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Bohnhorst A, Kirk AT, Berger M, Zimmermann S. Fast Orthogonal Separation by Superposition of Time of Flight and Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1114-1121. [PMID: 29271643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is a powerful and low-cost technique for the identification of chemical warfare agents, toxic chemicals, or explosives in air. Drift tube ion mobility spectrometers (DT-IMS) separate ions by the absolute value of their low field ion mobility, while field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometers (FAIMS) separate them by the change of their ion mobility at high fields. However, using one of these devices alone, some common and harmless substances show the same response as the hazardous target substances. In order to increase the selectivity, orthogonal data are required. Thus, in this work, we present for the first time an ambient pressure ion mobility spectrometer which is able to separate ions both by their differential and low field mobility, providing additional information for selectivity enhancement. This novel field asymmetric time of flight ion mobility spectrometer (FAT-IMS) allows high repetition rates and reaches limits of detection in the low ppb range common for DT-IMS. The device consists of a compact 44 mm drift tube with a tritium ionization source and a resolving power of 70. An increased separation of four substances with similar low field ion mobility is shown: phosgene (K0 = 2.33 cm2/(V s)), 1,1,2-trichlorethane (K0 = 2.31 cm2/(V s)), chlorine (K0 = 2.24 cm2/(V s)), and nitrogen dioxide (K0 = 2.25 cm2/(V s)). Furthermore, the behavior and limits of detection for acetonitrile, dimethyl methylphosphonate, diisopropyl methyl phosphonate in positive polarity and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, cyanogen chloride, and hydrogen cyanide in negative polarity are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Berger
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover , Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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52
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Chen C, Chen H, Li H. Pushing the Resolving Power of Tyndall–Powell Gate Ion Mobility Spectrometry over 100 with No Sensitivity Loss for Multiple Ion Species. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13398-13404. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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53
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Uteschil F, Kuklya A, Kerpen K, Marks R, Telgheder U. Time-of-flight ion mobility spectrometry in combination with laser-induced fluorescence detection system. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6279-6286. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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55
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Nahin M, Oberreit D, Fukushima N, Larriba-Andaluz C. Modeling of an Inverted Drift Tube for Improved Mobility Analysis of Aerosol Particles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6456. [PMID: 28744005 PMCID: PMC5527120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new mobility particle analyzer, which has been termed Inverted Drift Tube, has been modeled analytically as well as numerically and proven to be a very capable instrument. The basis for the new design have been the shortcomings of the previous ion mobility spectrometers, in particular (a) diffusional broadening which leads to degradation of instrument resolution and (b) inadequate low and fixed resolution (not mobility dependent) for large sizes. To overcome the diffusional broadening and have a mobility based resolution, the IDT uses two varying controllable opposite forces, a flow of gas with velocity v gas , and a linearly increasing electric field that opposes the movement. A new parameter, the separation ratio Λ = v drift /v gas , is employed to determine the best possible separation for a given set of nanoparticles. Due to the system's need to operate at room pressure, two methods of capturing the ions at the end of the drift tube have been developed, Intermittent Push Flow for a large range of mobilities, and Nearly-Stopping Potential Separation, with very high separation but limited only to a narrow mobility range. A chromatography existing concept of resolving power is used to differentiate between peak resolution in the IDT and acceptable separation between similar mobility sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Nahin
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute(INDI), IUPUI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indianapolis, IN, 46106, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Larriba-Andaluz
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute(INDI), IUPUI, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indianapolis, IN, 46106, USA.
