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Saastamoinen M, Rantala MJ. Influence of developmental conditions on immune function and dispersal-related traits in the Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) butterfly. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81289. [PMID: 24278412 PMCID: PMC3838396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms in the wild are constantly faced with a wide range of environmental variability, such as fluctuation in food availability. Poor nutritional conditions influence life-histories via individual resource allocation patterns, and trade-offs between competing traits. In this study, we assessed the influence of food restriction during development on the energetically expensive traits flight metabolic rate (proxy of dispersal ability), encapsulation rate (proxy of immune defence), and lifespan using the Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinxia, as a model organism. Additionally, we examined the direct costs of flight on individual immune function, and whether those costs increase under restricted environmental conditions. We found that nutritional restriction during development enhanced adult encapsulations rate, but reduced both resting and flight metabolic rates. However, at the individual level metabolic rates were not associated with encapsulation rate. Interestingly, individuals that were forced to fly prior to the immune assays had higher encapsulation rates than individuals that had not flown, suggesting that flying itself enhances immune response. Finally, in the control group encapsulation rate correlated positively with lifespan, whereas in the nutritional restriction group there was no relationship between these traits, suggesting that the association between encapsulation rate on adult lifespan was condition-dependent. Thus stressful events during both larval development (food limitation) and adulthood (forced flight) induce increased immune response in the adult butterflies, which may allow individuals to cope with stressful events later on in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Saastamoinen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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52
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Khan I, Prasad NG. Male Drosophila melanogaster show adaptive mating bias in response to female infection status. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:1017-1023. [PMID: 23932964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Given the non-trivial cost of reproduction for males and substantial variation in female quality, males have been predicted to show mating bias as an evolved strategy. Using a large outbred population of Drosophila melanogaster, we test this prediction and show that males may adaptively bias their mating effort in response to the infection status of females. Given a simultaneous choice between females infected with pathogenic bacteria and sham infected females, males preferentially mated with the latter, who had a higher reproductive output compared to infected females. This may provide evidence for pre-copulatory male mate choice. Assessment of the reproductive behaviour ensured that the observed pattern of mating bias was not due to differences in receptivity between females infected with pathogenic bacteria and sham infected females. Further, there was no evidence for post-copulatory male mate choice measured in terms of copulation duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imroze Khan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus, PO: Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, West Bengal, India
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53
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Ruiz-Guzmán G, Canales-Lazcano J, Jiménez-Cortés JG, Contreras-Garduño J. Sexual dimorphism in immune response: testing the hypothesis in an insect species with two male morphs. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:620-628. [PMID: 23956189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that given that males should invest in sexual traits at the expense of their investment in immune response, females are better immunocompetent than males. Typically, this idea has been tested in monomorphic species, but rarely has been evaluated in polymorphic male species. We used Paraphlebia zoe, a damselfly with two male morphs: the black-winged morph (Black-W) develop black spots as sexual traits and the hyaline-winged morph (Hyaline-W) resembles a female in size and wings color. We predicted that Black-W should have a lower immune response than Hyaline-W, but that the latter males should not differ from females in this respect. Nitric oxide (NO) and phenoloxidase (PO) production, as well as hemolymph protein content, were used as immune markers. Body size (wing length) was used as an indicator of the male condition. The results show that, as we predicted, females and Hyaline-W had higher values of NO than Black-W, corresponding to differences in size. However, the opposite was found in relation to PO production. Females had the highest levels of hemolymph protein content, whereas no differences were found between Black-W and Hyaline-W. These results partially support the sexual selection hypothesis and are discussed in the context of the life history of this species. Black-W, Hyaline-W, and females could express the immune markers that are prioritized by their particular condition, and probably neither of them could express all immune markers in an elevated manner, as this would result in an excessive accumulation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ruiz-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad No. 655, C. P. 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos
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54
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Simmons LW, Thomas ML, Simmons FW, Zuk M. Female preferences for acoustic and olfactory signals during courtship: male crickets send multiple messages. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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55
