51
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Arashiba K, Nakajima K, Nishibayashi Y. Synthesis and Reactivity of Molybdenum-Dinitrogen Complexes Bearing PNN-Type Pincer Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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52
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Tanaka H, Arashiba K, Kuriyama S, Sasada A, Nakajima K, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Unique behaviour of dinitrogen-bridged dimolybdenum complexes bearing pincer ligand towards catalytic formation of ammonia. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3737. [PMID: 24769530 PMCID: PMC4015321 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is vital to design effective nitrogen fixation systems that operate under mild
conditions, and to this end we recently reported an example of the catalytic
formation of ammonia using a
dinitrogen-bridged dimolybdenum
complex bearing a pincer ligand, where up to twenty three equivalents of
ammonia were produced based on
the catalyst. Here we study the origin of the catalytic behaviour of the
dinitrogen-bridged dimolybdenum
complex bearing the pincer ligand with density functional theory calculations, based
on stoichiometric and catalytic formation of ammonia from molecular dinitrogen under ambient conditions. Comparison of di- and
mono-molybdenum systems shows that the dinitrogen-bridged dimolybdenum core structure plays a critical
role in the protonation of the coordinated molecular dinitrogen in the catalytic cycle. Research into molecular catalysts for conversion of nitrogen into
ammonia under mild conditions is ongoing. Here, the authors synthesize a
dimolybdenum–nitride complex and verify the role of the dimetallic core in
the protonation of the coordinated dinitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Tanaka
- 1] Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan [2] Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan [3]
| | - Kazuya Arashiba
- 1] Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan [2]
| | - Shogo Kuriyama
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Akira Sasada
- 1] Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan [2] Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Kazunari Nakajima
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- 1] Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan [2] Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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53
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Weiss CJ, Egbert JD, Chen S, Helm ML, Bullock RM, Mock MT. Protonation Studies of a Tungsten Dinitrogen Complex Supported by a Diphosphine Ligand Containing a Pendant Amine. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om401127v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Weiss
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Egbert
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Shentan Chen
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Monte L. Helm
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Michael T. Mock
- Center
for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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54
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Tanabe Y, Kuriyama S, Arashiba K, Miyake Y, Nakajima K, Nishibayashi Y. Preparation and reactivity of molybdenum-dinitrogen complexes bearing an arsenic-containing ANA-type pincer ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:9290-2. [PMID: 23999757 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45228j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel mono- and dimolybdenum-dinitrogen complexes bearing an arsenic-containing ANA-type pincer ligand are prepared and characterized by X-ray analyses. These complexes afford a stoichiometric amount of ammonia by treatment with sulfuric acid at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanabe
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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55
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Dielmann F, Andrada DM, Frenking G, Bertrand G. Isolation of Bridging and Terminal Coinage Metal–Nitrene Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3800-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5007355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dielmann
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straβe, 35032-Marburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straβe, 35032-Marburg, Germany
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0343, United States
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56
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Le Goff A, Vénec D, Le Roy C, Pétillon FY, Schollhammer P, Talarmin J. Acid-Base Control of Hemilabile Proton-Responsive Protecting Devices in Dimolybdenum, Thiolate-Bridged Complexes. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2200-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402873c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Le Goff
- UMR CNRS 6521 ≪ Chimie,
Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique ≫ Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex
3, France
| | - David Vénec
- UMR CNRS 6521 ≪ Chimie,
Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique ≫ Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex
3, France
| | - Christine Le Roy
- UMR CNRS 6521 ≪ Chimie,
Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique ≫ Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex
3, France
| | - François Y. Pétillon
- UMR CNRS 6521 ≪ Chimie,
Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique ≫ Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex
3, France
| | - Philippe Schollhammer
- UMR CNRS 6521 ≪ Chimie,
Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique ≫ Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex
3, France
| | - Jean Talarmin
- UMR CNRS 6521 ≪ Chimie,
Electrochimie Moléculaires et Chimie Analytique ≫ Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UFR Sciences et Techniques, CS 93837, 29238 Brest-Cedex
3, France
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57
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Broda H, Hinrichsen S, Krahmer J, Näther C, Tuczek F. Molybdenum dinitrogen complexes supported by a silicon-centred tripod ligand and dppm or dmpm: tuning the activation of N2. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:2007-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52965g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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58
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Stolley RM, Darmon JM, Helm ML. Solvent and electrolyte effects on Ni(PR2NR′2)2-catalyzed electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3681-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We report solvent and electrolyte effects on the electrocatalytic oxidation of H2 using Ni(PCy2NR′2)2 (R′ = Bn, tBu) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Stolley
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Darmon
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland, USA
| | - Monte L. Helm
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland, USA
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59
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Nishibayashi Y, Arashiba K, Yuki M. Recent Progress in Catalytic Nitrogen Fixation by Using Transition Metal-Dinitrogen Complexes. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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60
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Arashiba K, Kuriyama S, Nakajima K, Nishibayashi Y. Preparation and reactivity of a dinitrogen-bridged dimolybdenum-tetrachloride complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:11215-7. [PMID: 24150640 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46946h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A dinitrogen-bridged dimolybdenum-tetrachloride complex is prepared and reduced with Super-Hydride (LiBHEt3) to afford the corresponding dimolybdenum-dinitrogen complex together with the formation of molecular dihydrogen. This reaction proceeds via the ligand exchange of the coordinated dihydrogen generated in situ with molecular dinitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Arashiba
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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61
