51
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Zhang LH, Qin LX, Ma ZC, Ye SL, Liu YK, Ye QH, Wu X, Huang W, Tang ZY. Allelic imbalance regions on chromosomes 8p, 17p and 19p related to metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison between matched primary and metastatic lesions in 22 patients by genome-wide microsatellite analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129:279-86. [PMID: 12734753 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-002-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2002] [Accepted: 11/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To understand the molecular mechanisms of metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is necessary to identify the accumulating genetic alterations during its progression as well as those responsible for the acquisition of metastatic potential in cancer cells. In our previous study, using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), we found that loss on chromosome 8p is more frequent in metastatic lesions than in matched primary tumors of HCC. Thus, 8p deletion might contribute to HCC metastasis. To narrow the location of metastasis-related alteration regions, we analyzed 22 primary and matched metastatic lesions of HCC by genome-wide microsatellite analysis. Common regions with high levels of allelic imbalance (AI) were identified on 17p, 8p11-cen, 8p21-23, 4q32-qter, 4q13-23, 16q, and 1p33. Regions with increased AI in metastatic lesions were 8p23.3, 8p11.2, 17p11.2-13.3, 4q21-22, 4q32-qter, 8q24.1, 9p11, 9q31, 11q23.1, 13q14.1-31, 13q32-qter, 16p13.3, 16q13, 16q22, and 19p13.1, and these were considered to be related to the metastasis phenotype. Among them, loss on 8p was again proved to be related to progression and metastasis of HCC, and 8p23.3 and 8p11.2 were two likely regions harboring metastasis-related genes. It was also shown for the first time in HCC that AI of 19p13.1 might also be related to metastatic potential. These results provide some candidate regions for further study to identify putative genes suppressing metastasis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hai Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, 200032, Shanghai, China
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52
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Chronic Disease
- Genes, cdc
- Genes, p53
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Liver Diseases/complications
- Liver Diseases/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/complications
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
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53
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Tamori A, Nishiguchi S, Kubo S, Enomoto M, Koh N, Takeda T, Shiomi S, Hirohashi K, Kinoshita H, Otani S. Sequencing of human-viral DNA junctions in hepatocellular carcinoma from patients with HCV and occult HBV infection. J Med Virol 2003; 69:475-81. [PMID: 12601754 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA of free hepatitis B viruses (HBV) has been detected in the liver of patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is unknown whether HBV DNA is integrated into such livers; if so, it may affect hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) from 34 patients without HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and with anti-HCV, and from 7 patients with HBsAg and without anti-HCV as controls, were examined, using the cassette-ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction and primers based on HBV DNA sequence. In the controls, HBV DNA had been integrated into human DNA of all HCCs. On the basis of HBV DNA in tumor tissue, 23 of the 34 patients with anti-HCV had occult infection. Junctions between human DNA and HBV DNA were detected in 10 of the 34 patients without HBsAg and with anti-HCV. HBV DNA was integrated into chromosome 11q in 4 of the 10 HCCs with junctions. The DNA to either side of the human-viral junctions was sequenced. Clinically, the mean tumor size of these 10 HCCs was 39 mm; that of the 24 HCCs without integrated HBV was 25 mm. The surrounding tissue was cirrhotic in 2 of the 10 former HCCs and in 16 of the latter 24 HCCs. In conclusion, integrated HBV was detected in some patients with HCV infection; in these patients, the integrated DNA was associated with accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tamori
- Department of Hepatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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54
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Ng IOL, Guan XY, Poon RTP, Fan ST, Lee JMF. Determination of the molecular relationship between multiple tumour nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma differentiates multicentric origin from intrahepatic metastasis. J Pathol 2003; 199:345-53. [PMID: 12579536 DOI: 10.1002/path.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular relationship between multiple tumour nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within individual patients and to evaluate their clonality, which may bear prognostic significance. In 25 HCC nodules from 11 patients with multiple HCCs, the clonal relationships of the nodules within individual patients were determined using DNA fingerprinting with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) assay, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) integration pattern. Both LOH assay and CGH indicated that in four (36%) of the 11 patients, the multiple HCCs had different clonalities and hence were of multicentric origin, whereas in the remaining seven (64%) patients, the multiple HCCs had similar clonal relationships and were intrahepatic metastases. In selected cases, the HBV integration pattern helped to confirm the clonality results. Gross appearance, size, location, and histology of the tumours could not accurately predict their clonal origin in every case. Assessment of DNA alterations allows precise determination of the clonality of multiple HCCs within one patient. Of these molecular methods, LOH analysis can be used to evaluate tumour clonality in most patients even before surgical resection, since this assay can be readily applied routinely to either liver biopsies or fine needle aspirates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Oi-lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.
