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Brahmkhatri VP, Prasanna C, Atreya HS. Insulin-like growth factor system in cancer: novel targeted therapies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:538019. [PMID: 25866791 PMCID: PMC4383470 DOI: 10.1155/2015/538019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are essential for growth and survival that suppress apoptosis and promote cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, and metastatic activities in various cancers. The IGFs actions are mediated through the IGF-1 receptor that is involved in cell transformation induced by tumour. These effects depend on the bioavailability of IGFs, which is regulated by IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). We describe here the role of the IGF system in cancer, proposing new strategies targeting this system. We have attempted to expand the general viewpoint on IGF-1R, its inhibitors, potential limitations of IGF-1R, antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and IGFBP actions. This review discusses the emerging view that blocking IGF via IGFBP is a better option than blocking IGF receptors. This can lead to the development of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinmayi Prasanna
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Hanudatta S. Atreya
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Hair BY, Troester MA, Edmiston SN, Parrish EA, Robinson WR, Wu MC, Olshan AF, Swift-Scanlan T, Conway K. Body mass index is associated with gene methylation in estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:580-6. [PMID: 25583948 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although obesity is associated with breast cancer incidence and prognosis, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Identification of obesity-associated epigenetic changes in breast tissue may advance mechanistic understanding of breast cancer initiation and progression. The goal of this study, therefore, was to investigate associations between obesity and gene methylation in breast tumors. METHODS Using the Illumina GoldenGate Cancer I Panel, we estimated the association between body mass index (BMI) and gene methylation in 345 breast tumor samples from phase I of the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify sites that were differentially methylated by BMI. Stratification by tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status was also conducted. RESULTS In the majority of the 935 probes analyzed (87%), the average beta value increased with obesity (BMI ≥ 30). Obesity was significantly associated with differential methylation (FDR q < 0.05) in just two gene loci in breast tumor tissue overall and in 21 loci among ER-positive tumors. Obesity was associated with methylation of genes that function in immune response, cell growth, and DNA repair. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with altered methylation overall, and with hypermethylation among ER-positive tumors in particular, suggesting that obesity may influence the methylation of genes with known relevance to cancer. Some of these differences in methylation by obese status may influence levels of gene expression within breast cells. IMPACT If our results are validated, obesity-associated methylation sites could serve as targets for prevention and treatment research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 580-6. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brionna Y Hair
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sharon N Edmiston
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Eloise A Parrish
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Whitney R Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael C Wu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Theresa Swift-Scanlan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Tu M, Liu X, Han B, Ge Q, Li Z, Lu Z, Wei J, Song G, Cai B, Lv N, Jiang K, Wang S, Miao Y, Gao W. Vasohibin‑2 promotes proliferation in human breast cancer cells via upregulation of fibroblast growth factor‑2 and growth/differentiation factor‑15 expression. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:663-9. [PMID: 24920244 PMCID: PMC4094825 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasohibin‑2 (VASH2) is an angiogenic factor, and has been previously reported to be a cancer‑related gene, with cytoplasmic and karyotypic forms. In the current study VASH2 expression in human breast cancer tissue and adjacent non‑cancerous tissue was investigated with immunohistochemistry. MCF‑7 and BT474 human breast cancer cells were transfected with lentiviral constructs to generate in vitro VASH2 overexpression and knockdown models. In addition, BALB/cA nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously with transfected cells to generate in vivo models of VASH2 overexpression and knockdown. The effect of VASH2 on cell proliferation was investigated using a bromodeoxyuridine assay in vitro and immunohistochemistry of Ki67 in xenograft tumors. Growth factors were investigated using a human growth factor array, and certain factors were further confirmed by an immunoblot. The results indicated that the expression level of cytoplasmic VASH2 was higher in breast cancer tissues with a Ki67 (a proliferation marker) level of ≥14%, compared with tissues with a Ki67 level of <14%. VASH2 induced proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Four growth factors activated by VASH2 were identified as follows: Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), growth/differentiation factor‑15 (GDF15), insulin‑like growth factor‑binding protein (IGFBP)3 and IGFBP6. FGF2 and GDF15 may contribute to VASH2‑induced proliferation. The current study identified a novel role for VASH2 in human breast cancer, and this knowledge suggests that VASH2 may be a novel target in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xian Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Bei Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zipeng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jishu Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Guoxin Song
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Baobao Cai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Nan Lv
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Kuirong Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Abstract
The six members of the family of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) were originally characterized as passive reservoirs of circulating IGFs, but they are now understood to have many actions beyond their endocrine role in IGF transport. IGFBPs also function in the pericellular and intracellular compartments to regulate cell growth and survival - they interact with many proteins, in addition to their canonical ligands IGF-I and IGF-II. Intranuclear roles of IGFBPs in transcriptional regulation, induction of apoptosis and DNA damage repair point to their intimate involvement in tumour development, progression and resistance to treatment. Tissue or circulating IGFBPs might also be useful as prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
