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Lee D, Lee JA, Lee H, Kim SJ. Spontaneous Selective Preconcentration Leveraged by Ion Exchange and Imbibition through Nanoporous Medium. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2336. [PMID: 30787314 PMCID: PMC6382859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating mechanism of particle’s motion has been extensively studied for the sample preparation in microfluidic applications including diagnostics, food industries, biological analyses and environmental monitoring. However, most of conventional methods need additional external forces such as electric field or pressure and complicated channel designs, which demand highly complex fabrication processes and operation strategies. In addition, these methods have inherent limitations of dilution or mixing during separation or preconcentration step, respectively, so that a number of studies have reported an efficient selective preconcentration process, i.e. conducting the separation and preconcentration simultaneously. In this work, a power-free spontaneous selective preconcentration method was suggested based on leveraging convective flow over diffusiophoresis near the water-absorbing nanoporous ion exchange medium, which was verified both by simulation and experiment. Especially, the velocity of the convective flow by an imbibition deviated from the original tendency of t−1/2 due to non-uniformly patterned nanoporous medium that has multiple cross-sectional areas. As a result, the direction of particle’s motion was controlled at one’s discretion, which led to the spontaneous selective preconcentration of particles having different diffusiophoretic constant. Also, design rule for maximizing the efficiency was recommended. Thus, this selective preconcentration method would play as a key mechanism for power-free lab on a chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dokeun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung A Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Nano Systems Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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53
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Lee Y, Seder I, Kim SJ. Influence of surface tension-driven network parameters on backflow strength. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10345-10351. [PMID: 35520946 PMCID: PMC9062321 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper analyzes the effect of device elements on backflow of a surface tension-driven microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Islam Seder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
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54
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Liu M, Suo S, Wu J, Gan Y, Ah Hanaor D, Chen CQ. Tailoring porous media for controllable capillary flow. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 539:379-387. [PMID: 30594833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Control of capillary flow through porous media has broad practical implications. However, achieving accurate and reliable control of such processes by tuning the pore size or by modification of interface wettability remains challenging. Here we propose that the liquid flow by capillary penetration can be accurately adjusted by tuning the geometry of porous media. METHODOLOGIES On the basis of Darcy's law, a general framework is proposed to facilitate the control of capillary flow in porous systems by tailoring the geometric shape of porous structures. A numerical simulation approach based on finite element method is also employed to validate the theoretical prediction. FINDINGS A basic capillary component with a tunable velocity gradient is designed according to the proposed framework. By using the basic component, two functional capillary elements, namely, (i) flow accelerator and (ii) flow resistor, are demonstrated. Then, multi-functional fluidic devices with controllable capillary flow are realized by assembling the designed capillary elements. All the theoretical designs are validated by numerical simulations. Finally, it is shown that the proposed concept can be extended to three-dimensional design of porous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Si Suo
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiang Gan
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dorian Ah Hanaor
- Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - C Q Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, CNMM & AML, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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56
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Lee JA, Lee D, Park S, Lee H, Kim SJ. Non-negligible Water-permeance through Nanoporous Ion Exchange Medium. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12842. [PMID: 30150669 PMCID: PMC6110714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While the water impermeable constraint has been conventionally adopted for analyzing the transport phenomena at the interface of electrolyte/nanoporous medium, non-negligible water-permeance through the medium results in significant effect on ion and particle transportation. In this work, a rigorous theoretical and experimental analysis of the water-permeance effect were conducted based on a fully-coupled analytical/numerical method and micro/nanofluidic experiments. The regime diagram with three distinctive types of concentration boundary layers (ion depletion, ion accumulation, and intermediate) near the ion exchange nanoporous medium was proposed depending on the medium's permselectivity and the water-permeance represented by an absorbing parameter. Moreover, the critical absorbing parameters which divide the regimes were analytically obtained so that the bidirectional motion of particles were demonstrated only by altering the water-permeance without external stimuli. Conclusively, the presenting analysis of non-negligible water-permeance would be a substantial fundamental of transport phenomena at the interface of the ion exchange medium and electrolyte, especially useful for the tunable particle/ion manipulations in intermediate Peclet number environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung A Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokeun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Big Data Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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57
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Design keys for paper-based concentration gradient generators. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1561:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Paschoalino WJ, Kogikoski S, Barragan JTC, Giarola JF, Cantelli L, Rabelo TM, Pessanha TM, Kubota LT. Emerging Considerations for the Future Development of Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Devices. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemir J. Paschoalino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Sergio Kogikoski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - José T. C. Barragan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Juliana F. Giarola
