McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena, Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
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55
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Schrage BR, Herrick RS, Ziegler CJ. The synthesis and characterization of Re(CO)3 pyca-anthraquinone conjugates. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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56
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Wang L, Monro S, Cui P, Yin H, Liu B, Cameron CG, Xu W, Hetu M, Fuller A, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Heteroleptic Ir(III)N 6 Complexes with Long-Lived Triplet Excited States and in Vitro Photobiological Activities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:3629-3644. [PMID: 30608121 PMCID: PMC6355354 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of cationic heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes bearing tris-diimine ligands [Ir(phen)2(R-phen)]3+ (R-phen = phenanthroline (1), 3,8-diphenylphenanthroline (2), 3,8-dipyrenylphenanthroline (3), 3-phenylphenanthroline (4), 3-pyrenylphenanthroline (5), and 3,8-diphenylethynylphenanthroline (6)) were synthesized and characterized. These complexes possessed phen ligand-localized 1π,π* transitions below 300 nm, and charge transfer (1CT) and/or 1π,π* transitions between 300 and 520 nm. In 1, 2, 4, and 6, the low-energy bands were mixed 1CT/1π,π*. However, the increased π-donating ability of the pyrenyl substituent(s) in 3 and 5 split the low-energy bands into a pyrene-based 1π,π* transition at 300-380 nm and an intraligand charge transfer (1ILCT) transition at 380-520 nm. All complexes were emissive at room temperature in CH3CN, but the parentage of the emitting state varied depending on the R substituent(s). Complex 1 exhibited predominantly phen ligand-localized 3π,π* emission mixed with metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) character, whereas the emission of 2, 4, and 6 was predominantly from the excited-state with 3π,π*/3ILCT/3MLCT character. The emission from 3 and 5 was dominated by pyrene-based 3π,π* states mixed with 3ILCT character. The different natures of the lowest triplet excited states were also reflected by the different spectral features and lifetimes of the triplet transient absorption of these complexes. Complexes 3 and 5 had singlet oxygen quantum yields as high as 81 and 72%, respectively. Both gave submicromolar phototoxicities toward cancer cells (SK-MEL-28 human melanoma) and bacteria ( S. aureus and S. mutans) with visible-light activation (and marginal to no photobiological activity with red light). Their visible-light phototherapeutic indices (PIs) toward SK-MEL-28 cells were 248 for 3 and >435 for 5; PIs were lower in bacteria (≤62) because of their inherent antimicrobial activities. Both complexes were shown to produce substantial amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may account for their photobiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Marc Hetu
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Anderson Fuller
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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57
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Monro S, Colón KL, Yin H, Roque J, Konda P, Gujar S, Thummel RP, Lilge L, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Transition Metal Complexes and Photodynamic Therapy from a Tumor-Centered Approach: Challenges, Opportunities, and Highlights from the Development of TLD1433. Chem Rev 2019; 119:797-828. [PMID: 30295467 PMCID: PMC6453754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 792] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes are of increasing interest as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and, more recently, for photochemotherapy (PCT). In recent years, Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes have emerged as promising systems for both PDT and PCT. Their rich photochemical and photophysical properties derive from a variety of excited-state electronic configurations accessible with visible and near-infrared light, and these properties can be exploited for both energy- and electron-transfer processes that can yield highly potent oxygen-dependent and/or oxygen-independent photobiological activity. Selected examples highlight the use of rational design in coordination chemistry to control the lowest-energy triplet excited-state configurations for eliciting a particular type of photoreactivity for PDT and/or PCT effects. These principles are also discussed in the context of the development of TLD1433, the first Ru(II)-based photosensitizer for PDT to enter a human clinical trial. The design of TLD1433 arose from a tumor-centered approach, as part of a complete PDT package that includes the light component and the protocol for treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Briefly, this review summarizes the challenges to bringing PDT into mainstream cancer therapy. It considers the chemical and photophysical solutions that transition metal complexes offer, and it puts into context the multidisciplinary effort needed to bring a new drug to clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova
Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Katsuya L. Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova
Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - John Roque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie
University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie
University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Services
Research, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3K 6R8
| | - Randolph P. Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston,
Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Lothar Lilge
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network,
101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6R1Z7
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova
Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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59
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Rohrabaugh TN, Collins KA, Xue C, White JK, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. New Ru(ii) complex for dual photochemotherapy: release of cathepsin K inhibitor and 1O 2 production. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11851-11858. [PMID: 29741184 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00876k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new complex, [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN)]2+ (1, tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, dppn = benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) was synthesized and its photochemical properties were investigated. This complex undergoes photorelease of the Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN ligand, a known cathepsin K inhibitor, with a quantum yield, Φ450, of 0.0012(4) in water (λirr = 450 nm). In addition, 1 sensitizes the production of singlet oxygen upon visible light irradiation with quantum yield, ΦΔ, of 0.64(3) in CH3OH. The photophysical properties of 1 were compared with those of [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN)]2+ (2, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(CH3CN)]2+ (3), and [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(CH3CN)]2+ (4) to evaluate the effect of the release of the Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN inhibitor relative to the CH3CN ligand, as well as the role of dppn as the bidentate ligand for 1O2 production instead of bpy. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy confirms the formation of the long-lived dppn-centered 3ππ* state in 1 and 3 with a maximum at ∼540 nm and τ ∼20 μs in deaerated acetonitrile. Complexes 1 and 3 are able to cause photoinduced damage to DNA (λirr ≥ 395 nm), whereas 2 and 4 do not photocleave DNA under similar experimental conditions. These results suggest that 1 is a promising agent for dual activity, both releasing a drug and producing singlet oxygen, and is poised to exhibit enhanced biological activity in phototochemotherapy upon irradiation with visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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60
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De S, Sarkar B, Jadhav GR, Ramasamy SK, Banerjee S, Moorthy A, Paira P, K AKS. Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Biomolecular Interaction of Novel Acenaphtho Quinoxaline and Dipyridophenazine Analogues. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav De
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Bidisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Gajanan Raosaheb Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Selva Kumar Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Subhasis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Gupta College of Technological Sciences; Asansol- 713301, West Bengal. India
| | - Anbalagan Moorthy
- School of Bioscience & Technology; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ashok Kumar S K
- Department of Chemistry; School of Advanced Sciences; Vellore Institute of Technology; Vellore- 632014, Tamil Nadu India
