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Xu Q, Liu Y, Su R, Cai L, Li B, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li N, Gong X, Gu Z, Chen Y, Tan Y, Dong C, Sreeprasad TS. Highly fluorescent Zn-doped carbon dots as Fenton reaction-based bio-sensors: an integrative experimental-theoretical consideration. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17919-17927. [PMID: 27725980 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05434j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Heteroatom doped carbon dots (CDs), with high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), are of keen interest in various applications such as chemical sensors, bio-imaging, electronics, and photovoltaics. Zinc, an important element assisting the electron-transfer process and an essential trace element for cells, is a promising metal dopant for CDs, which could potentially lead to multifunctional CDs. In this contribution, we report a single-step, high efficiency, hydrothermal method to synthesize Zn-doped carbon dots (Zn-CDs) with a superior PLQY. The PLQY and luminescence characteristic of Zn-CDs can be tuned by controlling the precursor ratio, and the surface oxidation in the CDs. Though a few studies have reported metal doped CDs with good PLQY, the as prepared Zn-Cds in the present method exhibited a PLQY up to 32.3%. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report regarding the facile preparation of single metal-doped CDs with a QY more than 30%. Another unique attribute of the Zn-CDs is the high monodispersity and the resultant highly robust excitation-independent luminescence that is stable over a broad range of pH values. Spectroscopic investigations indicated that the superior PLQY and luminescence of Zn-CDs are due to the heteroatom directed, oxidized carbon-based surface passivation. Furthermore, we developed a novel and sensitive biosensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose leveraging the robust fluorescence properties of Zn-CDs. Under optimal conditions, Zn-CDs demonstrated high sensitivity and response to hydrogen peroxide and glucose over a wide range of concentrations, with a linear range of 10-80 μM and 5-100 μM, respectively, indicating their great potential as a fluorescent probe for chemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Rigu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Lulu Cai
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, P. R China.
| | - Bofan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Yingyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Linzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Yajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, P. R China.
| | - Neng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Zhipeng Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Ohio, 44325, USA
| | - Yanglan Tan
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chenbo Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Xu Q, Kuang T, Liu Y, Cai L, Peng X, Sreenivasan Sreeprasad T, Zhao P, Yu Z, Li N. Heteroatom-doped carbon dots: synthesis, characterization, properties, photoluminescence mechanism and biological applications. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7204-7219. [PMID: 32263722 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02131j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heteroatom-doped carbon dots (CDs), due to their excellent photoluminescence (PL) properties, attracted widespread attention recently and demonstrated immense promise for diverse applications, particularly for biological applications. The objective of this feature article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in the research and development of heteroatom-doped CDs and a detailed description of the influence of single or co-doping heteroatoms on their PL behavior. The most recent understanding and critical insights into the PL mechanism of heteroatom-doped CDs are also highlighted. Moreover, potential bio-related applications of heteroatom-doped CDs in biosensing, bioimaging, and theranostics are also reviewed. This state-of-the-art review will provide a platform for understanding the intricate details of heteroatom-doped CDs, a summary of the latest progress in the field, and related applications in biology and is expected to inspire further developments in this exciting class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.
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Yan X, Song Y, Zhu C, Song J, Du D, Su X, Lin Y. Graphene Quantum Dot-MnO2 Nanosheet Based Optical Sensing Platform: A Sensitive Fluorescence "Turn Off-On" Nanosensor for Glutathione Detection and Intracellular Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21990-6. [PMID: 27494553 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) monitoring has attracted extensive attention because it serves a vital role in human pathologies. Herein, a convenient fluorescence "turn off-on" nanosensor based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs)-manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheet has been designed for selective detection of GSH in living cells. The fluorescence intensity of GQDs can be quenched by MnO2 nanosheets via a fluorescence resonance energy transfer. However, GSH can reduce MnO2 nanosheets to Mn(2+) cations and release GQDs, causing sufficient recovery of fluorescent signal. The MnO2 nanosheets serve as both fluorescence nanoquencher and GSH recognizer in the sensing platform. The sensing platform displayed a sensitive response to GSH in the range of 0.5-10 μmol L(-1), with a detection limit of 150 nmol L(-1). Furthermore, the chemical response of the GQDs-MnO2 nanoprobe exhibits high selectivity toward GSH over other electrolytes and biomolecules. Most importantly, the promising platform was successfully applied in monitoring the intracellular GSH in living cells, indicating its great potential to be used in disease diagnosis. Meanwhile, this GQDs-MnO2 platform is also generalizable and can be easily expanded to the detection and imaging of other reactive species in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Song
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, P. R. China and College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xingguang Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Kim MY, Hwang DW, Li F, Choi Y, Byun JW, Kim D, Kim JE, Char K, Lee DS. Detection of intra-brain cytoplasmic 1 (BC1) long noncoding RNA using graphene oxide-fluorescence beacon detector. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22552. [PMID: 26997297 PMCID: PMC4800405 DOI: 10.1038/srep22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of cellular expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) was elusive due to the ambiguity of exposure of their reactive sequences associated with their secondary/tertiary structures and dynamic binding of proteins around lncRNAs. Herein, we developed graphene-based detection techniques exploiting the quenching capability of graphene oxide (GO) flakes for fluorescent dye (FAM)-labeled single-stranded siRNAs and consequent un-quenching by their detachment from GO by matching lncRNAs. A brain cytoplasmic 1 (BC1) lncRNA expression was significantly decreased by a siRNA, siBC1–1. GO quenched the FAM-labeled siBC1–1 peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe, and this quenching was recovered by BC1. While FAM-siBC1–1-PNA-GO complex transfected spontaneously mouse or human neural stem cells, fluorescence was recovered only in mouse cells having high BC1 expression. Fluorescent dye-labeled single-stranded RNA-GO probe could detect the reactive exposed nucleic acid sequence of a cytoplasmic lncRNA expressing in the cytoplasm, which strategy can be used as a detection method of lncRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Young Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Won Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Fangyuan Li
