2D metal-organic framework-based materials for electrocatalytic, photocatalytic and thermocatalytic applications

A Porous Sulfonated 2D Zirconium Metal-Organic Framework as a Robust Platform for Proton Conduction

By using the strategy of pre-assembly chlorosulfonation applied to a linker precursor, the first sulfonated zirconium metal-organic framework (JUK-14) with two-dimensional (2D) structure, was synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the material is built of Zr₆ O₄ (OH)₄ (COO)₈ oxoclusters, doubly 4-connected by angular dicarboxylates, and stacked in layers spaced 1.5 nm apart by the presence of sulfonic groups. JUK-14 exhibits excellent hydrothermal stability, permanent porosity confirmed by gas adsorption studies, and shows high (>10^-4  S/cm) and low (<10^-8  S/cm) proton conductivity under humidified and anhydrous conditions, respectively. Post-synthesis inclusion of imidazole improves the overall conductivity increasing it to 1.7×10^-3  S/cm at 60 °C and 90 % relative humidity, and by 3 orders of magnitude at 160 °C. The combination of 2D porous nature with robustness of zirconium MOFs offers new opportunities for exploration of the material towards energy and environmental applications.

Interaction of Nucleic Acids with Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets by Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The integration of nanomaterials and nucleic acids has attracted great attention in various research fields, especially biomedical applications. Designing two-dimensional nanomaterials and studying the mechanism of their interaction with nucleic acids are still attractive tasks. Herein, we designed and prepared a class of ultrathin two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets, named Zr-BTB MOF nanosheets, composed of Zr-O clusters and 1,3,5-benzenetribenzoate by a bottom-up synthesis strategy. The Zr-BTB MOF nanosheets possessed inherent excellent performance such as a high specific surface area, porosity, and biocompatibility. In addition, we clarified the interaction difference between the Zr-BTB MOF nanosheets and fluorophore-labeled double-stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA via molecular dynamics simulations and fluorescence measurement. Through molecular dynamics simulations, specific interactions between DNA and nanosheets such as forces, binding energies, and binding modes were deeply analyzed and clearly presented. Based on the affinity difference, the system showed the biosensing potential for target DNA detection with considerable specificity, sensitivity, and linearity. Our research results presented the Zr-BTB MOF nanosheet as a platform for nucleic acid detection, showing the potential for hybridization-based biosensing and related biological applications.

Microscopic optical nonlinearities and transient carrier dynamics in indium selenide nanosheet

This work systematically investigates the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and ultrafast carrier dynamics of layered indium selenide (InSe) obtained by mechanical exfoliation (ME). The two-photon absorption (TPA) effect of layered InSe was tested using micro-Z/I-scan techniques. The results indicate that InSe flakes undergo the TPA response under the excitation of both 520 nm and 1040 nm fs pulses, and that InSe is more likely to achieve TPA saturation under visible light excitation. Furthermore, ultrafast carrier dynamics revealed that InSe flakes in the visible region undergo a transition from photoinduced absorption to photobleaching and exhibit a fast recombination time of ∼0.4-1ps, suggesting a high optical modulation speed as high as ∼1-2.5 THz.

Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets: Synthesis and Applications in Electrocatalysis and Photocatalysis

Two-dimensional metal-organic nanosheets (2D MONs) are an emerging class of ultrathin, porous, and crystalline materials. The organic/inorganic hybrid nature offers MONs distinct advantages over other inorganic nanosheets in terms of diversity of organic ligands and metal notes. Compared to bulk three-dimensional metal-organic frameworks, 2D MONs possess merits of high density and readily accessible catalytic sites, reduced diffusion pathways for reactants/products, and fast electron transport. These features endow MONs with enhanced physical/chemical properties and are ideal for heterogeneous catalysis. In this Review, state-of-the-art synthetic methods for the fabrication of 2D MONs were summarized. The advances of 2D MONs-based materials for electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂ RR), and electro-/photocatalytic organic transformations were systematically discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives regarding future design and synthesis of 2D MONs for high-performance electrocatalysis and photocatalysis were provided.