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Peña B, Saha S, Barhoumi R, Burghardt RC, Dunbar KR. Ruthenium(II)-Polypyridyl Compounds with π-Extended Nitrogen Donor Ligands Induce Apoptosis in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma (A549) Cells by Triggering Caspase-3/7 Pathway. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12777-12786. [PMID: 30239197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes exhibit antitumor properties that can be systematically tailored by means of adjusting the ligand environment. In this work, the effect of incorporating π-extended moieties into anionic N∧O- based chelating ligands on the cytotoxic properties of Ru compounds is explored. Four new Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(bpy)2(dphol)][PF6] (1; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dphol = dibenzo[ a, c]phenazin-10-olate), [Ru(phen)2(dphol)][PF6] (2; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), [Ru(bpy)2(hbtz)][PF6] (3; hbtz = 2-(benzo[ d]thiazol-2-yl)phenolate), and [Ru(phen)2(hbtz)][PF6] (4) were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. In vitro cytotoxicity was investigated in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells, which revealed that 4 is the most cytotoxic compound (IC50 = 0.8 μM) in the series including a control compound [Ru(bpy)2(quo)][PF6] (5; quo = 8-hydroxyquinolinate) and is nearly 8-fold more cytotoxic than cisplatin. An investigation of the mechanism of cell death led to the finding that compounds 1-4 disrupt the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) in a concentration-dependent fashion, which is an event associated with the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Moreover, compound 4 triggers the activity of caspase-3/7, which eventually induces the apoptotic cellular death of A549 cells. Thus, increasing the overall lipophilicity of the Ru compounds by introducing π-extended moieties in the anionic N∧O- ligand is a successful strategy for realizing a new family of pro-apoptotic compounds with a [RuIIN5O]+ coordination environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peña
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Sayan Saha
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Robert C Burghardt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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62
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Liu B, Monro S, Lystrom L, Cameron CG, Colon K, Yin H, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Photophysical and Photobiological Properties of Dinuclear Iridium(III) Bis-tridentate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9859-9872. [PMID: 30091916 PMCID: PMC6337720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of cationic dinuclear iridium(III) complexes (Ir1-Ir5) bearing terpyridine-capped fluorenyl bridging ligands and different polypyridyl or cyclometalating terminal tridentate ligands were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their photophysical and photobiological activities. The influence of the bridging and terminal ligands on the photophysical properties of the complexes was investigated by UV-vis absorption, emission, and transient absorption spectroscopy and simulated by TDDFT calculations. All of the complexes displayed strong bridging-ligand localized visible 1π,π* absorption and red- or near-infrared phosphorescence as well as broad triplet excited-state absorption across both visible and NIR wavelengths. These triplet states were assigned as predominantly 3π,π* for Ir1 (τ = 3.1 μs) and Ir4 (τ = 48 μs) and 3CT (charge transfer) for Ir2, Ir3, and Ir5 (τ = 1.7-2.7 μs). Complexes Ir1-Ir5 acted as in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents toward human SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells when activated with visible light, with submicromolar photocytotoxicity and phototherapeutic indices ranging from 20 to almost 300. The in vitro PDT effects with visible light did not correlate with singlet oxygen (1O2) quantum yields or DNA photocleaving capacity probed under cell-free conditions. All of the Ir(III) complexes phosphoresced brightly when associated with compromised cells (with or without light treatment) and exhibited photoactivated cellular uptake, highlighting the theranostic potential of this new class of Ir(III) complex photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Katsuya Colon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Schindler J, Traber P, Zedler L, Zhang Y, Lefebvre JF, Kupfer S, Gräfe S, Demeunynck M, Chavarot-Kerlidou M, Dietzek B. Photophysics of a Ruthenium Complex with a π-Extended Dipyridophenazine Ligand for DNA Quadruplex Labeling. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6558-6569. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schindler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Linda Zedler
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jean-François Lefebvre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
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64
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Sudheesh KV, Jayaram PS, Samanta A, Bejoymohandas KS, Jayasree RS, Ajayaghosh A. A Cyclometalated IrIII
Complex as a Lysosome-Targeted Photodynamic Therapeutic Agent for Integrated Imaging and Therapy in Cancer Cells. Chemistry 2018; 24:10999-11007. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karivachery V. Sudheesh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division; CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST); Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-NIIST Campus; Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
| | - Prasad S. Jayaram
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram 695011 India
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division; CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST); Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-NIIST Campus; Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
| | - Kochan S. Bejoymohandas
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division; CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST); Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-NIIST Campus; Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
| | - Ramapurath S. Jayasree
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram 695011 India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division; CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST); Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-NIIST Campus; Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
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65
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Ghosh G, Colón KL, Fuller A, Sainuddin T, Bradner E, McCain J, Monro SMA, Yin H, Hetu MW, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Cyclometalated Ruthenium(II) Complexes Derived from α-Oligothiophenes as Highly Selective Cytotoxic or Photocytotoxic Agents. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:7694-7712. [PMID: 29927243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical and photobiological properties of a new class of cyclometalated ruthenium(II) compounds incorporating π-extended benzo[ h]imidazo[4,5- f]quinoline (IBQ) cyclometalating ligands (C^N) bearing thienyl rings ( n = 1-4, compounds 1-4) were investigated. Their octanol-water partition coefficients (log Po/w) were positive and increased with n. Their absorption and emission energies were red-shifted substantially compared to the analogous Ru(II) diimine (N^N) complexes. They displayed C^N-based intraligand (IL) fluorescence and triplet excited-state absorption that shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing n and N^N-based metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) phosphorescence that was independent of n. Their photoluminescence lifetimes (τem) ranged from 4-10 ns for 1IL states and 12-18 ns for 3MLCT states. Transient absorption lifetimes (τTA) were 5-8 μs with 355 nm excitation, ascribed to 3IL states that became inaccessible for 1-3 with 532 nm excitation (1-3, τTA = 16-17 ns); the 3IL of 4 only was accessible by lower energy excitation, τTA = 3.8 μs. Complex 4 was nontoxic (EC50 > 300 μM) to SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells and CCD1064-Sk normal skin fibroblasts in the dark, while 3 was selectively cytotoxic to melanoma (EC50= 5.1 μM) only. Compounds 1 and 2 were selective for melanoma cells in the dark, with submicromolar potencies (EC50 = 350-500 nM) and selectivity factors (SFs) around 50. The photocytotoxicities of compounds 1-4 toward melanoma cells were similar, but only compounds 3 and 4 displayed significant phototherapeutic indices (PIs; 3, 43; 4, >1100). The larger cytotoxicities for compounds 1 and 2 were attributed to increased cellular uptake and nuclear accumulation, and possibly related to the DNA-aggregating properties of all four compounds as demonstrated by cell-free gel mobility-shift assays. Together, these results demonstrate a new class of thiophene-containing Ru(II) cyclometalated compounds that contain both highly selective chemotherapeutic agents and extremely potent photocytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Katsuya L Colón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Anderson Fuller
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Evan Bradner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Susan M A Monro
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Marc W Hetu
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry , Acadia University , Wolfville , Nova Scotia B4P 2R6 , Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
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66
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Cheng N, Chen Y, Yu J, Li JJ, Liu Y. Enhanced DNA Binding and Photocleavage Abilities of β-Cyclodextrin Appended Ru(II) Complex through Supramolecular Strategy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1829-1833. [PMID: 29812915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers with high photocleavage ability are urgently needed to improve photodynamic therapy efficacy. Herein, a supramolecular complex was constructed through host-guest self-assembly using hexa-β-CD-appended ruthenium polypyridyl (6CD-Ru) and adamantane-modified anthracene (ADA-AN) in water. The targeted DNA-intercalation of peripheral anthracenes can remarkably enhance photocleavage ability and antitumor activity of the complex irradiated with visible light.
