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Abstract
Cirrhosis is known to be associated with numerous cardiovascular abnormalities. These include increased cardiac output and decreased arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance. Despite this increased baseline cardiac output, patients with cirrhosis show an attenuated systolic and diastolic function in the face of pharmacological, physiological and surgical stresses, as well as cardiac electrical abnormalities such as QT prolongation. These abnormalities have been termed cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie this syndrome include impairment of the beta-adrenergic receptor signalling, cardiomyocyte plasma membrane function, intracellular calcium kinetics, and humoral factors such as endogenous cannabinoids, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is believed to contribute to the cardiac dysfunction that can be observed in patients with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt insertion and liver transplantation. Insufficient cardiac contractile function may also play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome precipitated by spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In this review, the clinical features, pathogenic mechanisms, clinical consequences and management options for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph F Lee
- Liver Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Gaskari SA, Honar H, Lee SS. Therapy insight: Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:329-37. [PMID: 16741552 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is associated with several cardiovascular disturbances. These disturbances include hyperdynamic systemic circulation, manifested by an increased cardiac output and decreased peripheral vascular resistance and arterial pressure. Despite the baseline increase in cardiac output, cardiac function in patients with cirrhosis is abnormal in several respects. Patients show attenuated systolic and diastolic contractile responses to stress stimuli, electrophysiological repolarization changes, including prolonged QT interval, and enlargement or hypertrophy of cardiac chambers. This constellation of cardiac abnormalities is termed cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. It has been suggested that cirrhotic cardiomyopathy has a role in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction and even overt heart failure after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement, major surgery and liver transplantation. Cardiac dysfunction contributes to morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation, even in many patients who have no prior history of cardiac disease. Depressed cardiac contractility contributes to the pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome, especially in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying cirrhotic cardiomyopathy include cardiomyocyte-membrane biophysical changes, attenuation of the stimulatory beta-adrenergic system and overactivity of negative inotropic systems mediated via cyclic GMP. The clinical features, general diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis and treatment of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy are discussed in this review.
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Zambruni A, Trevisani F, Caraceni P, Bernardi M. Cardiac electrophysiological abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2006; 44:994-1002. [PMID: 16510203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zambruni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Cardioangiologia ed Epatologia, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Semeiotica Medica Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi Via Albertoni, 15 40138 Bologna, Italy
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55
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Jones WK. A murine model of alcoholic cardiomyopathy: a role for zinc and metallothionein in fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:301-4. [PMID: 16049317 PMCID: PMC1603573 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Keith Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML0575, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575, USA.
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56
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Stewart KS, Rhim CH, Bahrain ML, Ashkezari ZD, Ozdemirli M, Fishbein TM, Johnson LB, Lu AD, Plotkin JS. Nonischemic cardiomyopathy after orthotopic liver transplantation: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. Liver Transpl 2005; 11:573-8. [PMID: 15838869 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 2002 there were more than 5,000 liver transplantations performed in the United States. As of February 2004 there were more than 17,000 registrations for liver transplantation. As more organs are transplanted and surgical techniques improve, unique causes of morbidity and mortality will become apparent. We describe three cases of postoperative nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), one of whom underwent diagnostic myocardial biopsy. This paper will discuss the three patients, including biopsy results, and briefly review the relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Stewart
- Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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58