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Moreno-García M, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Condé R, Lanz-Mendoza H. Current immunity markers in insect ecological immunology: assumed trade-offs and methodological issues. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 103:127-139. [PMID: 22929006 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531200048x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of ecological immunology currently relies on using a number of immune effectors or markers. These markers are usually used to infer ecological trade-offs (via conflicts in resource allocation), though physiological nature of these markers remains elusive. Here, we review markers frequently used in insect evolutionary ecology research: cuticle darkening, haemocyte density, nodule/capsule formation, phagocytosis and encapsulation/melanization via use of nylon filaments and beads, phenoloxidase activity, nitric oxide production, lysozyme and antimicrobial peptide production. We also provide physiologically based information that may shed light on the probable trade-offs inferred when these markers are used. In addition, we provide a number of methodological suggestions to improve immune marker assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moreno-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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56
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Harrison SJ, Thomson IR, Grant CM, Bertram SM. Calling, courtship, and condition in the fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60356. [PMID: 23527313 PMCID: PMC3604009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretically, sexual signals should provide honest information about mating benefits and many sexually reproducing species use honest signals when signalling to potential mates. Male crickets produce two types of acoustic mating signals: a long-distance mate attraction call and a short-range courtship call. We tested whether wild-caught fall field cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus) males in high condition (high residual mass or large body size) produce higher effort calls (in support of the honest signalling hypothesis). We also tested an alternative hypothesis, whether low condition males produce higher effort calls (in support of the terminal investment hypothesis). Several components of long-distance mate attraction calls honestly reflected male body size, with larger males producing louder mate attraction calls at lower carrier frequencies. Long-distance mate attraction chirp rate dishonestly signalled body size, with small males producing faster chirp rates. Short-range courtship calls dishonestly reflected male residual mass, as chirp rate and pulse rate were best explained by a curvilinear function of residual mass. By producing long-distance mate attraction calls and courtship calls with similar or higher effort compared to high condition males, low condition males (low residual mass or small body size) may increase their effort in current reproductive success at the expense of their future reproductive success, suggesting that not all sexual signals are honest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian R. Thomson
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin M. Grant
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan M. Bertram
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Pölkki M, Kortet R, Hedrick A, Rantala MJ. Dominance is not always an honest signal of male quality, but females may be able to detect the dishonesty. Biol Lett 2012; 9:20121002. [PMID: 23234864 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Females prefer dominant males as mating partners in numerous species. Male dominance rank is considered as an honest signal of male quality, because only healthy males in good condition are thought to be able to win fights with other males. Here, we tested whether activation of the immune system influences the success of males in male-male competition and mating in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. We activated the immune system of males with a nylon monofilament (to mimic a parasitoid larva), and arranged fights between male pairs to assess male dominance and associated mating success. Activation of the immune system with nylon monofilament substantially enhanced the fighting success of males during male-male competition but had no effect on mating success. However, sham-manipulation (a wound only) did not have any effect on fighting success although females mated more often with dominant males. Our study suggests that when male crickets meet an apparent survival threat they may behave more dominantly, probably owing to terminal investment. Male success during male-male competition is not always an honest signal of males' quality, but females may be able to detect this dishonesty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Pölkki
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
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58
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59
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Ręk P. Does mating experience of male house crickets affect their behavior to subsequent females and female choice? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2012; 66:1629-1637. [PMID: 23162206 PMCID: PMC3496475 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-012-1418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Male mating experience was shown to play an important role in settling conflicts between males; however, little is known about whether and how prior access to females influences male behavior during intersexual interactions and female choice itself. Here, I experimentally test this relationship in the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) by combining one-on-one interaction between the male and female with direct comparison of males by the female, but precluding aggression between males. I found that solitary males were more active during subsequent courtship displays than paired males, suggesting the detrimental effect of mating on courtship performance. At the same time, females spent significantly more time close to solitary males or playbacks of male's natural courtship songs, and responded positively to the condition of males, ignoring body size of males. In contrast, females responded similarly to computer-modified playbacks of courtship songs of solitary and paired males with standardized rate of phrases and amplitudes; however, when females were additionally allowed to contact with anesthetized males they spent more time close to bigger males, irrespective of the acoustic parameters of courtship songs. These results show that although females were able to differentiate between many behavioral and morphological characteristics of males, including voluntary and intrinsic ones, they preferred traits conditional upon the costliness of male's displays. In addition, mating experience appeared to be a crucial factor in the choice of a particular costly mating strategy by males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Ręk