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67
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Keane PM, Kelly JM. Transient absorption and time-resolved vibrational studies of photophysical and photochemical processes in DNA-intercalating polypyridyl metal complexes or cationic porphyrins. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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68
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Liu J, Zhang C, Rees TW, Ke L, Ji L, Chao H. Harnessing ruthenium(II) as photodynamic agents: Encouraging advances in cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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69
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Marker SC, MacMillan SN, Zipfel WR, Li Z, Ford PC, Wilson JJ. Photoactivated in Vitro Anticancer Activity of Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes Bearing Water-Soluble Phosphines. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1311-1331. [PMID: 29323880 PMCID: PMC8117114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen water-soluble rhenium compounds of the general formula [Re(CO)3(NN)(PR3)]+, where NN is a diimine ligand and PR3 is 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA), tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP), or 1,4-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicylco[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA), were synthesized and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The complexes bearing the THP and DAPTA ligands exhibit triplet-based luminescence in air-equilibrated aqueous solutions with quantum yields ranging from 3.4 to 11.5%. Furthermore, the THP and DAPTA complexes undergo photosubstitution of a CO ligand upon irradiation with 365 nm light with quantum yields ranging from 1.1 to 5.5% and sensitize the formation of 1O2 with quantum yields as high as 70%. In contrast, all of the complexes bearing the PTA ligand are nonemissive and do not undergo photosubstitution upon irradiation with 365 nm light. These compounds were evaluated as photoactivated anticancer agents in human cervical (HeLa), ovarian (A2780), and cisplatin-resistant ovarian (A2780CP70) cancer cell lines. All of the complexes bearing THP and DAPTA exhibited a cytotoxic response upon irradiation with minimal toxicity in the absence of light. Notably, the complex with DAPTA and 1,10-phenanthroline gave rise to an IC50 value of 6 μM in HeLa cells upon irradiation, rendering it the most phototoxic compound in this library. The nature of the photoinduced cytotoxicity of this compound was explored in further detail. These data indicate that the phototoxic response may result from the release of both CO and the rhenium-containing photoproduct, as well as the production of 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra C. Marker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Warren R. Zipfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Peter C. Ford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Justin J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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70
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Wang C, Lystrom L, Yin H, Hetu M, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Increasing the triplet lifetime and extending the ground-state absorption of biscyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes for reverse saturable absorption and photodynamic therapy applications. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:16366-16378. [PMID: 27711764 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysics, reverse saturable absorption, and photodynamic therapeutic effect of six cationic biscyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes (1-6) with extended π-conjugation on the diimine ligand and/or the cyclometalating ligands are reported in this paper. All complexes possess ligand-localized 1π,π* absorption bands below 400 nm and charge-transfer absorption bands above 400 nm. They are all emissive in the 500-800 nm range in deoxygenated solutions at room temperature. All complexes exhibit strong and broad triplet excited-state absorption at 430-800 nm, and thus strong reverse saturable absorption for ns laser pulses at 532 nm. Complexes 1-4 are strong reverse saturable absorbers at 532 nm, while complex 6 could be a good candidate as a broadband reverse saturable absorber at 500-850 nm. The degree of π-conjugation of the diimine ligand mainly influences the 1π,π* transitions in their UV-vis absorption spectra, while the degree of π-conjugation of the cyclometalating ligand primarily affects the nature and energies of the lowest singlet and emitting triplet excited states. However, the lowest-energy triplet excited states for complexes 3-6 that contain the same benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppn) diimine ligand but different cyclometalating ligands remain the same as the dppn ligand-localized 3π,π* state, which gives rise to the long-lived, strong excited-state absorption in the visible to the near-IR region. All of the complexes exhibit a photodynamic therapeutic effect upon visible or red light activation, with complex 6 possessing the largest phototherapeutic index reported to date (>400) for an Ir(iii) complex. Interactions with biological targets such as DNA suggest that a novel mechanism of action may be at play for the photosensitizing effect. These Ir(iii) complexes also produce strong intracellular luminescence that highlights their potential as theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Marc Hetu
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada. and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA.
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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71
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Whittemore TJ, White TA, Turro C. New Ligand Design Provides Delocalization and Promotes Strong Absorption throughout the Visible Region in a Ru(II) Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:229-234. [PMID: 29260869 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The new Ru(II)-anthraquinone complex [Ru(bpy)2(qdpq)](PF6)2 (Ru-qdpq; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; qdpq = 2,3-di(2-pyridyl)naphtho[2,3-f]quinoxaline-7,12-quinone) possesses a strong 1MLCT Ru → qdpq absorption with a maximum at 546 nm that tails into the near-IR and is significantly red-shifted relative to that of the related complex [Ru(bpy)2(qdppz)](PF6)2 (Ru-qdppz; qdppz = naphtho[2,3-a]dipyrido[3,2-h:2',3'-f]phenazine-5,18-dione), with λmax = 450 nm. Ru-qdppz possesses electronically isolated proximal and distal qdppz-based excited states; the former is initially generated and decays to the latter, which repopulates the ground state with τ = 362 ps. In contrast, excitation of Ru-qdpq results in the population of a relatively long-lived (τ = 19 ns) Ru(dπ) → qdpq(π*) 3MLCT excited state where the promoted electron is delocalized throughout the qdpq ligand. Ultrafast spectroscopy, used together with steady-state absorption, electrochemistry, and DFT calculations, indicates that the unique coordination modes of the qdpq and qdppz ligands impart substantially different electronic communication throughout the quinone-containing ligand, affecting the excited state and electron transfer properties of these molecules. These observations create a pathway to synthesize complexes with red-shifted absorptions that possess long-lived, redox-active excited states that are useful for various applications, including solar energy conversion and photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Whittemore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Travis A White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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72
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Zhu X, Cui P, Kilina S, Sun W. Multifunctional Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing 2-Aryloxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (N^N) Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Photophysics, Mechanochromic/Vapochromic Effects, and Reverse Saturable Absorption. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:13715-13731. [PMID: 29083889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-aryloxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligands (N^N ligands) and their cationic iridium(III) complexes (1-11, aryl = 4-NO2-phenyl (1), 4-Br-phenyl (2), Ph (3), 4-NPh2-phenyl (4), 4-NH2-phenyl (5), pyridin-4-yl (6), naphthalen-1-yl (7), naphthalen-2-yl (8), phenanthren-9-yl (9), anthracen-9-yl (10), and pyren-1-yl (11)) were synthesized and characterized. By introducing different electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents at the 4-position of the 2-phenyl ring (1-5), or different aromatic substituents with varied degrees of π-conjugation (6-11) on oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand, we aim to understand the effects of terminal substituents at the N^N ligands on the photophysics of cationic Ir(III) complexes using both spectroscopic methods and quantum chemistry calculations. Complexes with the 4-R-phenyl substituents adopted an almost coplanar structure with the oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline motif, while the polycyclic aryl substituents (except for naphthalen-2-yl) were twisted away from the oxazolo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline motif. All complexes possessed strong absorption bands below 350 nm that emanated from the ligand-localized 1π,π*/1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) transitions, mixed with 1LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge transfer)/1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions. At the range of 350-570 nm, all complexes exhibited moderately strong 1ILCT/1LLCT/1MLCT transitions at 350-450 nm, and broad but very weak 3LLCT/3MLCT absorption at 450-570 nm. Most of the complexes demonstrated moderate to strong room temperature phosphorescence both in solution and in the solid state. Among them, complex 7 also manifested a drastic mechanochromic and vapochromic luminescence effect. Except for complexes 1 and 4 that contain NO2 or NPh2 substituent at the phenyl ring, respectively, all other complexes exhibited moderate to strong triplet excited-state absorption in the spectral region of 440-750 nm. Moderate to very strong reverse saturable absorption (RSA) of these complexes appeared at 532 nm for 4.1 ns laser pulses. The RSA strength followed the trend of 7 > 11 > 9 > 3 > 2 ≈ 4 > 5 ≈ 10 ≈ 6 ≈ 8 > 1. The photophysical studies revealed that the different 2-aryl substituents on the oxazole ring impacted the singlet and triplet excited-state characteristics dramatically, which in turn notably influenced the RSA of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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73