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Lory Cantelli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Thais M. Rabelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Tatiana M. Pessanha
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
| | - Lauro T. Kubota
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; State University of Campinas (UNICAMP); P.O. Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas-SP Brazil
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59
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Gasperino D, Baughman T, Hsieh HV, Bell D, Weigl BH. Improving Lateral Flow Assay Performance Using Computational Modeling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:219-244. [PMID: 29595992 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The performance, field utility, and low cost of lateral flow assays (LFAs) have driven a tremendous shift in global health care practices by enabling diagnostic testing in previously unserved settings. This success has motivated the continued improvement of LFAs through increasingly sophisticated materials and reagents. However, our mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes that drive the informed design of these systems has not received commensurate attention. Here, we review the principles underpinning LFAs and the historical evolution of theory to predict their performance. As this theory is integrated into computational models and becomes testable, the criteria for quantifying performance and validating predictive power are critical. The integration of computational design with LFA development offers a promising and coherent framework to choose from an increasing number of novel materials, techniques, and reagents to deliver the low-cost, high-fidelity assays of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gasperino
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington 98007, USA
| | - Ted Baughman
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington 98007, USA
| | - Helen V Hsieh
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington 98007, USA
| | - David Bell
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington 98007, USA
| | - Bernhard H Weigl
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington 98007, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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61
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Katis IN, He PJW, Eason RW, Sones CL. Improved sensitivity and limit-of-detection of lateral flow devices using spatial constrictions of the flow-path. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 113:95-100. [PMID: 29738945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the use of a laser-direct write (LDW) technique that allows the fabrication of lateral flow devices with enhanced sensitivity and limit of detection. This manufacturing technique comprises the dispensing of a liquid photopolymer at specific regions of a nitrocellulose membrane and its subsequent photopolymerisation to create impermeable walls inside the volume of the membrane. These polymerised structures are intentionally designed to create fluidic channels which are constricted over a specific length that spans the test zone within which the sample interacts with pre-deposited reagents. Experiments were conducted to show how these constrictions alter the fluid flow rate and the test zone area within the constricted channel geometries. The slower flow rate and smaller test zone area result in the increased sensitivity and lowered limit of detection for these devices. We have quantified these via the improved performance of a C-Reactive Protein (CRP) sandwich assay on our lateral flow devices with constricted flow paths which demonstrate an improvement in its sensitivity by 62x and in its limit of detection by 30x when compared to a standard lateral flow CRP device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis N Katis
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
| | - Peijun J W He
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Robert W Eason
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Collin L Sones
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
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62
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Evaporation effect on two-dimensional wicking in porous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 514:21-29. [PMID: 29232597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the effect of evaporation on expanding capillary flow for losses normal to the plane of a two-dimensional porous medium using the potential flow theory formulation of the Lucas-Washburn method. Evaporation induces a finite steady state liquid flux on capillary flows into fan-shaped domains which is significantly greater than the flux into media of constant cross section. We introduce the evaporation-capillary number, a new dimensionless quantity, which governs the frontal motion when multiplied by the scaled time. This governing product divides the wicking behavior into simple regimes of capillary dominated flow and evaporative steady state, as well as the intermediate regime of evaporation influenced capillary driven motion. We also show flow dimensionality and evaporation reduce the propagation rate of the wet front relative to the Lucas-Washburn law.
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63
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Nguyen MP, Meredith NA, Kelly SP, Henry CS. Design considerations for reducing sample loss in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. Anal Chim Acta 2018. [PMID: 29534791 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) is most notably characterized by portable and low-cost analysis; however, struggles to achieve the high sensitivity and low detection limits needs required for many environmental applications hinder widespread adoption of this technology. Loss of analyte to the device material represents an important problem impacting sensitivity. Critically, we found that at least 50% of a Ni(II) sample is lost when being transported down a 30 mm paper channel that is representative of structures commonly found in μPADs. In this work, we report simple strategies such as adding a waste zone, enlarging the detection zone, and using an elution step to increase device performance. A μPAD combining the best performing functionalities led to a 78% increase in maximum signal and a 28% increase in sensitivity when transporting Ni(II) samples. Using the optimized μPAD also led to a 94% increase in maximum signal for Mn(II) samples showing these modifications can be applied more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Nathan A Meredith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR 72032, United States
| | - Sydney P Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States.