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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60
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Fedorka KM, Lee V, Winterhalter WE. Thermal environment shapes cuticle melanism and melanin-based immunity in the ground cricket Allonemobius socius. Evol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-012-9620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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61
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de Roode JC, Lefèvre T. Behavioral Immunity in Insects. INSECTS 2012; 3:789-820. [PMID: 26466629 PMCID: PMC4553590 DOI: 10.3390/insects3030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parasites can dramatically reduce the fitness of their hosts, and natural selection should favor defense mechanisms that can protect hosts against disease. Much work has focused on understanding genetic and physiological immunity against parasites, but hosts can also use behaviors to avoid infection, reduce parasite growth or alleviate disease symptoms. It is increasingly recognized that such behaviors are common in insects, providing strong protection against parasites and parasitoids. We review the current evidence for behavioral immunity in insects, present a framework for investigating such behavior, and emphasize that behavioral immunity may act through indirect rather than direct fitness benefits. We also discuss the implications for host-parasite co-evolution, local adaptation, and the evolution of non-behavioral physiological immune systems. Finally, we argue that the study of behavioral immunity in insects has much to offer for investigations in vertebrates, in which this topic has traditionally been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus C de Roode
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Centre IRD, 911 Av. Agropolis-BP 64501, Montpellier 34394, France.
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62
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Sexual signaling and immune function in the black field cricket Teleogryllus commodus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39631. [PMID: 22808047 PMCID: PMC3392257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis predicts that male sexual trait expression should be positively correlated with immunocompetence. Here we investigate if immune function in the cricket, Teleogryllus commodus, is related to specific individual components of male sexual signals, as well as to certain multivariate combinations of these components that females most strongly prefer. Male T. commodus produce both advertisement and courtship calls prior to mating. We measured fine-scale structural parameters of both call types and also recorded nightly advertisement calling effort. We then measured two standard indices of immune function: lysozyme-like activity of the haemolymph and haemocyte counts. We found a weak, positive relationship between advertisement calling effort and lysozyme-like activity. There was, however, little evidence that individual structural call components or the net multivariate attractiveness of either call type signalled immune function. The relationships between immunity and sexual signaling did not differ between inbred and outbred males. Our data suggest that it is unlikely that females assess overall male immune function using male calls.
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63
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Ardia DR, Gantz JE, Schneider, Strebel S. Costs of immunity in insects: an induced immune response increases metabolic rate and decreases antimicrobial activity. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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64
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Stange N, Ronacher B. Grasshopper calling songs convey information about condition and health of males. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2012; 198:309-18. [PMID: 22246210 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-012-0709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Females of the grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus invest much more in the offspring than do males. As a consequence, females are the more selective sex and exert a sexual selection on males by responding to the songs of certain conspecific males while rejecting others. What kind of information about the sender may a female obtain from a male's song, in addition to its species identity? We searched for correlations between a series of song features and morphometric parameters of individual males. In addition, also the immunocompetence of males was assessed by implanting small pieces of nylon thread. We found significant, positive correlations between certain song characteristics and indicators of male size and immunocompetence. Thus, grasshopper females may--in principle--be able to judge a male's condition and health from the acoustic signals he produces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stange
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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65
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Demuth JP, Naidu A, Mydlarz LD. Sex, war, and disease: the role of parasite infection on weapon development and mating success in a horned beetle (Gnatocerus cornutus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e28690. [PMID: 22247759 PMCID: PMC3256137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While parasites and immunity are widely believed to play important roles in the evolution of male ornaments, their potential influence on systems where male weaponry is the object of sexual selection is poorly understood. We experimentally infect larval broad-horned flour beetles with a tapeworm and study the consequent effects on: 1) adult male morphology 2) male-male contests for mating opportunities, and 3) induction of the innate immune system. We find that infection significantly reduces adult male size in ways that are expected to reduce mating opportunities in nature. The sum of our morphological, competition, and immunological data indicate that during a life history stage where no new resources are acquired, males allocate their finite resources in a way that increases future mating potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery P Demuth
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, United States of America.
