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Gourcerol G, Wu SV, Yuan PQ, Pham H, Miampamba M, Larauche M, Sanders P, Amano T, Mulak A, Im E, Pothoulakis C, Rivier J, Taché Y, Million M. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 mediates the colonic motor coping response to acute stress in rodents. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1586-96.e6. [PMID: 21277852 PMCID: PMC3150547 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF(1)) mediates the stress-induced colonic motor activity. Less is known about the role of CRF(2) in the colonic response to stress. METHODS We studied colonic contractile activity in rats and CRF(2)-/-, CRF-overexpressing, and wild-type mice using still manometry; we analyzed defecation induced by acute partial-restraint stress (PRS), and/or intraperitoneal injection of CRF ligands. In rats, we monitored activation of the colonic longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) neurons and localization of CRF(1) and CRF(2) using immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses. We measured phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 by CRF ligands in primary cultures of LMMP neurons (PC-LMMPn) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with CRF(1) and/or CRF(2). RESULTS In rats, a selective agonist of CRF(2) (urocortin 2) reduced CRF-induced defecation (>50%), colonic contractile activity, and Fos expression in the colonic LMMP. A selective antagonist of CRF(2) (astressin(2)-B) increased these responses. Urocortin 2 reduced PRS-induced colonic contractile activity in wild-type and CRF-overexpressing mice, whereas disruption of CRF(2) increased PRS-induced colonic contractile activity and CRF-induced defecation. CRF(2) colocalized with CRF(1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat colon, LMMP, and PC-LMMPn. CRF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in PC-LMMPn; this was inhibited or increased by a selective antagonist of CRF(1) (NBI35965) or astressin(2)-B, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration, EC(50), for the CRF-induced cAMP response was 8.6 nmol/L in human embryonic kidney-293 cells that express only CRF(1); this response was suppressed 10-fold in cells that express CRF(1) and CRF(2). CONCLUSIONS In colon tissues of rodents, CRF(2) activation inhibits CRF(1) signaling in myenteric neurons and the stress-induced colonic motor responses. Disruption of CRF(2) function impairs colonic coping responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gourcerol
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
,Department of Physiology and ADEN EA 4311/IFRMP23, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, France.
| | - S. Vincent Wu
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Hung Pham
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Marcel Miampamba
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Paul Sanders
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Tomofumi Amano
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Agata Mulak
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Eunok Im
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Jean Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Liu S, Gao N, Hu HZ, Wang X, Wang GD, Fang X, Gao X, Xia Y, Wood JD. Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 mediates the colonic motor coping response to acute stress in rodents. Gastroenterology 2011; 494:63-74. [PMID: 16304680 PMCID: PMC2582187 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF(1)) mediates the stress-induced colonic motor activity. Less is known about the role of CRF(2) in the colonic response to stress. METHODS We studied colonic contractile activity in rats and CRF(2)-/-, CRF-overexpressing, and wild-type mice using still manometry; we analyzed defecation induced by acute partial-restraint stress (PRS), and/or intraperitoneal injection of CRF ligands. In rats, we monitored activation of the colonic longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) neurons and localization of CRF(1) and CRF(2) using immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses. We measured phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 by CRF ligands in primary cultures of LMMP neurons (PC-LMMPn) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production in human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with CRF(1) and/or CRF(2). RESULTS In rats, a selective agonist of CRF(2) (urocortin 2) reduced CRF-induced defecation (>50%), colonic contractile activity, and Fos expression in the colonic LMMP. A selective antagonist of CRF(2) (astressin(2)-B) increased these responses. Urocortin 2 reduced PRS-induced colonic contractile activity in wild-type and CRF-overexpressing mice, whereas disruption of CRF(2) increased PRS-induced colonic contractile activity and CRF-induced defecation. CRF(2) colocalized with CRF(1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the rat colon, LMMP, and PC-LMMPn. CRF-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in PC-LMMPn; this was inhibited or increased by a selective antagonist of CRF(1) (NBI35965) or astressin(2)-B, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration, EC(50), for the CRF-induced cAMP response was 8.6 nmol/L in human embryonic kidney-293 cells that express only CRF(1); this response was suppressed 10-fold in cells that express CRF(1) and CRF(2). CONCLUSIONS In colon tissues of rodents, CRF(2) activation inhibits CRF(1) signaling in myenteric neurons and the stress-induced colonic motor responses. Disruption of CRF(2) function impairs colonic coping responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210-1218, USA
