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Riente P, Fianchini M, Llanes P, Pericàs MA, Noël T. Shedding light on the nature of the catalytically active species in photocatalytic reactions using Bi 2O 3 semiconductor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:625. [PMID: 33504763 PMCID: PMC7841156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of discovering the true catalytically active species involved in photocatalytic systems allows for a better and more general understanding of photocatalytic processes, which eventually may help to improve their efficiency. Bi2O3 has been used as a heterogeneous photocatalyst and is able to catalyze several synthetically important visible-light-driven organic transformations. However, insight into the operative catalyst involved in the photocatalytic process is hitherto missing. Herein, we show through a combination of theoretical and experimental studies that the perceived heterogeneous photocatalysis with Bi2O3 in the presence of alkyl bromides involves a homogeneous BinBrm species, which is the true photocatalyst operative in the reaction. Hence, Bi2O3 can be regarded as a precatalyst which is slowly converted in an active homogeneous photocatalyst. This work can also be of importance to mechanistic studies involving other semiconductor-based photocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Riente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Mauro Fianchini
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), E-43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Quimica Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Flow Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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52
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Zhang K, Lu G, Chu F, Huang X. Au/TiO2 nanobelts: thermal enhancement vs. plasmon enhancement for visible-light-driven photocatalytic selective oxidation of amines into imines. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01333e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Au NPs improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 only in a low temperature range. Excessive Au NPs loaded on TiO2 inhibit the photocatalytic amine conversion due to the decreased oxygen vacancies and poor amine adsorption ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Function Materials for Molecule & Structure Construction, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guilong Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Function Materials for Molecule & Structure Construction, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feng Chu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Function Materials for Molecule & Structure Construction, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiubing Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Function Materials for Molecule & Structure Construction, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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53
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Jiang H, Xu J, Zhang S, Cheng H, Zang C, Bian F. Efficient photocatalytic chemoselective and stereoselective C–C bond formation over AuPd@N-rich carbon nitride. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01881c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High unsymmetrical chemoselective Ullmann biaryl products and satisfactory Z-type stereoselective Heck reaction products could be achieved through changing the visible light color over AuPd@N-Rich carbon nitride under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyan Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Jie Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Sishi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Cuicui Zang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
| | - Fengxia Bian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and New Environmental Materials
- College of Environmental and Resources
- National Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Intelligent Manufacturing Service
- Chongqing Technology and Business University
- Chongqing 400067
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54
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Abstract
Photochemical transformations of molecular building blocks have become an important and widely recognized research field in the past decade. Detailed and deep understanding of novel photochemical catalysts and reaction concepts with visible light as the energy source has enabled a broad application portfolio for synthetic organic chemistry. In parallel, continuous-flow chemistry and microreaction technology have become the basis for thinking and doing chemistry in a novel fashion with clear focus on improved process control for higher conversion and selectivity. As can be seen by the large number of scientific publications on flow photochemistry in the recent past, both research topics have found each other as exceptionally well-suited counterparts with high synergy by combining chemistry and technology. This review will give an overview on selected reaction classes, which represent important photochemical transformations in synthetic organic chemistry, and which benefit from mild and defined process conditions by the transfer from batch to continuous-flow mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology/Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
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55
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Venkataiah S, Chandra SJ, Chalapathi U, Ramana C, Uthanna S. Oxygen partial pressure influenced stoichiometry, structural, electrical, and optical properties of DC reactive sputtered hafnium oxide films. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunke Venkataiah
- Department of Physics Sri Venkateswara University Tirupati India
| | - S.V. Jagadeesh Chandra
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Vignan's Institute of Information Technology (A) Visakhapatnam India
| | - Uppala Chalapathi
- Center for Opto‐electronic Materials and Devices Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ch.V.V. Ramana
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Science University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Suda Uthanna
- Department of Physics Sri Venkateswara University Tirupati India