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56
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Kirk AT, Last T, Zimmermann S. A sensitive gas chromatography detector based on atmospheric pressure chemical ionization by a dielectric barrier discharge. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1483:120-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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58
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Bunert E, Heptner A, Reinecke T, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Shutterless ion mobility spectrometer with fast pulsed electron source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:024102. [PMID: 28249507 DOI: 10.1063/1.4976021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) are devices for fast and very sensitive trace gas analysis. The measuring principle is based on an initial ionization process of the target analyte. Most IMS employ radioactive electron sources, such as 63Ni or 3H. These radioactive materials have the disadvantage of legal restrictions and the electron emission has a predetermined intensity and cannot be controlled or disabled. In this work, we replaced the 3H source of our IMS with 100 mm drift tube length with our nonradioactive electron source, which generates comparable spectra to the 3H source. An advantage of our emission current controlled nonradioactive electron source is that it can operate in a fast pulsed mode with high electron intensities. By optimizing the geometric parameters and developing fast control electronics, we can achieve very short electron emission pulses for ionization with high intensities and an adjustable pulse width of down to a few nanoseconds. This results in small ion packets at simultaneously high ion densities, which are subsequently separated in the drift tube. Normally, the required small ion packet is generated by a complex ion shutter mechanism. By omitting the additional reaction chamber, the ion packet can be generated directly at the beginning of the drift tube by our pulsed nonradioactive electron source with only slight reduction in resolving power. Thus, the complex and costly shutter mechanism and its electronics can also be omitted, which leads to a simple low-cost IMS-system with a pulsed nonradioactive electron source and a resolving power of 90.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bunert
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Heptner
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - T Reinecke
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - A T Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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59
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Kirk AT, Raddatz CR, Zimmermann S. Separation of Isotopologues in Ultra-High-Resolution Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1509-1515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T. Kirk
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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60
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Ion mobility spectrometry: Current status and application for chemical warfare agents detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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61
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Heptner A, Angerstein N, Reinecke T, Bunert E, Kirk AT, Niedzwiecki I, Zimmermann S. Improving the analytical performance of ion mobility spectrometer using a non-radioactive electron source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-016-0205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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62
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Simulation aided design of a low cost ion mobility spectrometer based on printed circuit boards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-016-0202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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63
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Reinecke T, Kirk AT, Heptner A, Niebuhr D, Böttger S, Zimmermann S. A compact high-resolution X-ray ion mobility spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:053120. [PMID: 27250405 DOI: 10.1063/1.4950866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For the ionization of gaseous samples, most ion mobility spectrometers employ radioactive ionization sources, e.g., containing (63)Ni or (3)H. Besides legal restrictions, radioactive materials have the disadvantage of a constant radiation with predetermined intensity. In this work, we replaced the (3)H source of our previously described high-resolution ion mobility spectrometer with 75 mm drift tube length with a commercially available X-ray source. It is shown that the current configuration maintains the resolving power of R = 100 which was reported for the original setup containing a (3)H source. The main advantage of an X-ray source is that the intensity of the radiation can be adjusted by varying its operating parameters, i.e., filament current and acceleration voltage. At the expense of reduced resolving power, the sensitivity of the setup can be increased by increasing the activity of the source. Therefore, the performance of the setup can be adjusted to the specific requirements of any application. To investigate the relation between operating parameters of the X-Ray source and the performance of the ion mobility spectrometer, parametric studies of filament current and acceleration voltage are performed and the influence on resolving power, peak height, and noise is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reinecke
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - A T Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Heptner
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Niebuhr
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Böttger
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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64
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Reinecke T, Kirk A, Ahrens A, Raddatz CR, Thoben C, Zimmermann S. A compact high resolution electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometer. Talanta 2016; 150:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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65
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66
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Chen C, Tabrizchi M, Wang W, Li H. Field Switching Combined with Bradbury–Nielsen Gate for Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7925-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mahmoud Tabrizchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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67
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An analytical model for the optimum drift voltage of drift tube ion mobility spectrometers with respect to resolving power and detection limits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-015-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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68
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Pushing a compact 15 cm long ultra-high resolution drift tube ion mobility spectrometer with R = 250 to R = 425 using peak deconvolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-015-0166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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69
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Cochems P, Kirk A, Zimmermann S. In-circuit-measurement of parasitic elements in high gain high bandwidth low noise transimpedance amplifiers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:124703. [PMID: 25554310 DOI: 10.1063/1.4902854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic elements play an important role in the development of every high performance circuit. In the case of high gain, high bandwidth transimpedance amplifiers, the most important parasitic elements are parasitic capacitances at the input and in the feedback path, which significantly influence the stability, the frequency response, and the noise of the amplifier. As these parasitic capacitances range from a few picofarads down to only a few femtofarads, it is nearly impossible to measure them accurately using traditional LCR meters. Unfortunately, they also cannot be easily determined from the transfer function of the transimpedance amplifier, as it contains several overlapping effects and its measurement is only possible when the circuit is already stable. Therefore, we developed an in-circuit measurement method utilizing minimal modifications to the input stage in order to measure its parasitic capacitances directly and with unconditional stability. Furthermore, using the data acquired with this measurement technique, we both proposed a model for the complicated frequency response of high value thick film resistors as they are used in high gain transimpedance amplifiers and optimized our transimpedance amplifier design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cochems
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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70
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Langejuergen J, Allers M, Oermann J, Kirk A, Zimmermann S. Quantitative Detection of Benzene in Toluene- and Xylene-Rich Atmospheres Using High-Kinetic-Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS). Anal Chem 2014; 86:11841-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5034243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Langejuergen
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Allers
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Oermann
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar Kirk
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering
and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstr. 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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71
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Langejuergen J, Allers M, Oermann J, Kirk A, Zimmermann S. High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometer: Quantitative Analysis of Gas Mixtures with Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7023-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5011662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Langejuergen
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical
Engineering and Measurement
Technology, Appelstrasse
9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Allers
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical
Engineering and Measurement
Technology, Appelstrasse
9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Oermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical
Engineering and Measurement
Technology, Appelstrasse
9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar Kirk
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical
Engineering and Measurement
Technology, Appelstrasse
9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical
Engineering and Measurement
Technology, Appelstrasse
9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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72
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Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Bradbury-Nielsen vs. Field switching shutters for high resolution drift tube ion mobility spectrometers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-014-0153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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