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66
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Kortet R, Niemelä PT, Vainikka A, Laakso J. Females Prefer Bold Males; an Analysis of Boldness, Mate Choice, and Bacterial Resistance in the Field CricketGryllus integer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4303/epi/235580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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67
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HEDRICK ANNV, KORTET RAINE. Effects of body size on selectivity for mating cues in different sensory modalities. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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68
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Reichard DG, Rice RJ, Vanderbilt CC, Ketterson ED. Deciphering information encoded in birdsong: male songbirds with fertile mates respond most strongly to complex, low-amplitude songs used in courtship. Am Nat 2011; 178:478-87. [PMID: 21956026 DOI: 10.1086/661901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Research on the function of acoustic signals has focused on high-amplitude long-range songs (LRS) and largely ignored low-amplitude songs produced by many species during close-proximity, conspecific interactions. Low-amplitude songs can be structurally identical to LRS (soft LRS), or they can be widely divergent, sharing few spectral and temporal attributes with LRS (short-range song [SRS]). SRS is often more complex than LRS and is frequently sung by males during courtship. To assess function, we performed two playback experiments on males of a socially monogamous songbird. We compared responses of males whose mates were fertile or nonfertile with differences in song structure (SRS vs. LRS and soft LRS), amplitude (SRS and soft LRS vs. LRS), and tempo (slow SRS vs. fast SRS). Males responded more strongly to SRS than to LRS or soft LRS, indicating that song structure had a greater effect on response than song amplitude. SRS tempo did not detectably affect male response. Importantly, males responded more strongly to SRS when their mates were fertile, presumably because hearing SRS can indicate that a male's mate is being courted by an intruding male and a strong response can deter extrapair competitors. We conclude that low-amplitude songs can function in both inter- and intrasexual communication and should receive greater attention in future studies of mate choice and male-male competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin G Reichard
- Department of Biology and Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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69
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Steiger S, Gershman SN, Pettinger AM, Eggert AK, Sakaluk SK. Sex differences in immunity and rapid upregulation of immune defence during parental care in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus orbicollis. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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70
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Rantala MJ, Honkavaara J, Dunn DW, Suhonen J. Predation selects for increased immune function in male damselflies, Calopteryx splendens. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:1231-8. [PMID: 20943692 PMCID: PMC3049073 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Predation selects for numerous traits in many animal species, with sick or parasitized prey often being at high risk. When challenged by parasites and pathogens, prey with poor immune functions are thus likely to be at a selective disadvantage. We tested the hypothesis that predation by birds selects for increased immune function in a wild population of male damselflies Calopteryx splendens, while controlling for a trait known to be under selection by bird predation, dark wing-spots. We found that selection on both immune function and wing-spot size was significantly positive, and that selection on either trait was independent of selection on the other. We found no evidence of nonlinear quadratic or correlational selection. In contrast to previous studies, we found no phenotypic correlation between immune function and wing-spot size. There was also no difference in immune response between territorial and non-territorial males. Our study suggests that predation may be an important agent of selection on the immune systems of prey, and because the selection we detected was directional, has the potential to cause phenotypic change in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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71
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Boron fertilization enhances the induced defense of silver birch. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:460-71. [PMID: 21487920 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Boron (B) deficiency is a common micronutrient deficiency that has been reported to affect the phenolic metabolism of plants. Thus, it may play a role in defense against herbivorous animals. However, the role of B in a plant's resistance to herbivores has not received any particular attention from researchers. In this study, we tested the effects of B nutrition 1) on the biochemical and mechanical defenses of birches and the growth of seedlings, and 2) the resistance of seedlings to larvae of the autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata. Boron fertilization improved the resistance of birch, which was shown as reduced pupal weight of the herbivore. However, B fertilized trees suffered from heavier defoliation than unfertilized ones due to compensation feeding of larvae. The growth of the seedlings was diminished, and several biochemical changes occurred in leaves of herbivore seedlings, and B also played a role in these changes. Polyphenoloxidases (PPOs) and peroxidases (PODs) and their substrates, chlorogenic acids, were induced by herbivory in B fertilized seedlings but not in unfertilized seedlings. The lower pupal weights and increased consumption of the herbivores were probably linked to the plants' phenoloxidase-mediated production of reactive quinones, which decrease the nutritive value. Herbivory upon new stems led to an increase in the number of resin glands that provide defense against mammalian herbivores. Herbivory also had a substantially negative effect on B concentration in leaves of B fertilized seedlings. We postulate that B nutrition of trees may play a significant role in the induced defense of birches.