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55
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Matsuo K, Satoh S, Okabe H, Nomura A, Maeda T, Yamaoka Y, Ikai I. SIAH1 inactivation correlates with tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 36:283-91. [PMID: 12557228 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 16 is frequently observed in human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). To identify tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, we performed deletion mapping of chromosome 16 in 59 HCCs. Three commonly deleted regions, located in 16q12.1, 16q22.1, and 16q24.2, were observed. Because there has been no study on LOH at locus 16q12.1 in HCCs, we focused on this region. By searching the Human Genome Database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information web site, we identified 14 known genes in 16q12.1 as TSG candidates. Among these, the expression of SIAH1 was markedly downregulated in HCCs, and inactivation of SIAH1 expression was associated with LOH at 16q12.1. A mutation analysis of SIAH1 revealed no somatic mutations, but one single nucleotide polymorphism was found among the 35 HCCs investigated. Subsequently, we evaluated the relation between SIAH1 expression, confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, and clinicopathological parameters in HCCs. SIAH1 was significantly downregulated in advanced HCCs, including poorly differentiated tumors, larger tumors, and tumors in advanced stages. These findings suggest that inactivation of SIAH1 plays an important role in HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Matsuo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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56
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Chang YC, Ho CL, Chen HHW, Chang TT, Lai WW, Dai YC, Lee WY, Chow NH. Molecular diagnosis of primary liver cancer by microsatellite DNA analysis in the serum. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1449-53. [PMID: 12454776 PMCID: PMC2376295 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2002] [Revised: 09/04/2002] [Accepted: 09/19/2002] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent loss of heterozygosity of microsatellites markers on specific chromosomal region have been reported in various types of primary human cancer. The same loss of heterozygosity has also been identified in the matched plasma/serum DNA. Using 109 microsatellite markers representing 24 chromosomal arms, we have examined the loss of heterozygosity in 21 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, six of cholangiocarcinoma, and 27 cases of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. All cases of the hepatocellular carcinoma showed deletion from two to 10 chromosomal arms, while deletion of chromosomes from two to eight regions was detected in five of six cholangiocarcinoma patients. One or more loss of heterozygosity in the paired serum DNA could be detected in 16 of 25 (76.2%) hepatocellular carcinoma patients. In contrast, no alterations in serum DNA test could be found in cholangiocarcinoma patients. Five of seven (71.4%) hepatocellular carcinoma patients with alpha-fetoprotein levels less than 20 ng ml(-1) produced positive serum DNA test. The profiles of 19 microsatellite markers gave a 100% positive predictive value and an 80.8% negative predictive value for hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, we have determined a profile of microsatellite markers appropriate for differential diagnosis of primary liver cancer. The discovery may permit a high-throughput screening of hepatocellular carcinoma at an early stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan, Republic of China
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57
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Liu D, Momoi H, Li L, Ishikawa Y, Fukumoto M. Microsatellite instability in thorotrast-induced human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2002; 102:366-71. [PMID: 12402306 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thorotrast, a colloidal suspension of radioactive (232)ThO(2) that emits alpha particles, was used as a radiographic contrast during World War II. It is known to induce liver cancers, most frequently ICC, decades after injection. Since radiation induces genomic instability, we analyzed MSI in Thorotrast-induced ICC. The frequency of MSI(+) cases was 62.5% in Thorotrast ICC, whereas it was 22.7% in non-Thorotrast ICC. However, frameshift mutations of mononucleotide repeats were not observed in Thorotrast ICC. In addition, the MSI(+) phenotype was not associated with the quantity of Thorotrast deposited or the latency period of ICC induction. Promoter regions of both the hMLH1 and the hMSH2 MMR genes tended to be hypermethylated in the tumor part compared to the adjacent nontumor part in Thorotrast ICC. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter was associated with the MSI(+) phenotype in Thorotrast ICC. In contrast, methylation status of these promoter regions was not related to MSI in non-Thorotrast ICC cases. These findings suggest that MSI induced by exposure to Thorotrast mainly reflects clonal expansion of cancer cells and is partly due to inactivation of hMLH1 by hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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58