Active site regulated Z-scheme MIL-101(Fe)/Bi2WO6/Fe(III) with the synergy of hydrogen peroxide and visible-light-driven photo-Fenton degradation of organic contaminants

Water pollution control is one of the major challenges currently faced. With the development of photocatalytic technology, an increasing number of new and efficient catalysts have been developed, but most of the catalysts have limited light capture ability and catalytic degradation efficiency. Therefore, in this work, hydrogen peroxide was further introduced to establish a photo-Fenton system to improve the photocatalytic effect by constructing a Z-scheme, and the degradation ability of the catalyst was maximized. Moreover, we successfully adhered bismuth tungstate nanosheets onto the surface of a MIL-101(Fe) framework and changed the number of active sites with iron ions of different doping amounts. We found that the number of active sites in the photo-Fenton system does not increase linearly, but increases and decreases regularly, which is similar to the change in band structure after doping. In addition, the results of the radical scavenger experiment and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) revealed that both hydroxide radical (˙OH) and superoxide radical (˙O₂^-) participated in methylene blue (MB) degradation, of which ˙OH was the main active species for pollutant degradation. Based on high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, the possible degradation pathways were proposed. We believed that this work will provide insights into the heterojunction photo-Fenton system.

Tuning luminescence of the fluorescent molecule 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole via zeolitic imidazolate framework-8

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is one of the most promising metal-organic frameworks because of its excellent high porosity, stability and geometrically well-defined structure. However, the application of ZIF-8 in the field of fluorescent molecular sensing has not been intensively explored. Our work demonstrates the versatility of ZIF-8 as a carrier material, which can be used for small molecule [2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole (HPBI)] capture and fluorescence enhancement. ZIF-8 displays luminescent behavior changes when combined with HPBI, as the emission peaks of ZIF-8 and HPBI are located in the same range for resonance enhancement of fluorescence. The results of the experiment indicate that the fluorescence enhancement effect will change in the presence of different concentrations of HPBI. We propose that the pore structure of ZIF-8 could provide an opportunity for the adsorption of HPBI molecules, and eventually the adsorption would saturate. The high porosity of ZIF-8 provides the path to HPBI aggregation or entrance into the ZIF-8 internal structure. Our results suggest that ZIF-8 may offer great promise for molecular fluorescence sensing.

Spray drying-assisted construction of hierarchically porous ZIF-8 for controlled release of doxorubicin

The intrinsic properties and structure of carrier materials, as well as the drug-loading method, are crucial to the fabrication of high-performance controlled drug release systems. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great attention in drug delivery due to their rich variety and very precisely designable structures, but their inherent small pores limit their application towards large-size drug molecules. Herein, we report a facile and efficient approach for the construction of hierarchically porous ZIF-8 (HP-ZIF-8) by spray drying. The homogeneously distributed mesopores, which result from the interspaces in the closely arranged nanosized ZIF-8 (N-ZIF-8), can be tuned by adjusting the primary particle size. More importantly, a drug (doxorubicin (DOX), for example) can be simultaneously encapsulated during the fabrication process of HP-ZIF-8, achieving a high loading rate of 79% and an encapsulation efficiency of 79%. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the obtained DOX@HP-ZIF-8 is a pH-responsive system and the release can also be controlled by the mesopore size. Although HP-ZIF-8 shows obvious advantages in drug loading and release performance compared with N-ZIF-8 loaded with DOX by the same solvent adsorption approach, DOX@HP-ZIF-8 displays significantly increased loading capacity (more than 3 times) and the slowest release rate due to its drug-loading method. Their therapeutic efficacy on HeLa cells has also been proved. These findings have important implications for the construction of HP-MOFs as drug carriers and will also present a new platform for controlled drug release and biomedical applications.

Self-supported metal-organic framework-based nanostructures as binder-free electrodes for supercapacitors

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), an interesting class of functional inorganic materials, have recently emerged as suitable electrode materials or templates/precursors of electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). The key in utilizing MOF-based electrode materials is to address the low electronic conductivity and poor stability issues. Therefore, the rational design and fabrication of self-supported binder-free electrodes is considered the most promising strategy to address these challenges. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the design and manufacture of self-supported MOF-based nanostructures and their use as binderless electrodes for SCs, especially over the last five years. The synthesis strategies for constructing pristine MOFs, MOF composites and MOF derivative arrays are overviewed. By highlighting the advantages and challenges of each class of electrode materials, we hope that this review will provide some insights into the rational design of MOF-based electrode materials to promote the future development of this highly exciting field.

