51
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Rapp TL, Dmochowski IJ. Ruthenium-cross-linked hydrogels for rapid, visible-light protein release. Methods Enzymol 2019; 624:151-166. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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52
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Rohrabaugh TN, Collins KA, Xue C, White JK, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. New Ru(ii) complex for dual photochemotherapy: release of cathepsin K inhibitor and 1O 2 production. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11851-11858. [PMID: 29741184 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00876k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new complex, [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN)]2+ (1, tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, dppn = benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) was synthesized and its photochemical properties were investigated. This complex undergoes photorelease of the Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN ligand, a known cathepsin K inhibitor, with a quantum yield, Φ450, of 0.0012(4) in water (λirr = 450 nm). In addition, 1 sensitizes the production of singlet oxygen upon visible light irradiation with quantum yield, ΦΔ, of 0.64(3) in CH3OH. The photophysical properties of 1 were compared with those of [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN)]2+ (2, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), [Ru(tpy)(dppn)(CH3CN)]2+ (3), and [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(CH3CN)]2+ (4) to evaluate the effect of the release of the Cbz-Leu-NHCH2CN inhibitor relative to the CH3CN ligand, as well as the role of dppn as the bidentate ligand for 1O2 production instead of bpy. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy confirms the formation of the long-lived dppn-centered 3ππ* state in 1 and 3 with a maximum at ∼540 nm and τ ∼20 μs in deaerated acetonitrile. Complexes 1 and 3 are able to cause photoinduced damage to DNA (λirr ≥ 395 nm), whereas 2 and 4 do not photocleave DNA under similar experimental conditions. These results suggest that 1 is a promising agent for dual activity, both releasing a drug and producing singlet oxygen, and is poised to exhibit enhanced biological activity in phototochemotherapy upon irradiation with visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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53
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Havrylyuk D, Deshpande M, Parkin S, Glazer EC. Ru(ii) complexes with diazine ligands: electronic modulation of the coordinating group is key to the design of "dual action" photoactivated agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12487-12490. [PMID: 30338772 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coordination complexes can be used to photocage biologically active ligands, providing control over the location, time, and dose of a delivered drug. Dual action agents can be created if both the ligand released and the ligand-deficient metal center effect biological processes. Ruthenium(ii) complexes coordinated to pyridyl ligands generally are only capable of releasing one ligand in H2O, wasting equivalents of drug molecules, and producing a Ru(ii) center that is not cytotoxic. In contrast, Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes containing diazine ligands eject both monodentate ligands, with the quantum yield (φPS) of the second phase varying as a function of ligand pKa and the pH of the medium. This effect is general, as it is effective with different Ru(ii) structures, and demonstrates that diazine-based drugs are the preferred choice for the development of light-activated dual action Ru(ii) agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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54
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Matsubara R, Idros UM, Yabuta T, Ma H, Hayashi M, Eda K. Photoinduced Nitrile Formation from
O
‐(Arylcarbonyl) oxime: Usage as a Photoremovable Protecting Group. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceKobe University 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Ubaidah Md Idros
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceKobe University 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yabuta
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceKobe University 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Huiying Ma
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceKobe University 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Masahiko Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceKobe University 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kazuo Eda
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceKobe University 1-1, Rokkodai, Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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55
