51
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Ouyang XH, Li Y, Song RJ, Li JH. Alkylamination of Styrenes with Alkyl N-Hydroxyphthalimide Esters and Amines by B(C6H5)3-Facilitated Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2018; 20:6659-6662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ren-Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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52
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Zheng C, Wang Y, Xu Y, Chen Z, Chen G, Liang SH. Ru-Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Oxygenation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids through N-(acyloxy)phthalimide. Org Lett 2018; 20:4824-4827. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tropical Biological Resources, Hainan Normal University, Hainan Haikou 571158, China
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tropical Biological Resources, Hainan Normal University, Hainan Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yangrui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tropical Biological Resources, Hainan Normal University, Hainan Haikou 571158, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Guangying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tropical Biological Resources, Hainan Normal University, Hainan Haikou 571158, China
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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53
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Schwarz J. Photocatalytic decarboxylations. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
During the last years, the field of photocatalytic decarboxylations has emerged rapidly. Carboxylic acids are inexpensive, non-toxic and renewable starting materials for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals or platform chemicals. The traceless extrusion of CO2 gives radical intermediates, which react in diverse cross-coupling reactions. Merging photocatalysis with metal catalysis enables even broader substrate scopes or enantioselective reactions. An overview of photocatalytic decarboxylative reactions of different classes of carboxylic acids is given within this chapter.
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54
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Zhao JF, Duan XH, Gu YR, Gao P, Guo LN. Iron-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Olefination of Cycloketone Oxime Esters with α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids via C–C Bond Cleavage. Org Lett 2018; 20:4614-4617. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yu-Rui Gu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Pin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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55
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Zhou H, Ge L, Song J, Jian W, Li Y, Li C, Bao H. HOTf-Catalyzed Alkyl-Heck-type Reaction. iScience 2018; 3:255-263. [PMID: 30428325 PMCID: PMC6137405 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Heck reaction, along with other cross-coupling reactions, led to a revolution in organic chemistry. In the last 50 years, metal-catalyzed, photo-induced, or base-mediated Heck and Heck-type reactions have been elegantly developed. Brønsted acid-catalyzed Heck (or Heck-type) reactions are still unknown, however. By introducing alkyl peroxides as the key intermediates, primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic carboxylic acids are therefore applied here in a one-pot Brønsted acid-catalyzed Heck-type reaction, to deliver E-alkenes exclusively in most cases. The use of HOTf is vital to the reaction, whose mechanism is supported by both experimental and computational results. This method can be expanded to the direct alkylation of complex natural products. First acid-catalyzed Heck-type reaction Aliphatic acids are utilized as the sources of alkyl functionalities E-alkenes exclusively in most cases Strong acid effect
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wujun Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongli Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China.
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56
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Bai QF, Jin C, He JY, Feng G. Carbamoyl Radicals via Photoredox Decarboxylation of Oxamic Acids in Aqueous Media: Access to 3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-ones. Org Lett 2018; 20:2172-2175. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Fan Bai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengan Jin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yao He
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaofeng Feng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People’s Republic of China
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57
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur; NH-65 Nagaur Road, Karwar - 342037 Jodhpur District, Rajasthan India
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58
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Silver-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Couplings of Acids and Anhydrides: An Entry to 1,2-Diketones and Aryl-Substituted Ethanes. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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59
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Yang JC, Zhang JY, Zhang JJ, Duan XH, Guo LN. Metal-Free, Visible-Light-Promoted Decarboxylative Radical Cyclization of Vinyl Azides with N-Acyloxyphthalimides. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1598-1605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Cheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis
and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis
and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jin-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis
and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis
and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Chemistry,
School of Science and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis
and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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60
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Mumtaz S, Robertson MJ, Oelgemöller M. Recent Advances in Photodecarboxylations Involving Phthalimides. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their favourable photophysical and electrochemical properties, phthalimides undergo a variety of highly efficient photodecarboxylation reactions. These transformations have been applied to the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds as well as bioactive addition adducts. N-Acetoxyphthalimides are versatile precursors to imidyl and alkyl radicals through photodecarboxylation and have subsequently been used for a variety of coupling reactions. The generally mild reaction conditions make these reactions attractive for green chemical applications. The process protocols were successfully transferred to novel photoreactor devices, among these falling film or continuous flow reactors.