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72
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Krams I, Daukšte J, Kivleniece I, Krama T, Rantala MJ, Ramey G, Šauša L. Female choice reveals terminal investment in male mealworm beetles, Tenebrio molitor, after a repeated activation of the immune system. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:56. [PMID: 21864151 PMCID: PMC3281432 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that secondary sexual traits reflect immunocompetence of males in many animal species. This study experimentally investigated whether a parasite-like immunological challenge via a nylon implant affects sexual attractiveness of males in Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Although a single immunological challenge significantly reduced sexual attractiveness and locomotor activity of males, it had no adverse effect on their survival. A second immune challenge of the same males increased their attractiveness. However, it was found that the repeated challenge significantly reduced locomotor activity of males and caused higher mortality. This result indicates terminal investment on sexual signaling, which is supposedly based on a trade-off between pheromone production and energy expenditures needed for such activities as recovery of immune system and locomotor activity. When the third implantation was carried out in the same group of males, melanization of nylon implants was found to be lower in more attractive than in less attractive males. This suggests that males that became sexually attractive after the second immune challenge did not invest in recovery of their immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Krams
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20024 Turku, Finland
- Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - J Daukšte
- Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - I Kivleniece
- Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - T Krama
- Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - MJ Rantala
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20024 Turku, Finland
| | - G Ramey
- Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, LV-5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - L Šauša
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB 1PT, UK
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74
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Sexual attractiveness of immune-challenged male mealworm beetles suggests terminal investment in reproduction. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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75
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Inbreeding and caste-specific variation in immune defence in the ant Formica exsecta. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-1090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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76
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Drayton JM, Milner RNC, Hall MD, Jennions MD. Inbreeding and courtship calling in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus. J Evol Biol 2010; 24:47-58. [PMID: 21054622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Drayton
- Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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77
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Simmons LW, Tinghitella RM, Zuk M. Quantitative genetic variation in courtship song and its covariation with immune function and sperm quality in the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. Behav Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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78
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LEONARD ANNES, HEDRICK ANNV. Long-distance signals influence assessment of close range mating displays in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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79
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Female spotted cucumber beetles use own cuticular hydrocarbon signature to choose immunocompatible mates. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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80
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Cotter SC, Topham E, Price AJP, Kilner RM. Fitness costs associated with mounting a social immune response. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:1114-23. [PMID: 20545735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Social immune systems comprise immune defences mounted by individuals for the benefit of others (sensuCotter & Kilner 2010a). Just as with other forms of immunity, mounting a social immune response is expected to be costly but so far these fitness costs are unknown. We measured the costs of social immunity in a sub-social burying beetle, a species in which two or more adults defend a carrion breeding resource for their young by smearing the flesh with antibacterial anal exudates. Our experiments on widowed females reveal that a bacterial challenge to the breeding resource upregulates the antibacterial activity of a female's exudates, and this subsequently reduces her lifetime reproductive success. We suggest that the costliness of social immunity is a source of evolutionary conflict between breeding adults on a carcass, and that the phoretic communities that the beetles transport between carrion may assist the beetle by offsetting these costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cotter
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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81
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Anttila U, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Rousi M, Yang S, Rantala MJ, Ruuhola T. Effects of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation on a plant–herbivore interaction. Oecologia 2010; 164:163-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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MIKKOLA KAURI, RANTALA MARKUSJ. Immune defence, a possible nonvisual selective factor behind the industrial melanism of moths (Lepidoptera). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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83
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Kerr AM, Gershman SN, Sakaluk SK. Experimentally induced spermatophore production and immune responses reveal a trade-off in crickets. Behav Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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84
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Gershman SN, Barnett CA, Pettinger AM, Weddle CB, Hunt J, Sakaluk SK. Give 'til it hurts: trade-offs between immunity and male reproductive effort in the decorated cricket, Gryllodes sigillatus. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:829-39. [PMID: 20210833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs between life-history variables can be manifested at either the phenotypic or genetic level, with vastly different evolutionary consequences. Here, we examined whether male decorated crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus) from eight inbred lines and the outbred founder population from which they were derived, trade-off immune effort [lytic activity, phenoloxidase (PO) activity or encapsulation] to produce spermatophylaxes: costly nuptial food gifts essential for successful sperm transfer. Canonical correlation analysis of the outbred population revealed a trade-off between spermatophylax mass and lytic activity. Analysis of our inbred lines, however, revealed that although PO activity, encapsulation, body mass, spermatophylax mass and ampulla (sperm capsule) mass were all highly heritable, lytic activity was not, and there was, therefore, no negative genetic correlation between lytic activity and spermatophylax mass. Thus, males showed a phenotypic but not a genetic trade-off between spermatophylax mass and lytic activity, suggesting that this trade-off is mediated largely by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Gershman
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section, School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA.