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64
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Wu W. A pressure-driven gas-diffusion/permeation micropump for self-activated sample transport in an extreme micro-environment. Analyst 2018; 143:4819-4835. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01120f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The pressure-driven gas-diffusion/permeation micropump is highlighted for stable microdroplet/liquid delivery under extreme conditions,e.g.high temperature, and a three-dimensional, long-distance and complex-topology microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics and Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
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65
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Urteaga R, Elizalde E, Berli CLA. Transverse solute dispersion in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Analyst 2018; 143:2259-2266. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00149a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Key rules for the design of analytical operations based on the transverse solute dispersion in paper are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Urteaga
- IFIS-Litoral (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET)
- Santa Fe
- Argentina
| | - Emanuel Elizalde
- IFIS-Litoral (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET)
- Santa Fe
- Argentina
| | - Claudio L. A. Berli
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET)
- Predio CCT-CONICET
- Santa Fe
- Argentina
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66
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Mercuri M, Gimenez R, Berli CLA, Bellino MG. Configurable 2D nano-flows in mesoporous films using paper patches. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6414-6418. [PMID: 35540379 PMCID: PMC9078350 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13691a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing and controlling spontaneous imbibition is becoming a key requirement for advanced devices, presenting a substantial scientific and engineering challenge. Here we describe an approach that allows directional imbibition into designed geometries. A set of custom domains based on paper microfluidics mold nano-imbibition in user-defined shapes such as curvatures, corners, and vertices into mesoporous thin films; enabling localized chemical reactions with programmable designs. The method also achieves nano-size filtration, allows the generation and delivery of reagent gradients in a nanofluidic fashion, and it can be used as a reactor for the synthesis of patterned metallic nanoparticle arrays. By using this easy-to-build hybrid platform, users can create functional nanofluidic domains in custom geometries and perform spatially shaped chemistry. The ability to integrate mesoporous nanofluidic generation and paper-based microfluidics has made the hybrid system an exciting candidate for versatile nanoflow applications. Mesoporous film-based nanofluidics has been converted into a versatile technique by using cut paper.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mercuri
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica
- CONICET
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología
- Argentina
| | - R. Gimenez
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica
- CONICET
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología
- Argentina
| | - C. L. A. Berli
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET) Predio CCT CONICET Santa Fe
- 3000 Santa Fe
- Argentina
| | - M. G. Bellino
- Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica
- CONICET
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología
- Argentina
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67
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68
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Tran TSH, Ho BD, Beech JP, Tegenfeldt JO. Open channel deterministic lateral displacement for particle and cell sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3592-3600. [PMID: 28948275 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00707h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the use of capillary driven flow over patterned surfaces to achieve cheap and simple, but powerful separation of biologically relevant particle systems. The wide use of microfluidics is often hampered by the propensity for devices to clog due to the small channel sizes and the inability to access the interior of devices for cleaning. Often the devices can only be used for a limited duration and most frequently only once. In addition the cost and power requirements of flow control equipment limits the wider spread of the devices. We address these issues by presenting a simple particle- and cell-sorting scheme based on controlled fluid flow on a patterned surface. The open architecture makes it highly robust and easy to use. If clogging occurs it is straightforward to rinse the device and reuse it. Instead of external mechanical pumps, paper is used as a capillary pump. The different fractions are deposited in the paper and can subsequently be handled independently by simply cutting the paper for downstream processing and analyses. The sorting, based on deterministic lateral displacement, performs equivalently well in comparison with standard covered devices. We demonstrate successful separation of cancer cells and parasites from blood with good viability and with relevance for diagnostics and sample preparation. Sorting a mixture of soil and blood, we show the potential for forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung S H Tran
- NanoLund and Division of Solid State Physics, Physics Department, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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69
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A Controllable and Integrated Pump-enabled Microfluidic Chip and Its Application in Droplets Generating. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11319. [PMID: 28900226 PMCID: PMC5596006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A microfluidic chip with a controllable and integrated piezoelectric pump was proposed and demonstrated, where the pump was designed as a micro-actuator based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) organic piezoelectric film. In this case, the pump should integrate with the microfluidics device very well into one chip. The flow rate can be precisely controlled in the range of 0–300 µl/min for water by tuning the Vpp and frequency of Alternating Current (AC) voltage applied on the diaphragm. To analyze the relationship between the flow rate and the deflection of diaphragm, the deformations of diaphragm at different voltages were researched. The displacement of diaphragm was defined as 17.2 µm at the voltages of 3.5 kV, 5 Hz when the pump chamber was full of water. We have used the integrated microfluidic chip with two pumps for droplet generation to demonstrate its great potential for application in droplet-based microfluidic chip.