Colorimetric quantification of sodium benzoate in food by using d-amino acid oxidase and 2D metal organic framework nanosheets mediated cascade enzyme reactions

A rapid colorimetric method for detecting sodium benzoate in food products was established based on the d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and 2D metal organic framework (2D MOF) nanosheets mediated cascade enzyme reactions. Firstly, the synthesized 2D MOF nanosheets served as high efficient nanozyme with outstanding peroxidase-like catalytic activity and catalyzed the color reaction between H₂O₂ and 3, 3', 5, 5'- tetramethylbenzidine. Secondly, sodium benzoate as a competitive inhibitor of DAAO, could influence the production of H₂O₂ in DAAO mediated oxidation reaction. After a combination of those two reactions, this colorimetric quantitative method was constructed and validated for sodium benzoate determination with wide linear range (2.0-200.0 μM), low limit of detection (2.0 μM), high accuracy (recovery rate in 95.80-108.00%) and satisfied selectivity. Lastly, this method was utilized to analyze sodium benzoate concentration in juice, wine and vinegar by naked eyes.

A two-dimensional Bi-based porphyrin metal–organic framework photocatalyst for white light-driven selective oxidation of sulfides

A single crystal of a Bi-based porphyrin metal–organic framework was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. It exhibited significant photocatalytic activity for the selective oxidation of sulfides, maintaining high activity after 10 catalytic cycles.

Recent advances in metal-organic framework-based materials for anti-staphylococcus aureus infection

The rapid spread of staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes an increased morbidity and mortality, as well as great economic losses in the world. Anti-S. aureus infection becomes a major challenge for clinicians and nursing professionals to address drug resistance. Hence, it is urgent to explore high efficiency, low toxicity, and environmental-friendly methods against S. aureus. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent great potential in treating S. aureus infection due to the unique features of MOFs including tunable chemical constitute, open crystalline structure, and high specific surface area. Especially, these properties endow MOF-based materials outstanding antibacterial effect, which can be mainly attributed to the continuously released active components and the exerted catalytic activity to fight bacterial infection. Herein, the structural characteristics of MOFs and evaluation method of antimicrobial activity are briefly summarized. Then we systematically give an overview on their recent progress on antibacterial mechanisms, metal ion sustained-release system, controlled delivery system, catalytic system, and energy conversion system based on MOF materials. Finally, suggestions and direction for future research to develop and mechanism understand MOF-based materials are discussed in antibacterial application.

Recent trends in covalent functionalization of 2D materials

Covalent functionalization of the surface is more crucial in 2D materials than in conventional bulk materials because of their atomic thinness, large surface-to-volume ratio, and uniform surface chemical potential. Because...

Construction of a multidimensional CdS@MoS2 heterojunction for enhancing the activity and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers

A CdS@MoS2 composite photocatalyst exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity to replace noble metals by constructing a n–n heterojunction.

Ultrasmall Au nanoparticles modified 2D metalloporphyrinic metal-organic framework nanosheets with high peroxidase-like activity for colorimetric detection of organophosphorus pesticides

Ultrasmall Au nanoparticles (UsAuNPs) in the size range of 4.0-7.0 nm was successfully immobilized on the surface of 2D metalloporphyrinic metal-organic framework nanosheets (2D MOF). Firstly, The obtained hybrid nanomaterial, UsAuNPs/2D MOF, was fully characterized by TEM, HRTEM, element mapping images and XPS. Then, the peroxidase-like activity of UsAuNPs/2D MOF was comparatively studied with other hybrid nanozyme to explore the influence of AuNPs size on peroxidase-like activity. Further, UsAuNPs/2D MOF with outstanding peroxidase-like activity was selected to form ternary cascade enzyme reaction with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChOx). Based on the inhibitory effect of organophosphorus pesticides on AChE, a fast and sensitive colorimetric method was established for trichlorfon detection with the advantages of simple operation, low detection limit (1.7 μM), good linear range (1.7-42.4 μM) and high accuracy (recovery rate of 96.6-105.3%). Finally, this method was applied to visual analysis of trichlorfon concentration in tomatoes, cucumbers and eggplants.