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Wünsche von Leupoldt A, Förster C, Fiedler TJ, Bings NH, Heinze K. Proton and Electron Transfer to a Polymer‐Supported Nitrido Molybdenum(VI) Complex. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anica Wünsche von Leupoldt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
| | - Christoph Förster
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
| | - Tobias J. Fiedler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
| | - Nicolas H. Bings
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany, http://www.ak‐heinze.chemie.uni‐mainz.de/
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62
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63
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Miyazaki T, Tanabe Y, Yuki M, Miyake Y, Nakajima K, Nishibayashi Y. Design and Preparation of Molybdenum-Dinitrogen Complexes with Ferrocenyldiphosphine and Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Moieties as Auxiliary Ligands. Chemistry 2013; 19:11874-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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64
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Mock MT, Chen S, O’Hagan M, Rousseau R, Dougherty WG, Kassel WS, Bullock RM. Dinitrogen Reduction by a Chromium(0) Complex Supported by a 16-Membered Phosphorus Macrocycle. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11493-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405668u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Mock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Shentan Chen
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Molly O’Hagan
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - William G. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085,
United States
| | - W. Scott Kassel
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085,
United States
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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65
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Keane AJ, Zavalij PY, Sita LR. N–N Bond Cleavage of Mid-Valent Ta(IV) Hydrazido and Hydrazidium Complexes Relevant to the Schrock Cycle for Dinitrogen Fixation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9580-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402804k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Keane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
| | - Peter Y. Zavalij
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742,
United States
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66
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Söncksen L, Gradert C, Krahmer J, Näther C, Tuczek F. Bonding and Activation of N2 in Mo(0) Complexes Supported by Hybrid Tripod Ligands with Mixed Dialkylphosphine/Diarylphosphine Donor Groups: Interplay of Steric and Electronic Factors. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:6576-89. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400582v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Söncksen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 2, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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67
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Gradert C, Krahmer J, Sönnichsen FD, Näther C, Tuczek F. Small-Molecule Activation with Molybdenum(0) Complexes Supported by Mixed Imidazol-2-Ylidene/Phosphanyl Hybrid Ligands - Electronic and Structural Consequences of Substituting a Phosphane by a Carbene Group. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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68
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Heiden ZM, Chen S, Mock MT, Dougherty WG, Kassel WS, Rousseau R, Bullock RM. Protonation of Ferrous Dinitrogen Complexes Containing a Diphosphine Ligand with a Pendent Amine. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:4026-39. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah M. Heiden
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis,
Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Shentan Chen
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis,
Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Michael T. Mock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis,
Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - William G. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova
University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - W. Scott Kassel
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova
University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis,
Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis,
Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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69
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Dreher A, Meyer S, Näther C, Westphal A, Broda H, Sarkar B, Kaim W, Kurz P, Tuczek F. Reduction and protonation of Mo(IV) imido complexes with depe coligands: generation and reactivity of a S = 1/2 Mo(III) alkylnitrene intermediate. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:2335-52. [PMID: 23398558 DOI: 10.1021/ic301828e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reduction and protonation of Mo(IV) imido complexes with diphosphine coligands constitutes the second part of the Chatt cycle for biomimetic reduction of N2 to ammonia. In order to obtain insights into the corresponding elementary reactions we synthesized the Mo(IV) ethylimido complex [Mo(CH3CN)(NEt)(depe)2](OTf)2 (2-MeCN) from the Mo(IV)-NNH2 precursor [Mo(NNH2)(OTf)(depe)2](OTf) (1). As shown by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy, exchange of the acetonitrile ligand with one of the counterions in THF results in formation of the so far unknown complex [Mo(OTf)(NEt)(depe)2](OTf) (2-OTf). 2-MeCN and 2-OTf are studied by spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography in conjunction with DFT calculations. Furthermore, both complexes are investigated by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. The complex 2-OTf undergoes a two-electron reduction in THF associated with loss of the trans ligand triflate. In contrast, 2-MeCN in acetonitrile is reduced to an unprecedented Mo(III) alkylnitrene complex [Mo(NEt)(CH3CN)(depe)2]OTf (5) which abstracts a proton from the parent Mo(IV) compound 2-MeCN, forming the Mo(III) ethylamido complex 5H and a Mo(II) azavinylidene complex 6. Compound 5 is also protonated to the Mo(III) ethylamido complex 5H in the presence of externally added acid and further reduced to the Mo(II) ethylamido complex 7. The results of this study provide further support to a central reaction paradigm of the Schrock and Chatt cycles: double reductions (and double protonations) lead to high-energy intermediates, and therefore, every single reduction has to be followed by a single protonation (and vice versa). Only in this way the biomimetic conversion of dinitrogen to ammonia proceeds on a minimum-energy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameli Dreher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Max-Eyth-Strasse 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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70
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Kinoshita E, Arashiba K, Kuriyama S, Miyake Y, Shimazaki R, Nakanishi H, Nishibayashi Y. Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Molybdenum–Dinitrogen Complexes Bearing Unsymmetric PNP-Type Pincer Ligands. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om301046t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kinoshita
- Institute of Engineering Innovation,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuya Arashiba
- Institute of Engineering Innovation,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shogo Kuriyama
- Institute of Engineering Innovation,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Institute of Engineering Innovation,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryuji Shimazaki
- Future Project Division, Toyota Motor Corporation, Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka 410-1193, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Nakanishi
- Fuel Cell System Development Center, Toyota Motor Corporation, Mishuku, Susono, Shizuoka
410-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Institute of Engineering Innovation,
School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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