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70
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Lepowsky E, Ghaderinezhad F, Knowlton S, Tasoglu S. Paper-based assays for urine analysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:051501. [PMID: 29104709 PMCID: PMC5645195 DOI: 10.1063/1.4996768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A transformation of the healthcare industry is necessary and imminent: hospital-centered, reactive care will soon give way to proactive, person-centered care which focuses on individuals' well-being. However, this transition will only be made possible through scientific innovation. Next-generation technologies will be the key to developing affordable and accessible care, while also lowering the costs of healthcare. A promising solution to this challenge is low-cost continuous health monitoring; this approach allows for effective screening, analysis, and diagnosis and facilitates proactive medical intervention. Urine has great promise for being a key resource for health monitoring; unlike blood, it can be collected effortlessly on a daily basis without pain or the need for special equipment. Unfortunately, the commercial rapid urine analysis tests that exist today can only go so far-this is where the promise of microfluidic devices lies. Microfluidic devices have a proven record of being effective analytical devices, capable of controlling the flow of fluid samples, containing reaction and detection zones, and displaying results, all within a compact footprint. Moving past traditional glass- and polymer-based microfluidics, paper-based microfluidic devices possess the same diagnostic ability, with the added benefits of facile manufacturing, low-cost implementation, and disposability. Hence, we review the recent progress in the application of paper-based microfluidics to urine analysis as a solution to providing continuous health monitoring for proactive care. First, we present important considerations for point-of-care diagnostic devices. We then discuss what urine is and how paper functions as the substrate for urine analysis. Next, we cover the current commercial rapid tests that exist and thereby demonstrate where paper-based microfluidic urine analysis devices may fit into the commercial market in the future. Afterward, we discuss various fabrication techniques that have been recently developed for paper-based microfluidic devices. Transitioning from fabrication to implementation, we present some of the clinically implemented urine assays and their importance in healthcare and clinical diagnosis, with a focus on paper-based microfluidic assays. We then conclude by providing an overview of select biomarker research tailored towards urine diagnostics. This review will demonstrate the applicability of paper-based assays for urine analysis and where they may fit into the commercial healthcare market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lepowsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Fariba Ghaderinezhad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Stephanie Knowlton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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71
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Altundemir S, Uguz AK, Ulgen K. A review on wax printed microfluidic paper-based devices for international health. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:041501. [PMID: 28936274 PMCID: PMC5577007 DOI: 10.1063/1.4991504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics has attracted attention for the last ten years due to its advantages such as low sample volume requirement, ease of use, portability, high sensitivity, and no necessity to well-equipped laboratory equipment and well-trained manpower. These characteristics have made paper platforms a promising alternative for a variety of applications such as clinical diagnosis and quantitative analysis of chemical and biological substances. Among the wide range of fabrication methods for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), the wax printing method is suitable for high throughput production and requires only a commercial printer and a heating source to fabricate complex two or three-dimensional structures for multipurpose systems. μPADs can be used by anyone for in situ diagnosis and analysis; therefore, wax printed μPADs are promising especially in resource limited environments where people cannot get sensitive and fast diagnosis of their serious health problems and where food, water, and related products are not able to be screened for toxic elements. This review paper is focused on the applications of paper-based microfluidic devices fabricated by the wax printing technique and used for international health. Besides presenting the current limitations and advantages, the future directions of this technology including the commercial aspects are discussed. As a conclusion, the wax printing technology continues to overcome the current limitations and to be one of the promising fabrication techniques. In the near future, with the increase of the current interest of the industrial companies on the paper-based technology, the wax-printed paper-based platforms are expected to take place especially in the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Altundemir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A K Uguz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Ulgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gong MM, Sinton D. Turning the Page: Advancing Paper-Based Microfluidics for Broad Diagnostic Application. Chem Rev 2017. [PMID: 28627178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major global health issue. Diagnosis is a critical first step in effectively managing their spread. Paper-based microfluidic diagnostics first emerged in 2007 as a low-cost alternative to conventional laboratory testing, with the goal of improving accessibility to medical diagnostics in developing countries. In this review, we examine the advances in paper-based microfluidic diagnostics for medical diagnosis in the context of global health from 2007 to 2016. The theory of fluid transport in paper is first presented. The next section examines the strategies that have been employed to control fluid and analyte transport in paper-based assays. Tasks such as mixing, timing, and sequential fluid delivery have been achieved in paper and have enabled analytical capabilities comparable to those of conventional laboratory methods. The following section examines paper-based sample processing and analysis. The most impactful advancement here has been the translation of nucleic acid analysis to a paper-based format. Smartphone-based analysis is another exciting development with potential for wide dissemination. The last core section of the review highlights emerging health applications, such as male fertility testing and wearable diagnostics. We conclude the review with the future outlook, remaining challenges, and emerging opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Gong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