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Buckinx R, Adriaensen D, Nassauw LV, Timmermans JP. Corticotrophin-releasing factor, related peptides, and receptors in the normal and inflamed gastrointestinal tract. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:54. [PMID: 21541251 PMCID: PMC3082851 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) is mainly known for its role in the stress response in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. However, increasing evidence has revealed that CRF receptor signaling has additional peripheral effects. For instance, activation of CRF receptors in the gastrointestinal tract influences intestinal permeability and motility. These receptors, CRF1 and CRF2, do not only bind CRF, but are also activated by urocortins. Most interestingly, CRF-related signaling also assumes an important role in inflammatory bowel diseases in that it influences inflammatory processes, such as cytokine secretion and immune cell activation. These effects are characterized by an often contrasting function of CRF1 and CRF2. We will review the current data on the expression of CRF and related peptides in the different regions of the gastrointestinal tract, both in normal and inflamed conditions. We next discuss the possible functional roles of CRF signaling in inflammation. The available data clearly indicate that CRF signaling significantly influences inflammatory processes although there are important species and inflammation model differences. Although further research is necessary to elucidate this apparently delicately balanced system, it can be concluded that CRF-related peptides and receptors are (certainly) important candidates in the modulation of gastrointestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Buckinx
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
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Novembri R, Carrarelli P, Toti P, Rocha ALL, Borges LE, Reis FM, Piomboni P, Florio P, Petraglia F. Urocortin 2 and urocortin 3 in endometriosis: evidence for a possible role in inflammatory response. Mol Hum Reprod 2011; 17:587-93. [PMID: 21454316 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gar020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Urocortin 2 (Ucn 2) and urocortin 3 (Ucn 3) are neuropeptides expressed by human endometrium. This study evaluated (i) the expression of Ucn 2 and Ucn 3 mRNA in endometriotic lesions and in endometrium of women with endometriosis; (ii) the effect of Ucn 2 and Ucn 3 on cytokines secretion from cultured endometrial stromal cells. Endometriotic tissue was collected from endometrioma (n=39); endometrial specimens were obtained from women with (n=39) and without (n=41) endometriosis throughout menstrual cycle. Tissue specimens were analysed for Ucn 2 and Ucn 3 mRNA expression and peptide localization; the effects of Ucn 2 or Ucn 3 on tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-4) secretion from cultured endometrial stromal cells was studied. Ucn 2 and Ucn 3 mRNA expression and localization were assessed by RT-PCR and by immuohistochemistry, respectively; cytokines secretion were measured by ELISA. Results showed that endometriotic tissue expressed both Ucn 2 and Ucn 3, with Ucn 3 expression higher in ectopic than in eutopic endometrium. Endometrial Ucn 2 mRNA expression in controls showed peak values at early proliferative phase, while in endometriotic patients low expression and no significant changes throughout menstrual cycle were observed. Endometrial Ucn 3 mRNA expression was highest in late secretory phase in controls, while in endometriotic patients low levels and no menstrual-cycle-related changes were found. When added to cultured endometrial cell cultures, Ucn 2 significantly increased TNF-α (P<0.01) and IL-4 (P<0.001), while Ucn 3 induced an increase of IL-4 secretion (P<0.01). In conclusion, endometriotic tissue expressed and localized Ucn 2 and Ucn 3; patients with endometriosis showed Ucn 2 and Ucn 3 mRNA expression in eutopic endometrium lower than in control group, with no endometrial cycle-related changes. Ucn 2 and Ucn 3-modulated TNF-α and IL-4 secretion from culture endometrial cells. These data suggest a possible involvement of Ucn 2 and Ucn 3 in the mechanisms of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Novembri
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Policlinico Santa Maria alle Scotte Viale Bracci, Siena 53100, Italy
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Arranz A, Venihaki M, Mol B, Androulidaki A, Dermitzaki E, Rassouli O, Ripoll J, Stathopoulos EN, Gomariz RP, Margioris AN, Tsatsanis C. The impact of stress on tumor growth: peripheral CRF mediates tumor-promoting effects of stress. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:261. [PMID: 20875132 PMCID: PMC2956730 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stress has been shown to be a tumor promoting factor. Both clinical and laboratory studies have shown that chronic stress is associated with tumor growth in several types of cancer. Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF) is the major hypothalamic mediator of stress, but is also expressed in peripheral tissues. Earlier studies have shown that peripheral CRF affects breast cancer cell proliferation and motility. The aim of the present study was to assess the significance of peripheral CRF on tumor growth as a mediator of the response to stress in vivo. Methods For this purpose we used the 4T1 breast cancer cell line in cell culture and in vivo. Cells were treated with CRF in culture and gene specific arrays were performed to identify genes directly affected by CRF and involved in breast cancer cell growth. To assess the impact of peripheral CRF as a stress mediator in tumor growth, Balb/c mice were orthotopically injected with 4T1 cells in the mammary fat pad to induce breast tumors. Mice were subjected to repetitive immobilization stress as a model of chronic stress. To inhibit the action of CRF, the CRF antagonist antalarmin was injected intraperitoneally. Breast tissue samples were histologically analyzed and assessed for neoangiogenesis. Results Array analysis revealed among other genes that CRF induced the expression of SMAD2 and β-catenin, genes involved in breast cancer cell proliferation and cytoskeletal changes associated with metastasis. Cell transfection and luciferase assays confirmed the role of CRF in WNT- β-catenin signaling. CRF induced 4T1 cell proliferation and augmented the TGF-β action on proliferation confirming its impact on TGFβ/SMAD2 signaling. In addition, CRF promoted actin reorganization and cell migration, suggesting a direct tumor-promoting action. Chronic stress augmented tumor growth in 4T1 breast tumor bearing mice and peripheral administration of the CRF antagonist antalarmin suppressed this effect. Moreover, antalarmin suppressed neoangiogenesis in 4T1 tumors in vivo. Conclusion This is the first report demonstrating that peripheral CRF, at least in part, mediates the tumor-promoting effects of stress and implicates CRF in SMAD2 and β-catenin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Arranz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School Of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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