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Al-Afyouni MH, Rohrabaugh TN, Al-Afyouni KF, Turro C. New Ru(ii) photocages operative with near-IR light: new platform for drug delivery in the PDT window. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6711-6720. [PMID: 30310605 PMCID: PMC6115629 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of Ru(ii) complexes bearing the tridentate 2,6-di(quinolin-2-yl)pyridine (dqpy) ligand were designed to undergo photoinduced ligand dissociation with red/near-IR light. The complexes [Ru(dqpy)(L)(CH3CN)]2+, where L = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, 1), 4,4'dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy, 2), and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 3). Complexes 1-3 exhibit red-shifted lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption maxima at ∼600 nm, as compared to the corresponding tpy (2,2';6',2''-terpyridine) complexes with MLCT bands at ∼565 nm which appear as shoulders to the MLCT bands at ∼455 nm. This shift is attributed to the lower energy LUMO afforded by the dqpy ligand when compared to tpy, as evidenced by the shift of the first reduction wave to ∼0.3 V more positive potentials in the former. In addition, the lowest MLCT maximum of [Ru(dqpy)(acac)(CH3CN)]+ (4; acac- = acetylacetonate) is observed at 770 nm, attributed to the additional increase in energy of the HOMO afforded by the presence of the π-donating acac- ligand and supported by calculations. Complexes 1-3 undergo ligand substitution upon irradiation with red light, λ irr ≥ 610 nm, and the ligand substitution photochemistry of 4 is accessible with near-IR light, λ irr ≥ 715 nm and λ irr = 735 nm. Complexes 1-4 exhibit similar quantum yields of ligand exchange, Φ L, with 450 and 600 nm irradiation, however, that of 4 is 2-3 times greater than those measured for 1-3. This enhancement is explained by the difference in ligand contributions to the HOMO. Density functional theory calculations predict partial dqpy ππ* character in the MLCT states of 1-3 and a mixed Ru/acac- → dqpy metal/ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (ML-LCT) state in 4. The photoreactivity of 1-4 with tissue-penetrating red and near-IR light, together with their exceptional dark stability (>48 h), makes the new Ru(ii)-dqpy platform ideal for the development of new complexes for photoinduced drug release and for other applications that require broad absorption from the ultraviolet and visible ranges into the near-IR, such as solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik H Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
| | - Kathlyn F Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
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56
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Mitra K, Lyons CE, Hartman MCT. A Platinum(II) Complex of Heptamethine Cyanine for Photoenhanced Cytotoxicity and Cellular Imaging in Near-IR Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10263-10267. [PMID: 29939482 PMCID: PMC6548462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Controlled generation of cytotoxic agents with near-IR light is a current focus of photoactivated cancer therapy, including that involving cytotoxic platinum species. A heptamethine cyanine scaffolded PtII complex, IR797-Platin exhibits unprecedented Pt-O bond scission and enhancement in DNA platination in near-IR light. This complex also displayed significant singlet oxygen quantum yield thereby qualifying as a near-IR photodynamic therapeutic agent. The complex showed 30-60 fold enhancement of cytotoxicity in near-IR light in various cancer cell lines. The cellular imaging properties were also leveraged to observe its significant co-localization in cytoplasmic organelles. This is the first demonstration of a near-IR light-initiated therapy involving the cytotoxic effects of both active cisplatin and singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushambi Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Charles E. Lyons
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matthew C. T. Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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57
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Loftus LM, Al‐Afyouni KF, Turro C. New Ru
II
Scaffold for Photoinduced Ligand Release with Red Light in the Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Window. Chemistry 2018; 24:11550-11553. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Kathlyn F. Al‐Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
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58
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Mitra K, Lyons CE, Hartman MCT. A Platinum(II) Complex of Heptamethine Cyanine for Photoenhanced Cytotoxicity and Cellular Imaging in Near-IR Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koushambi Mitra
- Department of Chemistry; Virginia Commonwealth University; 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006 Richmond VA 23284 USA
- Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; 401 College Street Richmond VA 23298 USA
| | - Charles E. Lyons
- Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; 401 College Street Richmond VA 23298 USA
| | - Matthew C. T. Hartman
- Department of Chemistry; Virginia Commonwealth University; 1001 West Main Street, P. O. Box 842006 Richmond VA 23284 USA
- Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; 401 College Street Richmond VA 23298 USA
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59