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61
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Czyz ML, Weragoda GK, Monaghan R, Connell TU, Brzozowski M, Scully AD, Burton J, Lupton DW, Polyzos A. A visible-light photocatalytic thiolation of aryl, heteroaryl and vinyl iodides. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1543-1551. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A method for the light-driven synthesis of aryl and vinyl alkyl thioethers from a range of C(sp2)–I bonds is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Monaghan
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Melbourne
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
| | | | | | | | - J. Burton
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
| | - D. W. Lupton
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton 3800
- Australia
| | - A. Polyzos
- CSIRO Manufacturing
- Clayton
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
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62
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Hu H, Chen X, Sun K, Wang J, Liu Y, Liu H, Yu B, Sun Y, Qu L, Zhao Y. Silver-catalyzed decarboxylative cascade radical cyclization of tert-carboxylic acids and o-(allyloxy)arylaldehydes towards chroman-4-one derivatives. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00882e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A convenient silver-catalyzed decarboxylative cascade radical cyclization of tertiary carboxylic acids and o-(allyloxy)arylaldehydes was developed to synthesize 3-alkyl-substituted chroman-4-one derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
| | - Kai Sun
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Junchao Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Yan Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Hui Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Bing Yu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Yuanqiang Sun
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and their Bioanalytical Applications. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province
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63
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Kong D, Moon PJ, Qian W, Lundgren RJ. Expanding the limit of Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative benzylations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6835-6838. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative benzylation of aryl bromides using a diverse range of electron-deficient aryl acetates is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanyang Kong
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | | | - Wenyu Qian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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64
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Zhao B, Shang R, Cheng WM, Fu Y. Decarboxylative formylation of aryl halides with glyoxylic acid by merging organophotoredox with palladium catalysis. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Decarboxylative formylation of aryl halides with glyoxylic acid enabled by combining organophotoredox with palladium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- iChEM
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Rui Shang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- iChEM
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Wan-Min Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- iChEM
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Yao Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- iChEM
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy
- Department of Chemistry
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65
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Wang C, Lei Y, Guo M, Shang Q, Liu H, Xu Z, Wang R. Photoinduced, Copper-Promoted Regio- and Stereoselective Decarboxylative Alkylation of α,β-Unsaturated Acids with Alkyl Iodides. Org Lett 2017; 19:6412-6415. [PMID: 29155596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first example of UV light-induced, copper-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective decarboxylative coupling of α,β-unsaturated acids with alkyl iodides was reported. Under standard conditions, the 1°, 2°, and 3° alkyl iodides proceeded smoothly with the E-selective alkenes obtained in uniformly good yields and high stereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University , 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingjie Lei
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University , 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mengzhun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University , 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qinyu Shang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University , 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University , 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University , 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, The Institute of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University , 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
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66
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Zhang S, Tan Z, Zhang H, Liu J, Xu W, Xu K. An Ir-photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative Michael addition of glyoxylic acid acetal as a formyl equivalent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11642-11645. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06252d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An iridium-photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative conjugated addition of glyoxylic acid acetals with various Michael acceptors was reported. The reaction offers various types of acetal products, which are of synthetic significance as protected aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanyang Normal University
- Nanyang
- P. R. China
| | - Zhoumei Tan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanyang Normal University
- Nanyang
- P. R. China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanyang Normal University
- Nanyang
- P. R. China
| | - Juanli Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanyang Normal University
- Nanyang
- P. R. China
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanyang Normal University
- Nanyang
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanyang Normal University
- Nanyang
- P. R. China
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