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56
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Yang C, Zhu Q, Sadakane M, Zhang Z, Li Y, Ueda W. Vanadium-Enhanced Intramolecular Redox Property of a Transition-Metal Oxide Molecular Wire. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16557-16566. [PMID: 33100003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal oxide molecular wires are inorganic 1D polymers with elemental diversity. The properties of the materials are tuned by tuning the chemical compositions. The phosphovanadomolybdate molecular wire is synthesized, which is an isostructural material of the phosphomolybdate molecular wire. V is randomly located in the crystal to form {[(HPIIIO3)(MoVI5O15)(VVO3)]3-}n, which is incorporated into the material after the formation of the phosphomolybdate molecular wire. The heat-triggered redox reaction via the intramolecular electron-transfer and oxygen-transfer procedure is promoted after V substitution. Oxygen transfers from {VVO6} to {HPIIIO3}, and an electron transfers from {HPIIIO3} to {VVO6} with oxidation of the triangle {HPIIIO3} to the corner-sharing tetrahedral {PV2O7} and reduction of the octahedral {VVO6} to the pyramidal {VIVO5}. The material shows catalytic activity for the aerobic oxidation of alcohol to aldehyde, and good activity with high selectivity is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caona Yang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Fenghua Road 818, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Fenghua Road 818, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Masahiro Sadakane
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Zhenxin Zhang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Fenghua Road 818, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yanshuo Li
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Fenghua Road 818, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Wataru Ueda
- Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University, Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
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57
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Graml A, König B. Synthesis of anti‐Markovnikov Alcohols via Epoxidation and Hydrogenation of Styrenes using Photocatalytically Generated Redox Equivalents. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Graml
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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58
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Lin Y, Guo J, San Martin J, Han C, Martinez R, Yan Y. Photoredox Organic Synthesis Employing Heterogeneous Photocatalysts with Emphasis on Halide Perovskite. Chemistry 2020; 26:13118-13136. [PMID: 32533611 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lately, heterogeneous semiconductor materials have been explored as an emerging type of efficient photocatalyst for photoredox organic synthesis. Among these semiconductors, lead halide perovskite materials demonstrate unique properties towards excellent charge separation and charge transfer, extremely long charge carrier migration, high efficiency in visible light absorption, and long excited states lifetimes, etc., as proved in ground-breaking solar cell applications, garnering necessary merits for an efficient catalytic system for photoredox organic reactions. Here, the latest progress in heterogeneous semiconductor materials towards this endeavor is examined, with particular emphasis on lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) in photocatalytic organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
| | - Jovan San Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
| | - Chuang Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
| | - Ramon Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
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59
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Bhim A, Sasmal S, Gopalakrishnan J, Natarajan S. Visible-Light-Activated C-C Bond Cleavage and Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols Employing BiMXO 5 (M=Mg, Cd, Ni, Co, Pb, Ca and X=V, P). Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3104-3115. [PMID: 32790062 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, optical and photocatalytic studies of a family of compounds with the general formula, BiMXO5 ; M=Mg, Cd, Ni, Co, Pb, Ca and X=V, P is presented. The compounds were prepared by regular solid-state reaction of constituents in the temperature range of 720-810 °C for 24 h. The compounds were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) methods. The Rietveld refinement of the PXRD patterns have been carried out to establish the structure. The optical absorption spectra along with the colors in daylight have been explained employing the allowed d-d transition. In addition, the observed colors of some of the V5+ containing compounds were explained using metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) from the partially filled transition-metal 3d orbitals to the empty 3d orbitals of V5+ ions. The near IR (NIR) reflectivity studies indicate that many compounds exhibit good NIR reflectivity, suggesting that these compounds can be employed as 'cool pigments'. The experimentally determined band gaps of the prepared compounds were found to be suitable to exploit them for visible light activated photocatalysis. Photocatalytic C-C bond cleavage of alkenes and aerobic oxidation of alcohols were investigated employing visible light, which gave good yields and selectivity. The present study clearly demonstrated the versatility of the Paganoite family of compounds (BiMXO5 ) towards new colored inorganic materials, visible-light photocatalysts and 'cool pigments'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bhim
- Framework Solids Laboratory, Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Shreya Sasmal
- Framework Solids Laboratory, Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Jagannatha Gopalakrishnan
- Framework Solids Laboratory, Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Srinivasan Natarajan
- Framework Solids Laboratory, Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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60