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Li A, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Derived from Tetradentate Ancillary Ligands for Effective Photocaging. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1415-1421. [PMID: 29870227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes have many proven applications in the caging and photochemical release of biologically active compounds. Photocaging groups derived from Ru(II) traditionally have been composed of ancillary ligands that are planar and bi- or tridentate, such as 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (tpy), and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen). Complexes bearing ancillary ligands with denticities higher than three represent a new class of Ru(II)-based photocaging groups that are grossly underdeveloped. Because high-denticity ancillary ligands provide the ability to increase the structural rigidity and control the stereochemistry, our groups initiated a research program to explore the applications of such ligands in Ru(II)-based photocaging. Ru(TPA), bearing the tetradentate ancillary ligand tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA), has been successfully utilized to effectively cage nitriles and aromatic heterocycles. Nitriles and aromatic heterocycles caged by the Ru(TPA) group show excellent stability in aqueous solutions in the dark, and the complexes can selectively release the caged molecules upon irradiation with light. Ru(TPA) is applicable as a photochemical agent to offer precise spatiotemporal control over biological activity without undesired toxicity. In addition, Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes with desired photochemical properties can be synthesized and identified by solid-phase synthesis, and the resulting complexes show properties to similar to those of complexes obtained by solution-phase synthesis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that orbital mixing between the π* orbitals of the ancillary ligand and the Ru-N dσ* orbital is essential for ligand photodissociation in these complexes. Furthermore, the introduction of steric bulk enhances the photoliability of the caged molecules, validating that steric effects can largely influence the quantum efficiency of photoinduced ligand exchange in Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes. Recently, two new photocaging groups, Ru(cyTPA) and Ru(1-isocyTPQA), have been designed and synthesized for caging of nitriles and aromatic heterocycles, and these complexes exhibit unique photochemical properties distinct from those derived from Ru(TPA). Notably, the unusually greater quantum efficiency for the ligand exchange in [Ru(1-isocyTPQA)(MeCN)2](PF6)2, Φ400 = 0.033(3), uncovers a trans-type effect in the triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state that enhances photoinduced ligand exchange in a new manner. DFT calculations and ultrafast transient spectroscopy reveal that the lowest-energy triplet state in [Ru(1-isocyTPQA)(MeCN)2](PF6)2 is a highly mixed 3MLCT/3ππ* excited state rather than a triplet metal-centered ligand-field (3LF) excited state; the latter is generally accepted for ligand photodissociation. In addition, Mulliken spin density calculations indicate that a majority of the spin density in [Ru(1-isocyTPQA)(MeCN)2](PF6)2 is localized on the isoquinoline arm, which is opposite to the cis MeCN, rather than on the ruthenium center. This significantly weakens the Ru-N6 ( cis MeCN) bond, which then promotes the ligand photodissociation. This newly discovered effect gives a clearer perception of the interplay between the 3MLCT and 3LF excited states of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes, which may be useful in the design and applications of ruthenium complexes in the areas of photoactivated drug delivery and photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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60
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Yang Y, Liao G, Fu C. Recent Advances on Octahedral Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Antimicrobial Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060650. [PMID: 30966684 PMCID: PMC6404027 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent developments of therapeutic agents based on transition metals have attracted a great deal of attention. Metal drugs have advantages over other small molecule drugs, and it was demonstrated that, in a number of studies, they played an important role in pharmaceutical chemical research and clinical chemotherapy of cancers. It is worthwhile mentioning that octahedral polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes have shown remarkable applications in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry over the last decade. However, only very recently has there been comprehensive interest in their antimicrobial properties due to metal-related toxic concerns or neglected potential roles in microbiological systems. Our review will highlight the recent developments in octahedral polypyridyl ruthenium(III) complexes that have exhibited significant antimicrobial activities and will discuss the relationship between the chemical structure and biological process of ruthenium complexes, in both bacterial and fungal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Guojian Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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61
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Liu J, Zhang C, Rees TW, Ke L, Ji L, Chao H. Harnessing ruthenium(II) as photodynamic agents: Encouraging advances in cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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