Thermo-enhanced photocatalytic oxidation of amines to imines over MIL-125-NH2@Ag@COF hybrids under visible light

Thermo-enhanced photocatalysis combines the advantages of thermocatalysis and photocatalysis and provides a very promising approach for the selective oxidation of organic compounds to value-added chemicals. In this work, the amino group in MIL-125-NH₂ first reacts with formaldehyde to form the reducing group (-NH-CH₂OH), which can in situ auto reduce the introduced Ag⁺ ions to Ag clusters/nanoparticles in the cavities. Then the formed MIL-125-NH-CH₂OH@Ag was further coated with a covalent organic framework (COF) through imine bonds to form a series of MIL-125-NH-CH₂OH@Ag@COF hybrids. Oxidative coupling of amines was selected to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of these materials under visible light at set temperatures (20-60 °C). With an optimized composition, MIL-125-NH-CH₂OH@Ag-0.5@COF-2 not only improves the optical properties, but also exhibits the highest conversion (almost 100%) of benzylamine under visible light at 60 °C and good stability for at least three cycles. Free radical capture experiments and electron spin resonance detection demonstrated that holes (h⁺), hydroxyl (˙OH) and superoxide radicals (O₂˙^-) were the active species. The results prove that the MIL-125-NH-CH₂OH@Ag@COF hybrid possessed higher photocatalytic performance than individual MIL-125-NH₂, Ag and COF on account of the efficient separation and transfer of photoinduced electrons and holes. Moreover, the promotion of the reaction temperature on the photocatalytic oxidation of amines has been reported, revealing that the conversion of benzylamine over MIL-125-NH-CH₂OH@Ag-0.5@COF-2 at 60 °C is nearly twice as high as that at 20 °C under visible light irradiation. Therefore, the thermo-enhanced photocatalytic oxidation performance of the MOF@Ag@COF hybrid demonstrates the great potential of thermal energy for further improving the photocatalytic selective oxidation performance.

Hydrangea-like architectures composed of Zr-based metal-organic framework nanosheets with enhanced iodine capture

Zirconium-based metal-organic framework nanosheet assembled hydrangea-like architectures were reported and an enhanced iodine capture capacity was achieved.

A Substrate-Binding Metal-Organic Layer Selectively Catalyzes Photoredox Ene-Carbonyl Reductive Coupling Reactions

Intermolecular photoredox ene-carbonyl reductive coupling reactions typically have low product selectivity owing to competing dimerization and/or reduction of ketyl radicals. Herein, we report a metal-organic layer (MOL), Hf-Ir-OTf, as a bifunctional photocatalyst for selective photoredox reductive coupling of ketones or aldehydes with electron-deficient alkenes. Composed of iridium-based photosensitizers (Ir-PSs) and triflated Hf₁₂ clusters, Hf-Ir-OTf uses Lewis acidic Hf sites to bind and activate electron-deficient alkenes to accept ketyl radicals generated by adjacent Ir-PSs, thereby suppressing undesired dimerization and reduction of ketyl radicals to enhance the selectivity for the cross-coupling products. The MOL-catalyzed reductive coupling reaction accommodates a variety of olefinic substrates and tolerates reducible groups, nicely complementing current methods for cross-coupling reactions.

Two-dimensional MOFs: Design & Synthesis and Applications

For the past few years, two-dimensional materials have attracted widespread attention owing to their special properties and potential applications. It is well-known that graphene, transition metal disulfide compounds (TMDC), carbon nitride, transition metal carbonitrides (Mxenes), silene and hexagonal boron nitride are typical two-dimensional materials. Compared with these traditional two-dimensional materials, two-dimensional MOF is favored by numerous researchers because of its unique structure. Based on the unique metal ion and organic ligand coordination of MOF and two-dimensional layered structure, the applications of two-dimensional MOF were getting serious, including catalysis, supercapacitor, gas adsorption/separation, sensors and so on. This review presents a relatively comprehensive summary of the design & synthesis and applications of two-dimensional MOF over the past few years. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges have been discussed to supply a promising prospect to this field.