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Saeed HK, Jarman PJ, Archer S, Sreedharan S, Saeed IQ, Mckenzie LK, Weinstein JA, Buurma NJ, Smythe CGW, Thomas JA. Homo‐ and Heteroleptic Phototoxic Dinuclear Metallo‐Intercalators Based on Ru
II
(dppn) Intercalating Moieties: Synthesis, Optical, and Biological Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa K. Saeed
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Paul J. Jarman
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Stuart Archer
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | | | - Ibrahim Q. Saeed
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Luke K. Mckenzie
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | | | - Niklaas J. Buurma
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Carl G. W. Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Jim A. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
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74
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Saeed HK, Jarman PJ, Archer S, Sreedharan S, Saeed IQ, Mckenzie LK, Weinstein JA, Buurma NJ, Smythe CGW, Thomas JA. Homo‐ and Heteroleptic Phototoxic Dinuclear Metallo‐Intercalators Based on Ru
II
(dppn) Intercalating Moieties: Synthesis, Optical, and Biological Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12628-12633. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa K. Saeed
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Paul J. Jarman
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Stuart Archer
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | | | - Ibrahim Q. Saeed
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Luke K. Mckenzie
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | | | - Niklaas J. Buurma
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Carl G. W. Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Jim A. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
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75
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Gilson RC, Black KCL, Lane DD, Achilefu S. Hybrid TiO 2 -Ruthenium Nano-photosensitizer Synergistically Produces Reactive Oxygen Species in both Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10717-10720. [PMID: 28667692 PMCID: PMC5749187 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used to treat diverse diseases, but its dependence on oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) diminishes the therapeutic effect in a hypoxic environment, such as solid tumors. Herein, we developed a ROS-producing hybrid nanoparticle-based photosensitizer capable of maintaining high levels of ROS under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Conjugation of a ruthenium complex (N3) to a TiO2 nanoparticle afforded TiO2 -N3. Upon exposure of TiO2 -N3 to light, the N3 injected electrons into TiO2 to produce three- and four-fold more hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, than TiO2 at 160 mmHg. TiO2 -N3 maintained three-fold higher hydroxyl radicals than TiO2 under hypoxic conditions via N3-facilitated electron-hole reduction of adsorbed water molecules. The incorporation of N3 transformed TiO2 from a dual type I and II PDT agent to a predominantly type I photosensitizer, irrespective of the oxygen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Gilson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Kvar C L Black
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Daniel D Lane
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Avenue, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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76
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Kumar P, Dasari S, Patra AK. Ruthenium(II) complexes of saccharin with dipyridoquinoxaline and dipyridophenazine: Structures, biological interactions and photoinduced DNA damage activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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77
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Gilson RC, Black KCL, Lane DD, Achilefu S. Hybrid TiO2
-Ruthenium Nano-photosensitizer Synergistically Produces Reactive Oxygen Species in both Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Gilson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; Washington University School of Medicine; 4515 McKinley Avenue Saint Louis MO 63130 USA
- Biomedical Engineering; Washington University in Saint Louis; 1 Brookings Drive Saint Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Kvar C. L. Black
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; Washington University School of Medicine; 4515 McKinley Avenue Saint Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Daniel D. Lane
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; Washington University School of Medicine; 4515 McKinley Avenue Saint Louis MO 63130 USA
- Biomedical Engineering; Washington University in Saint Louis; 1 Brookings Drive Saint Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; Washington University School of Medicine; 4515 McKinley Avenue Saint Louis MO 63130 USA
- Biomedical Engineering; Washington University in Saint Louis; 1 Brookings Drive Saint Louis MO 63130 USA
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78
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Abreu FD, Paulo TDF, Gehlen MH, Ando RA, Lopes LGF, Gondim ACS, Vasconcelos MA, Teixeira EH, Sousa EHS, de Carvalho IMM. Aryl-Substituted Ruthenium(II) Complexes: A Strategy for Enhanced Photocleavage and Efficient DNA Binding. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9084-9096. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Diógenes Abreu
- Laboratório
de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica
e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Cx. Postal 6021, 60440-900 Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
| | - Tercio de F. Paulo
- Laboratório
de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica
e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Cx. Postal 6021, 60440-900 Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
| | - Marcelo H. Gehlen
- Instituto de Química de São
Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13566-590 São
Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rômulo A. Ando
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Cx. Postal 26077, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz G. F. Lopes
- Laboratório
de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica
e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Cx. Postal 6021, 60440-900 Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia S. Gondim
- Laboratório
de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica
e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Cx. Postal 6021, 60440-900 Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
| | - Mayron A. Vasconcelos
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas, Departamento
de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60441−750 Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências
Exatas e Naturais, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, 59625-620, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Edson H. Teixeira
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas, Departamento
de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60441−750 Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique Silva Sousa
- Laboratório
de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica
e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Cx. Postal 6021, 60440-900 Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
| | - Idalina Maria Moreira de Carvalho
- Laboratório
de Bioinorgânica, Departamento de Química Orgânica
e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Cx. Postal 6021, 60440-900 Fortaleza, Ceará Brazil
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79
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Cardin CJ, Kelly JM, Quinn SJ. Photochemically active DNA-intercalating ruthenium and related complexes - insights by combining crystallography and transient spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4705-4723. [PMID: 28936338 PMCID: PMC5596416 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on the study of the interaction of ruthenium polypyridyl compounds and defined sequence nucleic acids is reviewed. Particular emphasis is paid to complexes [Ru(LL)2(Int)]2+ containing potentially intercalating ligands (Int) such as dipyridophenazine (dppz), which are known to display light-switching or photo-oxidising behaviour, depending on the nature of the ancillary ligands. X-ray crystallography has made a key contribution to our understanding, and the first complete survey of structural results is presented. These include sequence, enantiomeric, substituent and structural specificities. The use of ultrafast transient spectroscopic methods to probe the ultrafast processes for complexes such as [Ru(TAP)2(dppz)]2+ and [Ru(phen)2(dppz)]2+ when bound to mixed sequence oligonucleotides are reviewed with particular attention being paid to the complementary advantages of transient (visible) absorption and time-resolved (mid) infra-red techniques to probe spectral changes in the metal complex and in the nucleic acid. The observed photophysical properties are considered in light of the structural information obtained from X-ray crystallography. In solution, metal complexes can be expected to bind at more than one DNA step, so that a perfect correlation of the photophysical properties and factors such as the orientation or penetration of the ligand into the intercalation pocket should not be expected. This difficulty can be obviated by carrying out TRIR studies in the crystals. Dppz complexes also undergo insertion, especially with mismatched sequences. Future areas for study such as those involving non-canonical forms of DNA, such as G-quadruplexes or i-motifs are also briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Cardin
- School of Chemistry , University of Reading , Whiteknights , RG6 6AD , UK .