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, School of Chemical &Biological Engineering, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy &Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoori Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Byun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Genolution Inc., Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Korea
| | - Jee-Eun Kim
- Genolution Inc., Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Korea
| | - Kookheon Char
- The National Creative Research Initiative Center for Intelligent Hybrids, School of Chemical &Biological Engineering, The WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy &Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Graphene has attracted much attention of scientific community due to its enormous potential in different fields, including medical sciences, agriculture, food safety, cancer research, and tissue engineering. The potential for widespread human exposure raises safety concerns about graphene and its derivatives, referred to as graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs). Due to their unique chemical and physical properties, graphene and its derivatives have found important places in their respective application fields, yet they are being found to have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects too. Since the discovery of graphene, a number of researches are being conducted to find out the toxic potential of GFNs to different cell and animal models, finding their suitability for being used in new and varied innovative fields. This paper presents a systematic review of the research done on GFNs and gives an insight into the mode and action of these nanosized moieties. The paper also emphasizes on the recent and up-to-date developments in research on GFNs and their nanocomposites for their toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorawar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Du Y, Guo S. Chemically doped fluorescent carbon and graphene quantum dots for bioimaging, sensor, catalytic and photoelectronic applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:2532-43. [PMID: 26757977 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07579c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Doping fluorescent carbon dots (DFCDs) with heteroatoms have recently become of great interest compared to traditional fluorescent materials because it provides a feasible and new way to tune the intrinsic properties of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) to achieve new applications for them in different fields. Since the first report on nitrogen (N) doped GQDs in 2012, more effort is being focused on exploring different procedures for making new types of DFCDs with different heteroatoms. This mini review will summarize recent research progress on DFCDs. It first reviews various doping categories achieved up to now, looking back on the synthesis method and comparing the differences in synthesis approaches between the DFCDs and the undoped ones. Then it focuses on the advances on how the doping affects the optical properties, especially DFCDs doped with N, which have been investigated the most. Finally, different applications of DFCDs involving bio-imaging, sensing, catalysis and photoelectronic devices will be discussed. This review will give new insights into how to use different synthetic methods for tuning the structure of DFCDs, understanding the correlation between the doping and properties, and achieving new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, and Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Shaojun Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, & Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Wang S, Li W, Yuan D, Song J, Fang J. Quantitative detection of the tumor-associated antigen large external antigen in colorectal cancer tissues and cells using quantum dot probe. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:235-47. [PMID: 26834472 PMCID: PMC4716728 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s97509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The large external antigen (LEA) is a cell surface glycoprotein that has been proven to be highly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) as a tumor-associated antigen. To evaluate and validate the relationship between LEA expression and clinical characteristics of CRC with high efficiency, LEA expression levels were detected in 85 tissue blocks from CRC patients by quantum dot-based immunohistochemistry (QD-IHC) combined with imaging quantitative analysis using quantum dots with a 605 nm emission wavelength (QD605) conjugated to an ND-1 monoclonal antibody against LEA as a probe. Conventional IHC was performed in parallel for comparison. Both QD-IHC and conventional IHC showed that LEA was specifically expressed in CRC, but not in non-CRC tissues, and high LEA expression was significantly associated with a more advanced T-stage (P<0.05), indicating that LEA is likely to serve as a CRC prognostic marker. Compared with conventional IHC, receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that QD-IHC possessed higher sensitivity, resulting in an increased positive detection rate of CRC, from 70.1% to 89.6%. In addition, a simpler operation, objective analysis of results, and excellent repeatability make QD-IHC an attractive alternative to conventional IHC in clinical practice. Furthermore, to explore whether the QD probes can be utilized to quantitatively detect living cells or single cells, quantum dot-based immunocytochemistry (QD-ICC) combined with imaging quantitative analysis was developed to evaluate LEA expression in several CRC cell lines. It was demonstrated that QD-ICC could also predict the correlation between LEA expression and the T-stage characteristics of the cell lines, which was confirmed by flow cytometry. The results of this study indicate that QD-ICC has the potential to noninvasively detect rare circulating tumor cells in clinical samples in real clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanming Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezheng Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindan Song
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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