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73
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Abstract
Spontaneous imbibition in cellulosic materials is an expanding field of research due to the direct applicability in paper-based microfluidics. Here, we show experimentally, using simultaneous thermal and optical imaging that the temperature at the wetting front during capillary filling of paper is temporarily increased, even if the imbibed fluid and the cellulosic substrate are initially at isothermal conditions. Several liquids and two types of filter paper, characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, were investigated demonstrating a significant temperature rise at the wetting front that cannot be neglected form the process. The temperature rise is found to be related to the energetics of imbibition compounds, including acid-base contributions, that result in electrostatic attractions as the liquid molecules are adhered on the fiber surfaces upon capillary contact.
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74
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Morbioli GG, Mazzu-Nascimento T, Milan LA, Stockton AM, Carrilho E. Improving Sample Distribution Homogeneity in Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices by Rational Device Design. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4786-4792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gianini Morbioli
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13063-861, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Thiago Mazzu-Nascimento
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13063-861, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Aparecido Milan
- Departamento
de Estatística, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235,13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda M. Stockton
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13063-861, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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75
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Mercuri M, Pierpauli K, Bellino MG, Berli CLA. Complex Filling Dynamics in Mesoporous Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:152-157. [PMID: 27959560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fluid-front dynamics resulting from the coexisting infiltration and evaporation phenomena in nanofluidic systems has been investigated. More precisely, water infiltration in both titania and silica mesoporous films was studied through a simple experiment: a sessile drop was deposited over the film and the advancement of the fluid front into the porous structure was optically followed and recorded in time. In the case of titania mesoporous films, capillary infiltration was arrested at a given distance, and a steady annular region of the wetted material was formed. A simple model that combines Lucas-Washburn infiltration and surface evaporation was derived, which appropriately describes the observed filling dynamics and the annulus width in dissimilar mesoporous morphologies. In the case of wormlike mesoporous morphologies, a remarkable phenomenon was found: instead of reaching a steady infiltration-evaporation balance, the fluid front exhibits an oscillating behavior. This complex filling dynamics opens interesting possibilities to study the unusual nanofluidic phenomena and to discover novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalí Mercuri
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Avenida General Paz 1499, San Martín, B1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Pierpauli
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Avenida General Paz 1499, San Martín, B1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín G Bellino
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Avenida General Paz 1499, San Martín, B1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio L A Berli
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET) Predio CCT CONICET Santa Fe , RN 168, S3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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76
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Peng C, Wang Y, Sungtaek Ju Y. Finger-powered electrophoretic transport of discrete droplets for portable digital microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2521-2531. [PMID: 27292054 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00219f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a finger-powered digital microfluidic device based on the electrophoretic transport of discrete droplets (EPD). An array of piezoelectric elements is connected in parallel to metal electrodes immersed in dielectric fluids. When deflected in a controlled sequence via human finger power, the piezoelectric elements charge and actuate droplets across each electrode pair through electrophoretic force. Successful droplet transportation requires the piezoelectric elements to provide both sufficient charge and voltage pulse duration. We quantify these requirements using numerical models to predict the electrical charges induced on the droplets and the corresponding electrophoretic forces. The models are experimentally validated by comparing the predicted and measured droplet translational velocities. We successfully demonstrated transport and merging of aqueous droplets over a range of droplet radii (0.6-0.9 mm). We further showed direct manipulation of body fluids, including droplets of saliva and urine, using our finger-powered EPD device. To facilitate practical implementation of multistep assays based on the approach, a hand/finger-rotated drum system with a programmable pattern of protrusions is designed to induce deflections of multiple piezoelectric elements and demonstrate programmable fluidic functions. An electrode-to-piezoelectric element connection scheme to minimize the number of piezoelectric elements necessary for a sequence of microfluidic functions is also explored. The present work establishes an engineering foundation to enable design and implementation of finger-powered portable EPD microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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77