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McGlynn KA, Edmonson MN, Michielli RA, London WT, Lin WY, Chen GC, Shen FM, Buetow KH. A phylogenetic analysis identifies heterogeneity among hepatocellular carcinomas. Hepatology 2002. [PMID: 12447857 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840360608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality on the global scale. Although epidemiologic studies have identified major risk factors for HCC, the sequence of oncogenic events at the molecular level remains poorly understood. While genetic allele loss appears to be a common event, the significance of the loss is not clear. In order to determine whether allele loss appears to be a random event among HCCs or whether patterns of loss cluster in groups of tumors, a phylogenetic approach was used to examine 32 tumors for genome-wide loss of heterozygosity employing 391 markers. Clusters identified by the phylogenetic analysis were then contrasted to compare candidate locus variation among individuals and to determine whether certain clusters exhibited higher loss rates than other clusters. The analysis found that 3 major and 1 minor cluster of loss could be identified and, further, these clusters were distinguished by variable rates of loss (cluster 1, 29%; cluster 2, 21%; cluster 3, 16%). The analyses also indicated that the allele loss rates in HCC were not insignificant and that the patterns of allele loss were complex. In addition, the results indicated that an individual's constitutional genotype at the EPHX1 locus may be a critical factor in determining the path of tumor evolution. In conclusion, it appears that in HCC, allele loss is not random, but clusters into definable groups that are characterized by distinctive rates of loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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59
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Nishimura T, Nishida N, Itoh T, Kuno M, Minata M, Komeda T, Fukuda Y, Ikai I, Yamaoka Y, Nakao K. Comprehensive allelotyping of well-differentiated human hepatocellular carcinoma with semiquantitative determination of chromosomal gain or loss. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 35:329-39. [PMID: 12378527 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Allelic imbalance (AI), which represents certain chromosomal gains or losses, has been described in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the impact of AI on the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis has not been fully clarified. Moreover, no previous allelotype studies have identified the difference in chromosomal gain and loss that results in AI. To resolve these problems, we examined 18 well-differentiated HCCs with comprehensive allelotyping by using 400 microsatellite markers with semiquantitative assessment of chromosomal gain or loss. To detect allelic gain effectively, the cutoff value of the allelic imbalance index was set at 0.70. Each allele showing imbalance was subjected to multiplex PCR with use of a retained allele as an internal control to determine whether the imbalance was the result of chromosomal gain or loss. High frequencies of chromosomal gains were detected at 1q (D1S196-D1S2785, 56%), 5q (D5S647-D5S2027, 44%), 6p (6pter-D6S309, 33%), 7 (7pter-D7S657, 22%), and 8q (D8S514-qter, 44%), whereas chromosomal losses were frequently observed at 1p (1pter-D1S234, 22%), 8p (8pter-D8S549, 44%), and 17p (17pter-D17S921, 28%). The extent of overall chromosomal aberration was closely related to the maximum tumor diameter (P = 0.002) and the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (P = 0.03). Recurrent chromosomal losses at 1p and 8p and gains at 1q and 8q, even in HCCs with a minimal extent of aberrant chromosomes, indicate that these alterations were critical in the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. On the other hand, deletions of 13q and 16q were infrequent and were seen only in the most aberrant cases, which suggested that these were late events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Nishimura
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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60