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Crespi S, Fagnoni M. Generation of Alkyl Radicals: From the Tyranny of Tin to the Photon Democracy. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9790-9833. [PMID: 32786419 PMCID: PMC8009483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl radicals are key intermediates in organic synthesis. Their classic generation from alkyl halides has a severe drawback due to the employment of toxic tin hydrides to the point that "flight from the tyranny of tin" in radical processes was considered for a long time an unavoidable issue. This review summarizes the main alternative approaches for the generation of unstabilized alkyl radicals, using photons as traceless promoters. The recent development in photochemical and photocatalyzed processes enabled the discovery of a plethora of new alkyl radical precursors, opening the world of radical chemistry to a broader community, thus allowing a new era of photon democracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems
Chemistry University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, V. Le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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61
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Alegría M, Aliaga J, Ballesteros L, Sotomayor-Torres C, González G, Benavente E. Layered Nanocomposite 2D-TiO2 with Cu2O Nanoparticles as an Efficient Photocatalyst for 4-Chlorophenol Degradation and Hydrogen Evolution. Top Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-020-01360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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62
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Synthesis and characterization of cellulose/TiO 2 nanocomposite: Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial and in silico molecular docking studies. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 249:116868. [PMID: 32933693 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose/TiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized using coagulation in sodium hydroxide-thiourea-urea aqueous solution medium by precipitation method. This method was accomplished green and cost-effective for the fabrication of composite nanomaterials. Structure, morphology and optical properties of the nanocomposite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectra respectively. XRD results showed the anatase structure of TiO2 while FESEM micrograph showed evidence of particle size ranging from 20 to 40 nm for cellulose/TiO2 nanocomposite. The Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy investigation reveals that the TiO2 is bound to hydroxyl groups to the cellulose by hydrogen bonding. The optical energy bandgap is found to be 2.71 eV for nanocomposite from the UV-DRS. The mechanical strength of the composites gently escalated with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles into cellulose polymer matrix. Cellulose/TiO2 nanocomposite was screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria have been investigated. Additionally, the results obtained from in silico molecular docking studies confirm the interaction of nanocomposite with proteins, were in good agreement with the experimental data. This finding provides a novel and simple method for the synthesis of cellulose/TiO2 nanocomposite as functional biomaterials.
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63
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i-Propylammonium Lead Chloride Based Perovskite Photocatalysts for Depolymerization of Lignin Under UV Light. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153520. [PMID: 32752133 PMCID: PMC7435779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin depolymerization for the purpose of synthesizing aromatic molecules is a growing focus of research to find alternative energy sources. In current studies, the photocatalytic depolymerization of lignin has been investigated by two new iso-propylamine-based lead chloride perovskite nanomaterials (SK9 and SK10), synthesized by the facile hydrothermal method. Characterization was done by Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible (UV-Vis), Photoluminescence (PL), and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and was used for the photocatalytic depolymerization of lignin under UV light. Lignin depolymerization was monitored by taking absorption spectra and catalytic paths studied by applying kinetic models. The %depolymerization was calculated for factors such as catalyst dose variation, initial concentration of lignin, and varying temperatures. Pseudo-second order was the best suited kinetic model, exhibiting a mechanism for lignin depolymerization that was chemically rate controlled. The activation energy (Ea) for the depolymerization reaction was found to be 15 kJ/mol, which is remarkably less than conventional depolymerization of the lignin, i.e., 59.75 kJ/mol, exhibiting significant catalytic efficiencies of synthesized perovskites. Products of lignin depolymerization obtained after photocatalytic activity at room temperature (20 °C) and at 90 °C were characterized by GC-MS analysis, indicating an increase in catalytic lignin depolymerization structural subunits into small monomeric functionalities at higher temperatures. Specifically, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (39%), benzene (17%), phenol (10%) and catechol (7%) were detected by GC-MS analysis of lignin depolymerization products.
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64
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Abstract
AbstractOscillatory flow reactors (OFRs) superimpose an oscillatory flow to the net movement through a flow reactor. OFRs have been engineered to enable improved mixing, excellent heat- and mass transfer and good plug flow character under a broad range of operating conditions. Such features render these reactors appealing, since they are suitable for reactions that require long residence times, improved mass transfer (such as in biphasic liquid-liquid systems) or to homogeneously suspend solid particles. Various OFR configurations, offering specific features, have been developed over the past two decades, with significant progress still being made. This review outlines the principles and recent advances in OFR technology and overviews the synthetic applications of OFRs for liquid-liquid and solid-liquid biphasic systems.