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry , University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland .
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80
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Qiu K, Wang J, Song C, Wang L, Zhu H, Huang H, Huang J, Wang H, Ji L, Chao H. Crossfire for Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy with Fluorinated Ruthenium (II) Photosensitizers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18482-18492. [PMID: 28474527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT) that combines photosensitizers (PSs) to attack different key sites in cancer cells is very attractive. However, the use of multiple PSs may increase dark cytotoxicity. Additionally, realizing the multiple vein passage of several PSs through dosing could be a challenge in clinical treatment. To address these issues, a novel strategy that enables a single PS to ablate two key sites (i.e., cytomembranes on the outside and mitochondria on the inside) of cancer cells synergistically was proposed. Five new fluorinated ruthenium (II) complexes (Ru1-Ru5), which possessed excellent two-photon properties and good singlet oxygen quantum yields, were designed and synthesized. When incubated with HeLa cells, the complexes were observed on the cytomembranes at first. With an extension of the treatment time, both the cytomembranes and mitochondria were lit up by the complexes. Under two-photon laser irradiation, the mitochondria and cytomembranes were ablated simultaneously, and the HeLa cells were destroyed effectively by the complexes, whether the cells were in a monolayer or in multicellular spheroids. With the largest phototoxicity index under the two-photon laser, Ru4 was used for two-photon PDT of in vivo xenograft tumors and successfully inhibited the growth of the tumors. Our results emphasized that the strategy of attacking two key sites with a single PS is an efficient method for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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81
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Nomula R, Wu X, Zhao J, Munirathnam NR. Photodynamic effect of light-harvesting, long-lived triplet excited state Ruthenium(II)-polyimine-coumarin complexes: DNA binding, photocleavage and anticancer studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [PMID: 28629072 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two coumarin based RuII-polyimine complexes (Ru-1 and Ru-2) showing intense absorption of visible light and long-lived triplet excited states (~12-15μs) were used for study of the interaction with DNA. The binding of the complexes with CT-DNA were studied by UV-vis, fluorescence and time-resolved nanosecond transient absorption (ns-TA) spectroscopy. The results suggesting that the complexes interact with CT-DNA by intercalation mode of binding, showing the binding constants (Kb) 6.47×104 for Ru-1 and 5.94×104 M-1 for Ru-2, in contrast no such results were found for Ru-0. The nanosecond transient absorption spectra of these systems in the presence of CT-DNA showing a clear perturbation in the bleaching region was observed compare to buffer alone. Visible light photoirradiation DNA cleavage was investigated for these complexes by treating with the supercoiled pUC19 DNA and irradiated at 450nm. The reactive species produced upon irradiation of current agents is singlet oxygen (1O2), which results in the generation of other reactive oxygen species (ROS). The complexes shown efficient cleavage activity, converted complete supercoiled DNA to nicked circular at as low as 20μM concentration in 30min of light irradiation time. Significant amount of linear form was generated by Ru-1 at the same conditions. Even though Ru-0 has significant 1O2 quantum yield but shown lower cleavage activity compared to other two analogs is due the miserable interaction (binding) with DNA. The cytotoxicity in vitro of the complexes toward HeLa, BEL-7402 and MG-63 cells was assessed by MTT assay. The cellular uptake was observed on BEL-7402 cells under fluorescence microscope. The complexes shown appreciable cytotoxicity towards the cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Nomula
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), IDA Phase-III, Cherlapally, HCL Post, Hyderabad 500051, India
| | - Xueyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China.
| | - Nagegownivari R Munirathnam
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET), IDA Phase-III, Cherlapally, HCL Post, Hyderabad 500051, India.