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Wei Y, Van Nhieu JT, Prigent S, Srivatanakul P, Tiollais P, Buendia MA. Altered expression of E-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma: correlations with genetic alterations, beta-catenin expression, and clinical features. Hepatology 2002; 36:692-701. [PMID: 12198663 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.35342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin is a key cell adhesion protein implicated as a tumor/invasion suppressor in human carcinomas and a binding partner of beta-catenin, which plays a critical role in Wnt signaling and in tumorigenesis. Here we report genetic and expression studies of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin expression in 37 HCCs and adjacent nontumor tissues revealed important variations among tumor samples, ranging from complete or heterogeneous down-regulation in 35% of cases to marked overexpression in 40% of tumors. Loss of E-cadherin expression was closely associated with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the E-cadherin locus and methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region (P <.002), predominantly in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related tumors (P <.005). No mutation of the E-cadherin gene could be detected in the tumors examined, suggesting the requirement for reversible mechanisms of E-cadherin down-regulation. In most HCCs, including E-cadherin-positive and -negative cases, beta-catenin was strongly expressed at the cell membrane and nuclear accumulation of the protein was correlated with the presence of mutations in the beta-catenin gene itself, but not with E-cadherin loss. At difference with a number of epithelial cancers, vascular invasion was frequently noted in HCCs showing enforced expression of the membranous E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex. In conclusion, these data support the notion that E-cadherin might play diverse and seemingly paradoxic roles in HCC, reflecting specific requirements for tumor growth and spread in the liver environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei
- Unité de Recombinaison et Expression Génétique (Inserm U163), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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61
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Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis is a slow process during which genomic changes progressively alter the hepatocellular phenotype to produce cellular intermediates that evolve into hepatocellular carcinoma. During the long preneoplastic stage, in which the liver is often the site of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or both, hepatocyte cycling is accelerated by upregulation of mitogenic pathways, in part through epigenetic mechanisms. This leads to the production of monoclonal populations of aberrant and dysplastic hepatocytes that have telomere erosion and telomerase re-expression, sometimes microsatellite instability, and occasionally structural aberrations in genes and chromosomes. Development of dysplastic hepatocytes in foci and nodules and emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma are associated with the accumulation of irreversible structural alterations in genes and chromosomes, but the genomic basis of the malignant phenotype is heterogeneous. The malignant hepatocyte phenotype may be produced by the disruption of a number of genes that function in different regulatory pathways, producing several molecular variants of hepatocellular carcinoma. New strategies should enable these variants to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorri S Thorgeirsson
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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62
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Park WS, Lee JH, Park JY, Jeong SW, Shin MS, Kim HS, Lee SK, Lee SN, Lee SH, Park CG, Yoo NJ, Lee JY. Genetic analysis of the liver putative tumor suppressor (LPTS) gene in hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer Lett 2002; 178:199-207. [PMID: 11867205 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel liver-related putative tumor suppressor (LPTS), which has a growth inhibitory function in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line, has been identified at chromosome 8p23. To determine the relationship of the LPTS with the development or progression of HCC, we analyzed the genetic alterations and the expression pattern of the LPTS gene in a series of 80 HCCs, six dysplastic nodules, and eight large regenerating nodules, determining the genomic structures. We identified a total of seven exons, of which two were alternative, and three LPTS isoforms, short (LPTS-S), medium (LPTS-M), and long-sizes (LPTS-L). In the genetic alteration study of the LPTS gene, no mutation was detected in the large regenerating nodules, dysplastic nodules, and HCC, whereas ten (34.5%) of 29 informative cases at one or more intragenic polymorphic sites showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Interestingly, LOH was identified only in HCC samples with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the frequency of LOH was not statistically related with histologic grade and clinical stage, suggesting that allelic loss of the LPTS gene may occur as an early event in the development of HCC, especially in the cases with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