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85
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Gershman SN, Barnett CA, Pettinger AM, Weddle CB, Hunt J, Sakaluk SK. Inbred decorated crickets exhibit higher measures of macroparasitic immunity than outbred individuals. Heredity (Edinb) 2010; 105:282-9. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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86
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Cotter SC, Kilner RM. Sexual division of antibacterial resource defence in breeding burying beetles,Nicrophorus vespilloides. J Anim Ecol 2010; 79:35-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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87
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Huntingford FA, Ruiz-Gomez ML. Three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus as a model for exploring behavioural biology. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 75:1943-1976. [PMID: 20738667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Niko Tinbergen chose the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus for his classic behavioural studies because they are small, robust, common and easy to house in the laboratory under reasonably natural conditions and also because their behaviour, while sufficiently simple to be tractable, is still sufficiently complex to be interesting. An analysis of citation records shows that this was an inspired choice. Research on these small fish has addressed all four of Tinbergen's famous questions (causation, development, functions and evolution) and has contributed to the understanding of many different behavioural systems. The G. aculeatus literature is used here to explore several themes in fundamental behavioural biology (diet choice, shoaling, behavioural syndromes and sexual signalling) and the extent to which research using G. aculeatus has informed both fundamental and applied behavioural biology, the latter in the context of aquaculture research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Huntingford
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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88
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Rebar D, Bailey NW, Zuk M. Courtship song's role during female mate choice in the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus. Behav Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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89
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The Relationship Between Morphological Symmetry and Immune Response in Wild-Caught Adult Bush-Crickets. Symmetry (Basel) 2009. [DOI: 10.3390/sym1020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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90
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Shamble PS, Wilgers DJ, Swoboda KA, Hebets EA. Courtship effort is a better predictor of mating success than ornamentation for male wolf spiders. Behav Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arp116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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91
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Parker D. Pre- and post-copulatory mate choice in Platygryllus primiformis: cryptic female choice and sexual conflict. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/biohorizons/hzp019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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92
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González-Tokman DM, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Survival after experimental manipulation in the territorial damselfly Hetaerina titia (Odonata: Calopterygidae): more ornamented males are not more pathogen resistant. J ETHOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-009-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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93
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Rillich J, Buhl E, Schildberger K, Stevenson PA. Female crickets are driven to fight by the male courting and calling songs. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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94
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Leman JC, Weddle CB, Gershman SN, Kerr AM, Ower GD, St John JM, Vogel LA, Sakaluk SK. Lovesick: immunological costs of mating to male sagebrush crickets. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:163-71. [PMID: 19127612 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that resources invested in reproduction often come at the expense of the ability to mount an immune response. During mating, female sagebrush crickets, Cyphoderris strepitans, consume the ends of the male's hind wings and ingest his haemolymph. Previous research has shown that this behaviour impairs the ability of males to secure additional matings. One hypothesis to account for this effect is that wing wounding triggers an energetically costly immune response, such that nonvirgin males are unable to sustain the costly acoustical signalling needed to attract additional females. To test this hypothesis, we injected virgin males with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to provoke an immune response, and monitored their mating success in the field. LPS-injected virgin males took significantly longer to mate than sham-injected virgin males, and spent significantly less time calling. We also compared virgin, nonvirgin and experimentally wing-wounded virgin males with respect to: (1) their ability to encapsulate a foreign invader via the accumulation of haemocytes and deposition of melanin and (2) baseline levels of phenoloxidase (PO), a key enzyme in the biochemical cascade leading to the production of melanin. Although encapsulation ability did not differ with reproductive experience, virgin males had significantly higher levels of PO than either nonvirgin or experimentally wing-wounded virgin males. These results suggest that wing-wounding alone is sufficient to impair male immunity, and that males trade-off investment in reproduction and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Leman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4120, USA