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Yang Z, Bach LA. Differential Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-6 (IGFBP-6) on Migration of Two Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:231. [PMID: 25601855 PMCID: PMC4283657 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IGFBP-6 inhibits angiogenesis as well as proliferation and survival of rhabdomyosarcoma cells. However, it promotes migration of these cells in an IGF-independent manner. The IGF system is implicated in ovarian cancer, so we studied the effects of IGFBP-6 in ovarian cancer cells. METHODS The effects of wild type (wt) and a non-IGF-binding mutant (m) of IGFBP-6 on migration of HEY and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells, which, respectively, represent aggressive and transitional cancers, were studied. ERK and JNK phosphorylation were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS IGF-II, wt-, and mIGFBP-6 each promoted SKOV3 cell migration by 77-98% (p < 0.01). In contrast, IGF-II also increased HEY cell migration to 155 ± 13% of control (p < 0.001), but wt-IGFBP-6 and mIGFBP-6 decreased migration to 62 ± 5 and 66 ± 3%, respectively (p < 0.001). In these cells, coincubation of IGF-II with wt but not mIGFBP-6 increased migration. MAP kinase pathways are involved in IGFBP-6-induced rhabdomyosarcoma cell migration, so activation of these pathways was studied in HEY and SKOV3 cells. Wt and mIGFBP-6 increased ERK phosphorylation by 62-99% in both cell lines (p < 0.05). Wt-IGFBP-6 also increased JNK phosphorylation by 139-153% in both cell lines (p < 0.05), but the effect of mIGFBP-6 was less clear. ERK and JNK inhibitors partially inhibited the migratory effects of wt and mIGFBP-6 in SKOV3 cells, whereas the ERK inhibitor partially restored wt and mIGFBP-6-induced inhibition of HEY cell migration. The JNK inhibitor had a lesser effect on the actions of wtIGFBP-6 and no effect on the actions of mIGFBP-6 in HEY cells. CONCLUSION IGFBP-6 has opposing effects on migration of HEY and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells, but activates MAP kinase pathways in both. Delineating the pathways underlying the differential effects on migration will increase our understanding of ovarian cancer metastasis and shed new light on the IGF-independent effects of IGFBP-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Medicine (Alfred), Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
| | - Leon A. Bach
- Department of Medicine (Alfred), Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Leon A. Bach, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia e-mail:
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Abstract
The worldwide clinical and scientific interest in peptides belonging to the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has brought along a call for standardization of assays used to quantify the different IGF related proteins. This relates in particular to the measurement of IGF-I, which has stood the test of time as an important biochemical tool in the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone (GH) related disorders. The first international consensus statement on the measurement of IGF-I in 2011 represents an important milestone and will undoubtedly improve commutability of reference ranges for IGF-I and clinically applicable cut-off values. By contrast, there is no consensus addressing the measurements of the other IGF-related peptides. Nevertheless, measurement of these peptides may be of interest, either as additional tools in GH disorders or as prognostic biomarkers of various diseases. Therefore, standardization of assays for the other IGF-related peptides is highly relevant. This chapter discusses the recent consensus on IGF-I measurements and how this approach may be applied to measurement of the other IGF-related peptides. In addition, assay pitfalls, pre- and post-analytical challenges, alternative methods for IGF-I measurements and potential assays of tomorrow will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Dietrich A, Mathia S, Kaminski H, Mutig K, Rosenberger C, Mrowka R, Bachmann S, Paliege A. Chronic activation of vasopressin V2 receptor signalling lowers renal medullary oxygen levels in rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:721-31. [PMID: 23347696 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the effects of chronic vasopressin administration on renal medullary oxygen levels. METHODS Adult Sprague Dawley or vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rats were treated with the vasopressin V2 receptor agonist, desmopressin (5 ng/h; 3d), or its vehicle via osmotic minipumps. Immunostaining for pimonidazole and the transcription factor HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) were used to identify hypoxic areas. Activation of HIF-target gene expression following desmopressin treatment was studied by microarray analysis. RESULTS Pimonidazole staining was detected in the outer and inner medulla of desmopressin-treated rats, whereas staining in control animals was weak or absent. HIF-1α immunostaining demonstrated nuclear accumulation in the papilla of desmopressin-treated animals, whereas no staining was observed in the controls. Gene expression analysis revealed significant enrichment of HIF-target genes in the group of desmopressin-regulated gene products (P = 2.6*10(-21) ). Regulated products included insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 1 and 3, angiopoietin 2, fibronectin, cathepsin D, hexokinase 2 and cyclooxygenase 2. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that an activation of the renal urine concentrating mechanism by desmopressin causes renal medullary hypoxia and an upregulation of hypoxia-inducible gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Dietrich
- Department of Anatomy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - S. Mathia
- Department of Nephrology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - H. Kaminski
- Department of Anatomy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - K. Mutig
- Department of Anatomy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - C. Rosenberger
- Department of Nephrology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - R. Mrowka
- Experimentelle Nephrologie; KIM III; Universitästsklinikum Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - S. Bachmann
- Department of Anatomy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
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