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63
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Moro A, Jiang J, Gigou M, Féray C. Carcinogenèse hépatique et virus de l’hépatite C. Med Sci (Paris) 2002. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2002183335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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64
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Hanafusa T, Yumoto Y, Nouso K, Nakatsukasa H, Onishi T, Fujikawa T, Taniyama M, Nakamura S, Uemura M, Takuma Y, Yumoto E, Higashi T, Tsuji T. Reduced expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and its promoter hypermethylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2002; 176:149-58. [PMID: 11804742 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is postulated to be a mediator of growth suppression signals. Reduced expression of the IGFBP-3 was observed in nine out of 12 human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) (75%). Promoter hypermethylation of the IGFBP-3 was detected in four out of 12 HCCs (33%) although mutations were not identified. The expression of IGFBP-3 was restored by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in HCC cell line with promoter hypermethylation (HepG2). As IGFBP-3 functions like a tumor suppressor gene, it may be used as a therapeutic target for HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Decitabine
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/biosynthesis
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Mannosephosphates/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hanafusa
- Isotope Center, Okayama University, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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65
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Koo SH, Ihm CH, Kwon KC, Park JW, Kim JM, Kong G. Genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 130:22-8. [PMID: 11672769 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the following study, we used comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to screen and compare for genetic alterations of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic choalgiocarcinoma (ICC). The studies showed distinctive features of genetic alterations between the two tumors. Characteristic abnormal changes for HCC were 1q gain and loss of 4q, 10q and 13q regions. In contrast, gains of 5p, 7p, 13q and 20q were more predominant in ICC. Losses of 16q, 17p, and 18q, and gain of 8q region showed a similar high frequency of incidence in both tumors. The most striking and different findings were 1q amplification in HCC and 20q gain in ICC. Our data indicate that ICC shows the pattern of genetic alterations similar to pancreatic and colorectal cancers. This suggests that the genetic alterations in tumorigenesis show a similar pattern depending on the origin of cells, not the organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Koo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daesadong 640, 301-040, Taejon, South Korea.
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66
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Yeh SH, Chen PJ, Shau WY, Chen YW, Lee PH, Chen JT, Chen DS. Chromosomal allelic imbalance evolving from liver cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:699-709. [PMID: 11522754 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.27211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cirrhotic nodules have long been assumed to be the precancerous lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We thus investigated the allelic imbalance (AI) in cirrhotic nodules to define the genetic aberrations in early hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS One hundred eighty cirrhotic nodules from 7 female patients with HCC were collected by microdissection. Their clonality nature was assessed by examining the X chromosome methylation pattern. AI in monoclonal cirrhotic nodules and the corresponding HCCs were analyzed with microsatellite polymorphic markers. RESULTS One hundred one out of 180 nodules (56.1%) were monoclonal and the average fractional AI (FAI) was 21%, lower than the 40% in HCC. Their overall AI patterns differed significantly from that in HCC (P < 0.001) with FAI on 2q, 4q, 8p, and Xq higher than the mean value. Comparison of FAI in nodules (stratified by increasing total AI events) further revealed a progressive increase of FAI on 4q, 8p, and Xq. In contrast, FAI on 1p, 13q, 16q, and 17p were low in nodules but rose above the mean only in HCC. CONCLUSIONS About half of the cirrhotic nodules are monoclonal and already have chromosome aberrations. AI on 4q, 8p, and Xq may be the earlier mutations, whereas AI on 1p, 13q, 16q, and 17p occurs late in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Yeh
- Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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67