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95
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Povey S, Cotter SC, Simpson SJ, Lee KP, Wilson K. Can the protein costs of bacterial resistance be offset by altered feeding behaviour? J Anim Ecol 2008; 78:437-46. [PMID: 19021780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Mounting an immune response is likely to be costly in terms of energy and nutrients, and so it is predicted that dietary intake should change in response to infection to offset these costs. The present study focuses on the interactions between a specialist grass-feeding caterpillar species, the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta, and an opportunist bacterium, Bacillus subtilis. 2. The main aims of the study were (i) to establish the macronutrient costs to the insect host of surviving a systemic bacterial infection, (ii) to determine the relative importance of dietary protein and carbohydrate to immune system functions, and (iii) to determine whether there is an adaptive change in the host's normal feeding behaviour in response to bacterial challenge, such that the nutritional costs of resisting infection are offset. 3. We show that the survival of bacterially infected larvae increased with increasing dietary protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio, suggesting a protein cost associated with bacterial resistance. As dietary protein levels increased, there was an increase in antibacterial activity, phenoloxidase (PO) activity and protein levels in the haemolymph, providing a potential source for this protein cost. However, there was also evidence for a physiological trade-off between antibacterial activity and phenoloxidase activity, as larvae whose antibacterial activity levels were elevated in response to immune activation had reduced PO activity. 4. When given a choice between two diets varying in their P:C ratios, larvae injected with a sub-lethal dose of bacteria increased their protein intake relative to control larvae whilst maintaining similar carbohydrate intake levels. These results are consistent with the notion that S. exempta larvae alter their feeding behaviour in response to bacterial infection in a manner that is likely to enhance the levels of protein available for producing the immune system components and other factors required to resist bacterial infections ('self-medication').
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Povey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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96
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Cotter SC, Myatt JP, Benskin CMH, Wilson K. Selection for cuticular melanism reveals immune function and life-history trade-offs inSpodoptera littoralis. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:1744-54. [PMID: 18691239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Cotter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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97
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Wilson-Rich N, Dres ST, Starks PT. The ontogeny of immunity: development of innate immune strength in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:1392-1399. [PMID: 18761014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are of vital economic and ecological importance. These eusocial animals display temporal polyethism, which is an age-driven division of labor. Younger adult bees remain in the hive and tend to developing brood, while older adult bees forage for pollen and nectar to feed the colony. As honey bees mature, the types of pathogens they experience also change. As such, pathogen pressure may affect bees differently throughout their lifespan. We provide the first direct tests of honey bee innate immune strength across developmental stages. We investigated immune strength across four developmental stages: larvae, pupae, nurses (1-day-old adults), and foragers (22-30 days old adults). The immune strength of honey bees was quantified using standard immunocompetence assays: total hemocyte count, encapsulation response, fat body quantification, and phenoloxidase activity. Larvae and pupae had the highest total hemocyte counts, while there was no difference in encapsulation response between developmental stages. Nurses had more fat body mass than foragers, while phenoloxidase activity increased directly with honey bee development. Immune strength was most vigorous in older, foraging bees and weakest in young bees. Importantly, we found that adult honey bees do not abandon cellular immunocompetence as has recently been proposed. Induced shifts in behavioral roles may increase a colony's susceptibility to disease if nurses begin foraging activity prematurely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Wilson-Rich
- Department of Biology, Dana Laboratories, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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98
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Ward JL, Mclennan DA. Interpopulation Differences in Courtship and Spawning Behavior in the Brook Stickleback (Culaea Inconstans). AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2008. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031(2008)160[82:idicas]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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99
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Gershman SN. Sex-specific differences in immunological costs of multiple mating in Gryllus vocalis field crickets. Behav Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arn040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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100
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