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65
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Rostoll‐Berenguer J, Blay G, Pedro JR, Vila C. Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Functionalization of Quinoxalin‐2‐ones. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Rostoll‐Berenguer
- Departament de Química Orgànica Facultat de Química Universitat de València Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, València Spain
| | - Gonzalo Blay
- Departament de Química Orgànica Facultat de Química Universitat de València Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, València Spain
| | - José R. Pedro
- Departament de Química Orgànica Facultat de Química Universitat de València Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, València Spain
| | - Carlos Vila
- Departament de Química Orgànica Facultat de Química Universitat de València Dr. Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, València Spain
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66
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Thomson CG, Lee AL, Vilela F. Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1495-1549. [PMID: 32647551 PMCID: PMC7323633 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces their long-term viability, especially at an industrial scale. Heterogeneous photocatalysts (HPCats) are an attractive alternative, as the requirement for the separation and purification is largely removed, but typically at the cost of efficiency. Flow chemical reactors can, to a large extent, mitigate the loss in efficiency through reactor designs that enhance mass transport and irradiation. Herein, we review some important developments of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials and their application in flow reactors for sustainable organic synthesis. Further, the application of continuous flow heterogeneous photocatalysis in environmental remediation is briefly discussed to present some interesting reactor designs that could be implemented to enhance organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, United Kingdom
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67
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Firoozi S, Hosseini-Sarvari M. Photo-Difunctionalization and Photo-Oxidative Cleavage of the C-C Double Bond of Styrenes in the Presence of Nanosized Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) as a Highly Efficient Photo-Induced Reusable Nanocatalyst. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Firoozi
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; Shiraz University; 7194684795 Shiraz I.R. Iran
| | - Mona Hosseini-Sarvari
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science; Shiraz University; 7194684795 Shiraz I.R. Iran
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68
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Li JY, Li YH, Qi MY, Lin Q, Tang ZR, Xu YJ. Selective Organic Transformations over Cadmium Sulfide-Based Photocatalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Rong Tang
- College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry, New Campus, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P.R. China
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69
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gisbertz
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
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70
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Roseau M, Dhaouadi N, Rolando C, Chausset-Boissarie L, Penhoat M. Continuous photocatalyzed aerobic oxidation of benzylic organotrifluoroborates to benzaldehydes under Taylor flow conditions. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-019-00053-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Govaerts S, Nyuchev A, Noel T. Pushing the boundaries of C–H bond functionalization chemistry using flow technology. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC–H functionalization chemistry is one of the most vibrant research areas within synthetic organic chemistry. While most researchers focus on the development of small-scale batch-type transformations, more recently such transformations have been carried out in flow reactors to explore new chemical space, to boost reactivity or to enable scalability of this important reaction class. Herein, an up-to-date overview of C–H bond functionalization reactions carried out in continuous-flow microreactors is presented. A comprehensive overview of reactions which establish the formal conversion of a C–H bond into carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bonds is provided; this includes metal-assisted C–H bond cleavages, hydrogen atom transfer reactions and C–H bond functionalizations which involve an SE-type process to aromatic or olefinic systems. Particular focus is devoted to showcase the advantages of flow processing to enhance C–H bond functionalization chemistry. Consequently, it is our hope that this review will serve as a guide to inspire researchers to push the boundaries of C–H functionalization chemistry using flow technology.
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Qin J, Long Y, Gou G, Wu W, Luo Y, Cao X, Luo S, Wang K, Ma J. Tuning effect of amorphous Fe 2O 3 on Mn 3O 4 for efficient atom-economic synthesis of imines at low temperature: improving [O] transfer cycle of Mn 3+/Mn 2+ in Mn 3O 4. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel Fe2O3 modified Mn3O4 catalyst (Fe5Mn5-100) has been prepared by adopting a simple co-precipitation method following low temperature baking. Fe5Mn5-100 showed exceptionally high catalytic activity for the production of imine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Chemical Catalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Yu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Chemical Catalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Galian Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Chemical Catalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Chemical Catalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Yutong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Chemical Catalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Xiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Chemical Catalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Shicheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Chemical Catalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Kaizhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Chemical Catalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
| | - Jiantai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC)
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Chemical Catalysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
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Rosso C, Gisbertz S, Williams JD, Gemoets HPL, Debrouwer W, Pieber B, Kappe CO. An oscillatory plug flow photoreactor facilitates semi-heterogeneous dual nickel/carbon nitride photocatalytic C–N couplings. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dual nickel/photocatalytic C–N couplings are performed with an organic heterogeneous photocatalyst, in an oscillatory plug flow reactor. Reaction was complete in 20 min residence time, enabling 2.7 g h−1 throughput and 10-fold catalyst recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rosso
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Sebastian Gisbertz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
| | | | | | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
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