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82
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Singha K, Laha P, Chandra F, Dehury N, Koner AL, Patra S. Long-Lived Polypyridyl Based Mononuclear Ruthenium Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Azo Dye Decomposition. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6489-6498. [PMID: 28509536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two mononuclear ruthenium complexes [(bpy)2RuIIL1/L2](ClO4)2 ([1]2+/[2]2+) (bpy-2,2' bipyridine, L1 = 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline) and L2 = 2,3-di(thiophen-2-yl)pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline have been synthesized. The complexes have been characterized using various analytical techniques. The complex [1]2+ has further been characterized by its single crystal X-ray structure suggesting ruthenium is coordinating through the N donors of phenanthroline end. Theoretical investigation suggests that the HOMOs of both complexes are composed of pyridine and pyrazine unit of ligands L1 and L2 whereas the LUMOs are formed by the contribution of bipyridine units. The low energy bands at ∼480 nm of the complexes can be assigned as MLCT with partial contribution from ligand transitions, whereas the rest are ligand centered. The complexes have shown RuII/RuIII oxidation couples at E1/2 at 1.26 (70 mV) V and 1.28 (62 mV) V for [1]2+ and [2]2+ vs Ag/AgCl, respectively, suggesting no significant role of distal thiophene or pyridine units of the ligands. The complexes are emissive and display solvent dependent emission properties. Both complexes have shown highest emission quantum yield and lifetime in DMSO (ϕ = 0.05 and τavg = 460 ns and λmaxem at 620 nm for [1]2+; ϕ = 0.043 and τavg = 425 ns and λmaxem at 635 nm for [2]2+). Further, the long luminescent lifetime of these complexes has been utilized to generate reactive oxygen species for efficient azo dye decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Singha
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar , Argul 752050, India
| | - Paltan Laha
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar , Argul 752050, India
| | - Falguni Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Niranjan Dehury
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar , Argul 752050, India
| | - Apurba L Koner
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Srikanta Patra
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar , Argul 752050, India
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83
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Griffith C, Dayoub AS, Jaranatne T, Alatrash N, Mohamedi A, Abayan K, Breitbach ZS, Armstrong DW, MacDonnell FM. Cellular and cell-free studies of catalytic DNA cleavage by ruthenium polypyridyl complexes containing redox-active intercalating ligands. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3726-3740. [PMID: 28553531 PMCID: PMC5428021 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes (RPCs), [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)]2+ (32+ ) and [(phen)2Ru(tatpp)Ru(phen)2]4+ (44+ ) are shown to cleave DNA in cell-free studies in the presence of a mild reducing agent, i.e. glutathione (GSH), in a manner that is enhanced upon lowering the [O2]. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the cleavage process as hydroxy radical scavengers attenuate the cleavage activity. Cleavage experiments in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase reveal a central role for H2O2 as the immediate precursor for hydroxy radicals. A mechanism is proposed which explains the inverse [O2] dependence and ROS data and involves redox cycling between three DNA-bound redox isomers of 32+ or 44+ . Cultured non-small cell lung cancer cells (H358) are sensitive to 32+ and 44+ with IC50 values of 13 and 15 μM, respectively, and xenograft H358 tumors in nude mice show substantial (∼80%) regression relative to untreated tumors when the mice are treated with enantiopure versions of 32+ and 44+ (Yadav et al. Mol Cancer Res, 2013, 12, 643). Fluorescence microscopy of H358 cells treated with 15 μM 44+ reveals enhanced intracellular ROS production in as little as 2 h post treatment. Detection of phosphorylated ATM via immunofluorescence within 2 h of treatment with 44+ reveals initiation of the DNA damage repair machinery due to the ROS insult and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in the nuclei of H358 cells and is confirmed using the γH2AX assay. The cell data for 32+ is less clear but DNA damage occurs. Notably, cells treated with [Ru(diphenylphen)3]2+ (IC50 1.7 μM) show no extra ROS production and no DNA damage by either the pATM or γH2AX even after 22 h. The enhanced DNA cleavage under low [O2] (4 μM) seen in cell-free cleavage assays of 32+ and 44+ is only partially reflected in the cytotoxicity of 32+ and 44+ in H358, HCC2998, HOP-62 and Hs766t under hypoxia (1.1% O2) relative to normoxia (18% O2). Cells treated with RPC 32+ show up to a two-fold enhancement in the IC50 under hypoxia whereas cells treated with RPC 44+ gave the same IC50 whether under hypoxia or normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Griffith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Adam S Dayoub
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Thamara Jaranatne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Nagham Alatrash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Ali Mohamedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Kenneth Abayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Zachary S Breitbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
| | - Frederick M MacDonnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , TX 76019 , USA .
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84
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Liu B, Lystrom L, Kilina S, Sun W. Tuning the Ground State and Excited State Properties of Monocationic Iridium(III) Complexes by Varying the Site of Benzannulation on Diimine Ligand. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5361-5370. [PMID: 28398733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extending π-conjugation of the diimine ligand (N^N ligand) via benzannulation is a common way to tune the absorption and emission energies of cationic iridium(III) complexes. However, it can cause either a red- or blue-shift of the absorption and emission bands depending on the site of benzannulation. To understand the mechanism of changes in optical transitions upon benzannulation on the diimine ligand, a series of new cationic iridium(III) complexes [Ir(dppi)2(N^N)]PF6 (1-6) (where dppi =1,2-diphenylpyreno[4,5-d]imidazole; N^N = 2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline (1), 2-(pyridin-2-yl)[7,8]benzoquinoline (2), 2,2'-bisquinoline (3), 2-(quinolin-2-yl)[7,8]benzoquinoline (4), 2-(pyridin-2-yl)[6,7]benzoquinoline (5), 2-(quinolin-2-yl)[6,7]benzoquinoline (6)) containing diimine ligand with varied degrees of π-conjugation via benzannulation at different sites of the 2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline ligand were synthesized. Experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that benzannulation at the 6,7-position of quinoline and/or the 5',6'-position of pyridine (3, 5, and 6) induced red-shifts in their absorption and emission bands with respect to the parent complex 1; while benzannulation at the 7,8-position of quinoline resulted in blue-shifts (2 vs 1 and 4 vs 3). This phenomenon was rationalized by the symmetry of the frontier molecular orbitals at the site of benzannulation, which stabilized or destabilized the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) upon interactions with 1,3-butadiene, while the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) remained nearly the same. This discovery would enable a rational design of organic or organometallic compounds that have predetermined absorption and emission energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Levi Lystrom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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85
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Wang L, Yin H, Jabed MA, Hetu M, Wang C, Monro S, Zhu X, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. π-Expansive Heteroleptic Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Reverse Saturable Absorbers and Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3245-3259. [PMID: 28263079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Five heteroleptic tris-diimine ruthenium(II) complexes [RuL(N^N)2](PF6)2 (where L is 3,8-di(benzothiazolylfluorenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline and N^N is 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2), 1,4,8,9-tetraazatriphenylene (tatp) (3), dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) (4), or benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppn) (5), respectively) were synthesized. The influence of π-conjugation of the ancillary ligands (N^N) on the photophysical properties of the complexes was investigated by spectroscopic methods and simulated by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. Their ground-state absorption spectra were characterized by intense absorption bands below 350 nm (ligand L localized 1π,π* transitions) and a featureless band centered at ∼410 nm (intraligand charge transfer (1ILCT)/1π,π* transitions with minor contribution from metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1MLCT) transition). For complexes 4 and 5 with dppz and dppn ligands, respectively, broad but very weak absorption (ε < 800 M-1 cm-1) was present from 600 to 850 nm, likely emanating from the spin-forbidden transitions to the triplet excited states. All five complexes showed red-orange phosphorescence at room temperature in CH2Cl2 solution with decreased lifetimes and emission quantum yields, as the π-conjugation of the ancillary ligands increased. Transient absorption (TA) profiles were probed in acetonitrile solutions at room temperature for all of the complexes. Except for complex 5 (which showed dppn-localized 3π,π* absorption with a long lifetime of 41.2 μs), complexes 1-4 displayed similar TA spectral features but with much shorter triplet lifetimes (1-2 μs). Reverse saturable absorption (RSA) was demonstrated for the complexes at 532 nm using 4.1 ns laser pulses, and the strength of RSA decreased in the order: 2 ≥ 1 ≈ 5 > 3 > 4. Complex 5 is particularly attractive as a broadband reverse saturable absorber due to its wide optical window (430-850 nm) and long-lived triplet lifetime in addition to its strong RSA at 532 nm. Complexes 1-5 were also probed as photosensitizing agents for in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT). Most of them showed a PDT effect, and 5 emerged as the most potent complex with red light (EC50 = 10 μM) and was highly photoselective for melanoma cells (selectivity factor, SF = 13). Complexes 1-5 were readily taken up by cells and tracked by their intracellular luminescence before and after a light treatment. Diagnostic intracellular luminescence increased with increased π-conjugation of the ancillary N^N ligands despite diminishing cell-free phosphorescence in that order. All of the complexes penetrated the nucleus and caused DNA condensation in cell-free conditions in a concentration-dependent manner, which was not influenced by the identity of N^N ligands. Although the mechanism for photobiological activity was not established, complexes 1-5 were shown to exhibit potential as theranostic agents. Together the RSA and PDT studies indicate that developing new agents with long intrinsic triplet lifetimes, high yields for triplet formation, and broad ground-state absorption to near-infrared (NIR) in tandem is a viable approach to identifying promising agents for these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Jabed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Marc Hetu