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Kadaja L, Kisand KE, Peet N, Braun U, Metsküla K, Teesalu K, Vibo R, Kisand KV, Uibo R, Jockusch H, Seppet EK. IgG from patients with liver diseases inhibit mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized oxidative muscle cells: impaired function of intracellular energetic units? Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 256-257:291-303. [PMID: 14977189 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000009876.23921.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of IgG purified from the sera of healthy persons and patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and chronic hepatitis (CH) on ADP dependent respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) in skinned muscle fibers from rat oxidative muscles (heart and M. soleus) and glycolytic skeletal muscle (M. gastrocnemius) was studied. The results show that IgG from three different sources inhibited the rate of respiration by 13, 44 and 42%, respectively, these effects being equally expressed in both types of oxidative muscles, whereas no inhibition was observed in glycolytic muscle. The following washout of unbound IgG did not abolish the inhibition of respiration suggesting that the specific interaction of IgG with antigens had taken place. Laser confocal analysis revealed binding of IgG predominantly to the sarcomeric structures such as Z-disk and M-lines in the cardiomyocytes. The staining of IgG within Z-disks and intermitochondrial space coincided throughout the muscle cells so that transversally serial spaces, each containing mitochondria and adjacent sarcomere, became clearly visible. When the IgG from a CH patient was incubated with the skinned myocardial fibers of the desmin knockout mice, its binding to Z-disks and the sarcomeric area was found to be similar to that in normal cardiac muscle. However, the transversal staining pattern was disintegrated, because of the slippage of the myofibrils in relation to each other and accumulation of mitochondria between them. These observations support the recent hypothesis that in oxidative muscles the mitochondria and adjacent sarcomeres form complexes, termed as the intracellular energetic units, ICEUs. Moreover, they indicate that human autoantibodies can be useful tools for localizing the proteins responsible for formation of ICEUs and modulation of their function. Thus, it appears that the proteins associated with the Z-disks and M-lines may participate in formation of ICEUs and that binding of IgG to these proteins decreases the access of exogenous adenine nucleotides to mitochondria, which manifests as decreased rate of ADP-dependent respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumme Kadaja
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Oliveira PJ, Rolo AP, Seiça R, Santos MS, Palmeira CM, Moreno AJM. Cardiac Mitochondrial Calcium Loading Capacity Is Severely Affected after Chronic Cholestasis in Wistar Rats. J Investig Med 2003. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2003.34205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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60
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Oliveira PJ, Rolo AP, Seiça R, Santos MS, Palmeira CM, Moreno AJM. Cardiac Mitochondrial Calcium Loading Capacity is Severely Affected after Chronic Cholestasis in Wistar Rats. J Investig Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/108155890305100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular changes correlated with some forms of hepatic disease are being reported in the literature. Objectives: The aim of this work was to characterize cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics and calcium buffering capacity in Wistar rats injected with six weekly doses of α-naphthylisothio-cyanate (ANIT), a compound known to induce cholestasis in animal models. Methods Isolated heart mitochondria were obtained from both injected and control animals and bioenergetic parameters were measured, as well as the capacity to buffer externally added calcium and the mitochondrial content of reduced protein thiol groups. Blood biochemistry analyses were obtained at the initial and end points of treatment. The in vitro ANIT effect on isolated heart mitochondria was also studied. Results and Discussion Our results showed that the respiratory control ratio was the only parameter affected in injected animals ( p < .05, n = 5). Nevertheless, heart mitochondria from injected animals showed an inability to accumulate added calcium owing to an increased susceptibility to the calcium-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition ( p < .0001, n = 5). The effects were still present 1 week after ending ANIT administration, when serum markers for liver injury and hyperbilirubinemia were already abated (although in the presence of bile duct proliferation). To our knowledge, this is the first time that cardiac mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial respiratory ratio are seen affected during ANIT-induced cholestasis, prevailing even in the absence of hepatic damage serum markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J. Oliveira
- Dep. Zoologici, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina Centro de Neurociências de Coimbra de Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela P. Rolo
- Dep. Zoologici, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina Centro de Neurociências de Coimbra de Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Dep. Zoologici, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina Centro de Neurociências de Coimbra de Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria S. Santos
- Dep. Zoologici, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina Centro de Neurociências de Coimbra de Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Palmeira
- Dep. Zoologici, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina Centro de Neurociências de Coimbra de Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. M. Moreno
- Dep. Zoologici, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Faculdade de Medicina Centro de Neurociências de Coimbra de Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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61
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Abstract
Further insights into the molecular regulation of bile acid transport and metabolism have provided the basis for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases. Novel insights into the mechanisms of action of ursodeoxycholic acid should advance our understanding of the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases. Mutations of transporter genes can cause hereditary cholestatic syndromes in both infants and adults as well as cholesterol gallstone disease. Important studies have been published on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis, drug-induced cholestasis, and cholestasis of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Karl-Franzens University, School of Medicine, Graz, Austria
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