Photocatalytic cascade reactions and dye degradation over CdS-metal-organic framework hybrids

Two bifunctional CdS–MOF composites have been designed and fabricated. The hybrids exhibited synergistic photocatalytic performance toward two cascade reactions under visible light integrating photooxidation activity of CdS and Lewis acids/bases of the MOF. The composite further promoted the photodegradation of dyes benefiting from effective electron transfer between the MOF and CdS.

Two bifunctional CdS–MOF composites have been successfully fabricated and exhibited synergistic photocatalytic performance toward two-step cascade reactions and dye photodegradation.

Multifunctional Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks for Radionuclide Sequestration and Detection

Two lanthanide-containing porous coordination polymers, [Ln₂(bpdc)₆(phen)₂]·nH₂O (1) and [Ln₂(bpdc)₆(terpy)₂]·3H₂O (2) (Ln = Pr, Nd, or Sm-Dy; bpdc: 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid; phen: 1,10-phenanthroline; and terpy: 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine), have been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystallographic analyses reveal that compounds 1 and 2 feature Ln³⁺-containing dimeric nodes that form a porous two-dimensional (2D) and nonporous three-dimensional (3D) framework, respectively. Each material is stable in aqueous media between pH 3 and 10 and exhibits modest thermal stability up to ∼400 °C. Notably, a portion of the phen and bpdc ligands in 1 can be removed thermally, without compromising the crystal structure, causing the surface area and pore volume to increase. The optical properties of 1 and 2 with Gd³⁺, Sm³⁺, Tb³⁺, and Eu³⁺ are explored in the solid state using absorbance, fluorescence, and lifetime spectroscopies. The analyses reveal a complex blend of metal and ligand emission in the materials containing Sm³⁺ and Tb³⁺, while those featuring Eu³⁺ are dominated by intense metal-based emission. Compound 1 with Eu³⁺ shows promise for the capture and detection of the uranyl cation (UO₂)²⁺ from aqueous media. In short, uranyl capture is observed at pH 4, and the adsorption thereof is detectable via vibrational and fluorescence spectroscopies and colorimetrically as the off-white color of 1 turns yellow with uptake. Finally, both 1 and 2 with Eu³⁺ produce bright red emission upon irradiation with Cu Kα X-ray radiation (8.04 keV) and are candidate materials for applications in solid-state scintillation.

Effective enhancement of capacitive performance by the facile exfoliation of bulk metal-organic frameworks into 2D-functionalized nanosheets

Recently, much attention has been paid to two-dimensional MOF nanosheets (MONs) due to their widespread application in many specific areas. In this work, a simple and efficient congenerous-exfoliation strategy was developed to prepare vast and uniform few-layered Ni²⁺@Ce-MOF (Ce-MOF: {[Ce(HPIA)(PIA)(H₂O)₂]·H₂O}_n) nanosheets with a thickness of ca. 10 nm. In the exfoliation process, the synergistic action of Ni²⁺ and methanol solvents under ultrasonication plays a major role in restraining the interactions between the layers. Importantly, supercapacitor applications indicate that the exfoliated Ni²⁺@Ce-MOF nanosheet shows a remarkable improvement in the specific capacitance (921.05%) in comparison with that of the bulk Ce-MOF sample before modification.

Recent Advances in the Application of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Neural Tissue Engineering and Regeneration