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Yakicier MC, Legoix P, Vaury C, Gressin L, Tubacher E, Capron F, Bayer J, Degott C, Balabaud C, Zucman-Rossi J. Identification of homozygous deletions at chromosome 16q23 in aflatoxin B1 exposed hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2001; 20:5232-8. [PMID: 11526514 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2001] [Revised: 05/29/2001] [Accepted: 05/30/2001] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) represents the most frequent genetic alteration observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chromosome 16q is of particular interest as it exhibits LOH in 29% of HCC tumors and is frequently lost in breast, prostate, ovarian and gastric carcinomas. We genotyped 157 HCC tumors for 17 microsatellite markers distributed on chromosome 16q and determined a common region of LOH localized between the markers D16S518 and D16S504. By refining the boundaries of two interstitial LOH and two homozygous deletions, the critical region was delimited to 180 kb between D16S3096 and D16S3029. This region is located in intron 8 of the WWOX/FOR gene, but a search for mutations in all coding exons of this gene in 27 HCC tumors and cell lines did not reveal any tumor somatic alterations. Furthermore, by RT-PCR, no abnormal transcripts of this WWOX/FOR gene was detected in nine HCC cell lines. Finally, analysis of the p53 gene mutations with the clinical parameters of all tumors revealed that the two homozygous deletions have occurred in tumors presenting a R249S mutation. Our data revealed a relationship between chromosome 16q homozygous deletions and R249S p53 mutations in tumors where the patient had been exposed to aflatoxin B1 (P=0.002). These results are consistent with a role of aflatoxin B1 in the instability of chromosome 16q at the fragile site FRA16D. However, the nature of the specific gene that is altered during hepatocarcinogenesis remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Yakicier
- INSERM U434, CEPH 27 Rue Juliette Dodu 75010 Paris, France
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Momoi H, Itoh T, Nozaki Y, Arima Y, Okabe H, Satoh S, Toda Y, Sakai E, Nakagawara K, Flemming P, Yamamoto M, Shimahara Y, Yamaoka Y, Fukumoto M. Microsatellite instability and alternative genetic pathway in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2001; 35:235-44. [PMID: 11580146 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) arises from intrahepatic bile duct epithelium and is the second most prevalent among primary liver cancers. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of cholangiocarcinogenesis. METHODS We studied the incidence of microsatellite instability (MSI) involving eight highly polymorphic microsatellite markers and alternations of the K-ras, p53 and mdm-2 genes in human ICC tissues. Overexpression of mdm-2 oncoprotein was also immunohistochemically studied. RESULTS Of all 65 cases examined, K-ras gene mutation was found in three cases (4.6%) at codon 12. Analysis of p53 alterations was performed in 28 cases including 22 frozen samples and mutations were found in three cases (10.7%). Overexpression of mdm-2 protein was observed in 25 (41.7%) out of 60 cases analyzed. In 22 frozen samples, seven (31.8%) cases showed mdm-2 amplification and four (18.2%) cases revealed MSI-positive phenotype. Among the cases analyzed, all the tumors with mdm-2 amplification/overexpression harbored the wild-type p53 gene and all the microsatellite instability-positive cases were from mass-forming (MF) + periductal-infiltrating (PI) subtype. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mdm-2 plays a role, which might be partially through inhibiting p53 activity, in cholangiocarcinogenesis and that M
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Affiliation(s)
- H Momoi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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69
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Dore MP, Realdi G, Mura D, Onida A, Massarelli G, Dettori G, Graham DY, Sepulveda AR. Genomic instability in chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2001; 32:698-703. [PMID: 11486168 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2001.25593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Progressive accumulation of mutations and genomic instability in chronic viral hepatitis might flag an increased risk of HCC development. Genomic instability at dinucleotide microsatellite loci in chromosomes 2, 13, and 17 and at 2 mononucleotide repeat loci was examined in liver tissues from 41 patients, including 30 without HCC (18 patients with chronic hepatitis and 12 with cirrhosis) and 11 with HCC. Genomic instability was detected in 51% of the 41 cases. Allelic imbalance at informative dinucleotide loci occurred in 37% of the cases. In 14 cases (34%), allelic imbalance was detected in chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis without HCC. Allelic imbalance at the chromosome 