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Jiang X, Fan ZH. Fabrication and Operation of Paper-Based Analytical Devices. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:203-222. [PMID: 27070184 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the fabrication techniques and operational components of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Being low-cost, user-friendly, fast, and simple, μPADs have seen explosive growth in the literature in the last decade. Many different materials and technologies have been employed to fabricate μPADs for various applications, including those that employ patterning, the creation of physical boundaries, and three-dimensional structures. In addition to fabrication techniques, flow control and other operational components in μPADs are of great interest. These components enable μPADs to control flow rates, direct flow paths via valves, sequentially deliver reagents automatically, and display test results, all of which will make μPADs more suitable for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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78
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Jafry AT, Lim H, Kang SI, Suk JW, Lee J. A comparative study of paper-based microfluidic devices with respect to channel geometry. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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79
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Mechanical Fracturing of Core-Shell Undercooled Metal Particles for Heat-Free Soldering. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21864. [PMID: 26902483 PMCID: PMC4763186 DOI: 10.1038/srep21864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase-change materials, such as meta-stable undercooled (supercooled) liquids, have been widely recognized as a suitable route for complex fabrication and engineering. Despite comprehensive studies on the undercooling phenomenon, little progress has been made in the use of undercooled metals, primarily due to low yields and poor stability. This paper reports the use of an extension of droplet emulsion technique (SLICE) to produce undercooled core-shell particles of structure; metal/oxide shell-acetate (‘/’ = physisorbed, ‘-’ = chemisorbed), from molten Field’s metal (Bi-In-Sn) and Bi-Sn alloys. These particles exhibit stability against solidification at ambient conditions. Besides synthesis, we report the use of these undercooled metal, liquid core-shell, particles for heat free joining and manufacturing at ambient conditions. Our approach incorporates gentle etching and/or fracturing of outer oxide-acetate layers through mechanical stressing or shearing, thus initiating a cascade entailing fluid flow with concomitant deformation, combination/alloying, shaping, and solidification. This simple and low cost technique for soldering and fabrication enables formation of complex shapes and joining at the meso- and micro-scale at ambient conditions without heat or electricity.
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80
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Mohammadi S, Maeki M, Mohamadi RM, Ishida A, Tani H, Tokeshi M. An instrument-free, screen-printed paper microfluidic device that enables bio and chemical sensing. Analyst 2015. [PMID: 26207925 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00909j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple and instrument-free screen-printing method to fabricate hydrophilic channels by patterning polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) onto chromatography paper. Clearly recognizable border lines were formed between hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas. The minimum width of the printed channel to deliver an aqueous sample was 600 μm, as obtained by this method. Fabricated microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) were tested for several colorimetric assays of pH, glucose, and protein in both buffer and artificial urine samples and results were obtained in less than 30 min. The limits of detection (LODs) for glucose and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were 5 mM and 8 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the pH values of different solutions were visually recognised with the naked eye by using a sensitive ink. Ultimately, it is expected that this PDMS-screen-printing (PSP) methodology for μPADs can be readily translated to other colorimetric detection and hydrophilic channels surrounded by a hydrophobic polymer can be formed to transport fluids toward target zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mohammadi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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81
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Lasave LC, Borisov SM, Ehgartner J, Mayr T. Quick and simple integration of optical oxygen sensors into glass-based microfluidic devices. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15591f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel simple and inexpensive technique for integration of optical oxygen sensors into microfluidic channels made of glass. The channels are coated with conjugated polymeric nanoparticles containing a covalently grafted oxygen indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana C. Lasave
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Josef Ehgartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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