The complexity of the nervous system structure and function, and its slow regeneration rate, makes it more difficult to treat compared to other tissues in the human body when an injury occurs. Moreover, the current therapeutic approaches including the use of autografts, allografts, and pharmacological agents have several drawbacks and can not fully restore nervous system injuries. Recently, nanotechnology and tissue engineering approaches have attracted many researchers to guide tissue regeneration in an effective manner. Owing to their remarkable physicochemical and biological properties, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been extensively studied in the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine field. The great conductivity of these materials makes them a promising candidate for the development of novel scaffolds for neural tissue engineering application. Moreover, the high loading capacity of 2D nanomaterials also has attracted many researchers to utilize them as a drug/gene delivery method to treat various devastating nervous system disorders. This review will first introduce the fundamental physicochemical properties of 2D nanomaterials used in biomedicine and the supporting biological properties of 2D nanomaterials for inducing neuroregeneration, including their biocompatibility on neural cells, the ability to promote the neural differentiation of stem cells, and their immunomodulatory properties which are beneficial for alleviating chronic inflammation at the site of the nervous system injury. It also discusses various types of 2D nanomaterials-based scaffolds for neural tissue engineering applications. Then, the latest progress on the use of 2D nanomaterials for nervous system disorder treatment is summarized. Finally, a discussion of the challenges and prospects of 2D nanomaterials-based applications in neural tissue engineering is provided.

Effective degradation of tetracycline by organic-inorganic hybrid materials induced by triethylenediamine

As an important advanced oxidation technology for environmental purification, photocatalytic degradation has received extensive attention. Designing and synthesizing a catalyst with high-intensity photocatalytic performance is a very challenging subject. Herein, one polydentate cation was synthesized by 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and 1, 4-bis (bromomethyl) benzene. Inorganic-organic hybrid compounds 1, 2 were synthesized by hydrothermal and room temperature volatilization with inorganic metal salts, namely, {[L1]_0.5·[Cu₂Br₄]_0.5}_n (1), {[L1]·[Cu₂I₄]·CH₃CN}_n (2). Under visible light, compounds 1 and 2 were investigated for their degradation effects on tetracycline (TC) in water. The experimental results showed that compounds 1 and 2 with appropriate concentration of H₂O₂ had obvious photocatalytic degradation effect on TC. In addition, the influencing factors of photocatalysis such as the amount of adsorbent, the initial concentration of TC and the different pH value were investigated. The photocatalyst exhibits good stability and cyclability.

Calcination activation of three-dimensional cobalt organic phosphate nanoflake assemblies for supercapacitors

Three-dimensional organic phosphate nanoflake assemblies were obtained by calcination activation. In the two-electrode system, 3D COP assemblies showed excellent cycle stability, and the capacity retention was 99.61% after 3000 long cycles.

Synthesis of ultrafine Co/CoO nanoparticle-embedded N-doped carbon framework magnetic material and application for 4-nitrophenol catalytic reduction

An ultrafine Co/CoO nanoparticle-embedded N-doped porous carbon framework magnetic material was successfully synthesized based on a designed Co-MOF. Co/CoO@NC has good catalytic activity and recyclability for the 4-NP reduction reaction.

A self-made portable separation device based on 2-D MOF nanosheets for the efficient separation of dyes in solutions

Herein we reported a simple and economical method for fabricating a portable separation device based on 2D-MOF nanosheets, which can be used disposably for a special purpose due to the low cost, simple manufacturing process in an emergency.

Sisal-like Sn2+ doped ZnO hierarchical structures: synthesis, growth mechanism, and their application in photocatalysis

Sisal-like Sn doped ZnO hierarchical structures were prepared by the hydrothermal method without employing templates or matrices. The architectures show enhanced light absorption, high photocatalytic properties, good stability and reusability.

Au/TiO2 nanobelts: thermal enhancement vs. plasmon enhancement for visible-light-driven photocatalytic selective oxidation of amines into imines

Au NPs improve the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 only in a low temperature range. Excessive Au NPs loaded on TiO2 inhibit the photocatalytic amine conversion due to the decreased oxygen vacancies and poor amine adsorption ability.

2D WS2 co-catalysts induce the growth of CdS and enhance the photocatalytic performance

Here, we obtain WS₂ nanosheets with near-infrared absorption which can replace the precious metal Pt as excellent cocatalysts.

Solvent-assisted delamination of layered copper dithienothiophene-dicarboxylate (DUT-134)

Rational selection of the delamination solvent enables efficient exfoliation of layered MOF, resulting in suspension of the nanosheets stable over days.

Polymorphism in a two-dimensional copper(i) metal–organic framework with the ligand bis(4-pyridylthio)methane

Study of the polymorphism observed in a copper(i) coordination polymer with a N,N bidentate ligand.