13 locus was detected in 50% of the cases of chronic hepatitis C. Allelic imbalance at the TP53 chromosome locus and/or at the chromosome 13 locus was significantly more frequent than alterations at the chromosome 2 locus (P =.026). Low-level microsatellite instability was found in 20% of all cases examined and high-level microsatellite instability in 3 patients (7.5%), including 2 cases of chronic hepatitis and 1 case of cirrhosis. Our results show that allelic imbalance occurs frequently in hepatitis-related HCC as well as in chronic hepatitis in patients without HCC. Allelic imbalance at the D13S170 chromosome 13 locus (13q31.2) occurs frequently in chronic hepatitis, suggesting that genomic alterations affecting the long arm of chromosome 13 might be used to monitor the natural progression of chronic hepatitis-associated liver carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Dinucleotide Repeats
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/genetics
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Dore
- Institutes of Internal Medicine, Pathology, and General Surgery, University of Medicine, Sassari, Italy
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70
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Li SP, Wang HY, Li JQ, Zhang CQ, Feng QS, Huang P, Yu XJ, Huang LX, Liang QW, Zeng YX. Genome-wide analyses on loss of heterozygosity in hepatocellular carcinoma in Southern China. J Hepatol 2001; 34:840-9. [PMID: 11451167 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To conduct a genome-wide analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and its clinical significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Southern China where high incidence of HCC was documented. METHODS LOH of 382 microsatellite loci on all autosomes were detected with polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite polymorphism analyses in 104 HCC tumor tissues. RESULTS High frequency of LOH (>55.7%) was observed on chromosome 1p, 1q, 2q, 3p, 4q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 13q, 16q, and 17p. LOH rates on loci D4S2964 (4q21.21), D8S277 (8p23.1-pter) and D17S938 (17p13.1-p13.3) were significantly higher in cases with positive HBsAg than in those with negative HBsAg. Similarly, LOH on loci D1S214 (lp36.3), D1S2797 (1p34) and D3S3681 (3p11.2-p14.2) were more frequently detected in tumors with intrahepatic metastasis than in those without. CONCLUSIONS Status of LOH in HCC in Southern China is similar to that reported previously in other countries and areas. However, we firstly identified high-frequency LOH on chromosome 3p in HCC. Furthermore, HBV infection, as well as tumor intrahepatic metastasis, may be correlated with allelic losses on certain chromosome regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Barghorn A, Speel EJ, Farspour B, Saremaslani P, Schmid S, Perren A, Roth J, Heitz PU, Komminoth P. Putative tumor suppressor loci at 6q22 and 6q23-q24 are involved in the malignant progression of sporadic endocrine pancreatic tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:1903-11. [PMID: 11395364 PMCID: PMC1891980 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous comparative genomic hybridization study on sporadic endocrine pancreatic tumors (EPTs) revealed frequent losses on chromosomes 11q, 3p, and 6q. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of 6q losses in the oncogenesis of sporadic EPTs and to narrow down the smallest regions of allelic deletion. A multimodal approach combining polymerase chain reaction-based allelotyping, double-target fluorescence in situ hybridization, and comparative genomic hybridization was used in a collection of 109 sporadic EPTs from 93 patients. Nine polymorphic microsatellite markers (6q13 to 6q25-q27) were investigated, demonstrating a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 62.2% of the patients. A LOH was significantly more common in tumors >2 cm in diameter than below this threshold as well as in malignant than in benign tumors. We were able to narrow down the smallest regions of allelic deletion at 6q22.1 (D6S262) and 6q23-q24 (D6S310-UTRN) with LOH-frequencies of 50.0% and 41.2 to 56.3%, respectively. Several promising tumor suppressor candidates are located in these regions. Additional fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on 46 EPTs using three locus-specific probes (6q21, 6q22, and 6q27) as well as a centromere 6-specific probe revealed complete loss of chromosome 6 especially in metastatic disease. We conclude that the two hot spots found on 6q may harbor putative tumor suppressor genes involved not only in the oncogenesis but maybe also in the malignant and metastatic progression of sporadic EPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barghorn
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kosmeder
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illlinois @ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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