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Chengzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , 6 University Avenue, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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86
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Williams DE, Fischer CM, Kassai M, Gude L, Fernández MJ, Lorente A, Grant KB. An unlikely DNA cleaving agent: A photo-active trinuclear Cu(II) complex based on hexaazatriphenylene. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 168:55-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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87
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Regulation of photosensitisation processes by an RNA aptamer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43272. [PMID: 28233875 PMCID: PMC5324105 DOI: 10.1038/srep43272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most powerful attributes of proteins is their ability to bind to and modulate the chemistry of cofactors and prosthetic groups. Here, we demonstrated the ability of an artificial nucleic acid (an aptamer) to similarly control the functionality of a non-biological element. Specifically, we selected an RNA aptamer that binds tris(bipyridine) ruthenium (II), Ru(bpy)32+, an inorganic complex that has attracted intense interest due to its photoredox chemistry, including its ability to split water by visible light. We found that a newly discovered aptamer strongly and enantioselectively binds Λ-Ru(bpy)32+ (Kd = 65 nM) and, in doing so, selectively suppresses deactivation via energy transfer, thereby elongating the lifetime of its photo-excited state by four-fold. The ability of the aptamer to enhance this important aspect of Ru(bpy)32+ chemistry illustrates a broader point concerning the potential power of combining in vitro-created biomolecules with non-biological reactants to perform enhanced chemical reactions.
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88
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Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Tian N, Li C, Wang X. Ru(II)-Complex-Based DNA Photocleaver Having Intense Absorption in the Phototherapeutic Window. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:1865-1873. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Na Tian
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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89
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Wang L, Yin H, Cui P, Hetu M, Wang C, Monro S, Schaller RD, Cameron CG, Liu B, Kilina S, McFarland SA, Sun W. Near-infrared-emitting heteroleptic cationic iridium complexes derived from 2,3-diphenylbenzo[g]quinoxaline as in vitro theranostic photodynamic therapy agents. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:8091-8103. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00913e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic iridium complexes are promising near-infrared-emittingin vitrotheranostic photodynamic therapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Huimin Yin
- Department of Chemistry
- Acadia University
- 6 University Avenue
- Wolfville
- Canada
| | - Peng Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program
| | - Marc Hetu
- Department of Chemistry
- Acadia University
- 6 University Avenue
- Wolfville
- Canada
| | - Chengzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry
- Acadia University
- 6 University Avenue
- Wolfville
- Canada
| | | | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Greensboro
- USA
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
| | | | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo
- USA
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90
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Deraedt Q, Marcélis L, Loiseau F, Elias B. Towards mismatched DNA photoprobes and photoreagents: “elbow-shaped” Ru(ii) complexes. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qi00223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to their potentially harmful consequences, the detection of mismatched DNA is a subject of high interest. In order to probe these DNA mismatches, we report new Ru(ii) complexes, bearing “elbow-shaped” extended planar ligands based on an acridine or a phenazine core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Deraedt
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Molecules
- Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - L. Marcélis
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Molecules
- Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
| | - F. Loiseau
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- Université Grenoble-Alpes
- BP53 38041 Grenoble
- France
| | - B. Elias
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences
- Molecules
- Solids and Reactivity (IMCN/MOST)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
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91
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Visible light-induced cytotoxicity of Ru,Os–polyazine complexes towards rat malignant glioma. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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92
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Lameijer LN, Hopkins SL, Brevé TG, Askes SHC, Bonnet S. d- Versus l-Glucose Conjugation: Mitochondrial Targeting of a Light-Activated Dual-Mode-of-Action Ruthenium-Based Anticancer Prodrug. Chemistry 2016; 22:18484-18491. [PMID: 27859843 PMCID: PMC5214309 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Light-activated ruthenium polypyridyl anticancer prodrugs often suffer from poor water solubility, poor selectivity, and/or ill-defined intracellular targets. Coordination of the d- or l-glucose thioether ligand 3 (2-(2-(2-(methylthio)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl-β-glucopyranoside) to the highly lipophilic ruthenium complex [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(H2 O)]2+ ([1]2+ ; dppn=benzo[i]dipyrido-[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, tpy=2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) solved all these problems at once. The two enantiomers of [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(3)][PF6 ]2 , [d-2][PF6 ]2 and [l-2][PF6 ]2 , were soluble in water, which allowed the influence of the chirality of the glucose moiety on uptake, toxicity, and intracellular localization of the prodrug to be probed without changing any other physicochemical properties. Both compounds showed mild, but different, cytotoxicity in A549 (human lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) cancer cells in the dark, whereas following low doses of visible light irradiation (3.1 J cm-2 at λ = 454 nm), a similar, but high cytotoxicity (EC50 < 1 μm), was observed. Irrespective of the chirality, both slightly emissive Ru complexes were found in the mitochondria, and two modes of action may contribute to light-induced cell death: 1) the glucose thioether ligand is photosubstituted by water, thus [1]2+ , which interacts with DNA at an exceptionally high 400:1 base pair/Ru ratio, is released; 2) both [1]2+ and [2]2+ produce massive amounts of singlet oxygen, which leads to very efficient photodynamic DNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien N. Lameijer
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Samantha L. Hopkins
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tobias G. Brevé
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sven H. C. Askes
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityGorlaeus Laboratories, P.O. Box 95022300 RALeidenThe Netherlands
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93
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Haddache F, Le Goff A, Spinelli N, Gairola P, Gorgy K, Gondran C, Defrancq E, Cosnier S. A label-free photoelectrochemical cocaine aptasensor based on an electropolymerized ruthenium-intercalator complex. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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94
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Shillito GE, Larsen CB, McLay JRW, Lucas NT, Gordon KC. Effect of Bridge Alteration on Ground- and Excited-State Properties of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Electron-Donor-Substituted Dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11170-11184. [PMID: 27723325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II) 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) complexes with an electron-accepting dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) ligand coupled to an electron-donating triarylamine (TAA) group have been investigated. Systematic alteration of a bridging unit between the dppz and TAA allowed exploration into how communication between the donor and acceptor is perturbed by distance, as well as by steric and electronic effects. The effect of the bridging group on the electronic properties of the systems was characterized using a variety of spectroscopic methods, including Fourier transform-Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy, resonance Raman spectroscopy, and transient resonance Raman (TR2) spectroscopy. These methods were used in conjunction with ground- and excited-state absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical studies, and DFT calculations. The ground-state electronic absorption spectra show distinct variation with the bridging group, with the wavelength observed for the lowest energy electronic transition ranging from 449 nm to 522 nm, accompanied by large changes in the molar absorptivity. The lowest-energy Franck-Condon state was determined to be intra-ligand charge transfer (ILCT) in nature for most compounds. The presence of higher-energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) Ru(II) → bpy and Ru(II) → dppz transitions was also confirmed via resonance Raman spectroscopy. The TR2 spectra showed characteristic dppz• - and TAA• + vibrations, indicating that the THEXI state formed was also ILCT in nature. Excited-state lifetime measurements reveal that the rate of decay is in accordance with the energy gap law and is not otherwise affected by the nature of the bridging unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E Shillito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James R W McLay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nigel T Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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95
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Padilla R, Rodriguez-Corrales JA, Donohoe LE, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. A new class of Ru(II) polyazine agents with potential for photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2705-8. [PMID: 26756042 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08682e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Appending anthracene units to [(bpy)2Ru(dpp)](2+) results in Ru(II) agents that exhibit dynamic photoreactivity towards DNA and protein. [(Anthbpy)(bpy)Ru(dpp)](2+) and [(Anthbpy)2Ru(dpp)](2+) are the first metal-organic Ru(II) agent with dpp ligands shown to photomodify DNA in the presence or absence of oxygen, while also binding protein in an oxygen-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Padilla
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
| | - José A Rodriguez-Corrales
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
| | - Lauren E Donohoe
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
| | - Brenda S J Winkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA.
| | - Karen J Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
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96
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Reichardt C, Sainuddin T, Wächtler M, Monro S, Kupfer S, Guthmuller J, Gräfe S, McFarland S, Dietzek B. Influence of Protonation State on the Excited State Dynamics of a Photobiologically Active Ru(II) Dyad. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6379-88. [PMID: 27459188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of ligand protonation on the photophysics of a ruthenium (Ru) dyad bearing the 2-(1-pyrenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]-phenanthroline (ippy) ligand was investigated by time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. It was found that changes in the protonation state of the imidazole group led to changes in the electronic configuration of the lowest lying excited state. Formation of the fully deprotonated imidazole anion resulted in excited state signatures that were consistent with a low-lying intraligand (IL) triplet state. This assignment was supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. IL triplet states have been suggested to be potent mediators of photodynamic effects. Thus, these results are of interest in the design of Ru metal complexes as photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichardt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tariq Sainuddin
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , Wolfville NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , Wolfville NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Gdansk University of Technology , Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sherri McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University , Wolfville NS B4P 2R6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
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97
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N. Deepika, C. Shobha Devi, Y. Praveen Kumar, K. Laxma Reddy, P. Venkat Reddy, D. Anil Kumar, Surya S. Singh, S. Satyanarayana. DNA-binding, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, apoptosis and photocleavage studies of Ru(II) complexes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 160:142-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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98
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Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Zheng Y, Li K, Jiang G, Hou Y, Zhang B, Wang X. DNA Photocleavage by Non-innocent Ligand-Based Ru(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:4296-300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Guoyu Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjun Hou
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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99
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Dual Photoreactivity of a New Rh 2(II,II) Complex for Biological Applications. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016; 454:149-154. [PMID: 30026633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new Rh2(II,II) complex containing one dppn (benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2,3-c]phenazine) ligand with an extended π-system, cis-H,H-[Rh2(OCCH3NH)2(dppn)(CH3CN)2]2+ (2), was synthesized and characterized. The dppn ligand, which serves as a DNA base pair intercalator, chelates to a single Rh center and is positioned trans to the amidato N atoms of the bridging acetamide ligand. This ligand also possesses a low-lying dppn-centered 3ππ* state that is advantageous for the sensitization of singlet oxygen (1O2), which complex 2 produced with a quantum yield, Φ 1O2460, of 0.22(7) with 460 nm excitation. In addition, one equivalent of CH3CN is released from 2 upon irradiation with visible light, generating cis-H,H-[Rh2(OCCH3NH)2(dppn)(H2O)(CH3CN)]2+ in aqueous media with photoinduced ligand exchange quantum yield, ΦLE450, of 0.0033(1). Thermal denaturation and relative viscosity studies are consistent with a π-stacking interaction of 2 with double-stranded DNA together with covalent binding to the duplex upon irradiation with visible light. Therefore, 2 exhibits dual photoreactivity towards DNA, making it potentially useful for photochemotherapy with enhanced activity relative to compounds able to achieve only one mode of cell death upon irradiation.
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100
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Zhuang X, Ma X, Xue X, Jiang Q, Song L, Dai L, Zhang C, Jin S, Yang K, Ding B, Wang PC, Liang XJ. A Photosensitizer-Loaded DNA Origami Nanosystem for Photodynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3486-95. [PMID: 26950644 PMCID: PMC4837698 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b07671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) offers an alternative for cancer treatment by using ultraviolet or visible light in the presence of a photosensitizer and molecular oxygen, which can produce highly reactive oxygen species that ultimately leading to the ablation of tumor cells by multifactorial mechanisms. However, this technique is limited by the penetration depth of incident light, the hypoxic environment of solid tumors, and the vulnerability of photobleaching reduces the efficiency of many imaging agents. In this work, we reported a cellular level dual-functional imaging and PDT nanosystem BMEPC-loaded DNA origami for photodynamic therapy with high efficiency and stable photoreactive property. The carbazole derivative BMEPC is a one- and two-photon imaging agent and photosensitizer with large two-photon absorption cross section, which can be fully excited by near-infrared light, and is also capable of destroying targets under anaerobic condition by generating reactive intermediates of Type I photodynamic reactions. However, the application of BMEPC was restricted by its poor solubility in aqueous environment and its aggregation caused quenching. We observed BMEPC-loaded DNA origami effectively reduced the photobleaching of BMEPC within cells. Upon binding to DNA origami, the intramolecular rotation of BMEPC became proper restricted, which intensify fluorescence emission and radicals production when being excited. After the BMEPC-loaded DNA origami are taken up by tumor cells, upon irradiation, BMEPC could generate free radicals and be released due to DNA photocleavage as well as the following partially degradation. Apoptosis was then induced by the generation of free radicals. This functional nanosystem provides an insight into the design of photosensitizer-loaded DNA origami for effective intracellular imaging and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhuang
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Corresponding Authors: .
| | - Xiangdong Xue
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Linlin Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Luru Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunqiu Zhang
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shubin Jin
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Keni Yang
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baoquan Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Paul C. Wang
- Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, United States
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Corresponding Authors: .
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