51
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Qiu X, Andresen K, Kwok LW, Lamb JS, Park HY, Pollack L. Inter-DNA attraction mediated by divalent counterions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:038104. [PMID: 17678334 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.038104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Can nonspecifically bound divalent counterions induce attraction between DNA strands? Here, we present experimental evidence demonstrating attraction between short DNA strands mediated by Mg2+ ions. Solution small angle x-ray scattering data collected as a function of DNA concentration enable model independent extraction of the second virial coefficient. As the [Mg2+] increases, this coefficient turns from positive to negative reflecting the transition from repulsive to attractive inter-DNA interaction. This surprising observation is corroborated by independent light scattering experiments. The dependence of the observed attraction on experimental parameters including DNA length provides valuable clues to its origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Qiu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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52
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Libera JA, Cheng H, Olvera de la Cruz M, Bedzyk MJ. Direct observation of cations and polynucleotides explains polyion adsorption to like-charged surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:23001-7. [PMID: 16853997 DOI: 10.1021/jp0534941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We show an experimental approach for directly observing the condensation of polynucleotides and their electrolyte counterions at a liquid/solid interface. X-ray standing waves (XSW) generated by Bragg diffraction from a d = 20 nm Si/Mo multilayer substrate are used to measure the distinct distribution profiles of the polyanions and simple cations along the surface normal direction with subnanometer resolution. The 1D spatial sensitivity of this approach is enhanced by observing the XSW induced fluorescence modulations over multiple orders of Bragg peaks. We study the interesting divalent cation driven adsorption of anionic polynucleotides to anionic surfaces by exposing a hydroxyl-terminated silica surface to an aqueous solution with ZnCl2 and mercurated poly-uridylic acid (a synthetic RNA molecule). The in situ long-period XSW measurements are used to follow the evolution of both the Zn and Hg distribution profiles during the adsorption process. The conditions and physical mechanisms that govern the observed divalent cation adsorption and subsequent polynucleotide adsorption to an anionic surface are explained by a thermodynamic model that incorporates nonlinear electrostatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Libera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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53
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Ou Z, Muthukumar M. Langevin dynamics of semiflexible polyelectrolytes: rod-toroid-globule-coil structures and counterion distribution. J Chem Phys 2007; 123:074905. [PMID: 16229618 DOI: 10.1063/1.1940054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the nature of counterion condensation on uniformly charged semiflexible polyelectrolyte chains and the concomitant configurations by monitoring the role of chain stiffness, chain length, counterion valency, and the strength of electrostatic interaction. The counterion condensation is seen to follow the adsorption process and the effective polymer charge increases with chain stiffness. Size and shape, as calculated through the radius of gyration, effective persistence length, and hydrodynamic radius, are studied. Stable coil-like, globular, folded-chain, toroidal, and rodlike configurations are possible at suitable combinations of values of chain stiffness, chain length, electrostatic interaction strength, and the valency of counterion. For high strengths of electrostatic interactions, sufficiently stiff polyelectrolytes form toroids in the presence of multivalent counterions, whereas flexible polyelectrolytes form disordered globules. The kinetic features of the nucleation and growth of toroids are monitored. Several metastable structures are found to frustrate the formation of toroids. The generic pathway involves the nucleation of one primary loop somewhere along the chain contour, followed by a growth process where the rest of the chain is folded continuously on top of the primary loop. The dependence of the average radii of toroids on the chain length is found to be roughly linear, in disagreement with existing scaling arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Ou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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54
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Hehmeyer OJ, Arya G, Panagiotopoulos AZ, Szleifer I. Monte Carlo simulation and molecular theory of tethered polyelectrolytes. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:244902. [PMID: 17614585 DOI: 10.1063/1.2747600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the structure of end-tethered polyelectrolytes using Monte Carlo simulations and molecular theory. In the Monte Carlo calculations we explicitly take into account counterions and polymer configurations and calculate electrostatic interaction using Ewald summation. Rosenbluth biasing, distance biasing, and the use of a lattice are all used to speed up Monte Carlo calculation, enabling the efficient simulation of the polyelectrolyte layer. The molecular theory explicitly incorporates the chain conformations and the possibility of counterion condensation. Using both Monte Carlo simulation and theory, we examine the effect of grafting density, surface charge density, charge strength, and polymer chain length on the distribution of the polyelectrolyte monomers and counterions. For all grafting densities examined, a sharp decrease in brush height is observed in the strongly charged regime using both Monte Carlo simulation and theory. The decrease in layer thickness is due to counterion condensation within the layer. The height of the polymer layer increases slightly upon charging the grafting surface. The molecular theory describes the structure of the polyelectrolyte layer well in all the different regimes that we have studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Hehmeyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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55
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Ju SP, Lee WJ, Huang CI, Cheng WZ, Chung YT. Structure and dynamics of water surrounding the poly(methacrylic acid): A molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:224901. [PMID: 17581077 DOI: 10.1063/1.2743963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All-atom molecular dynamics simulations are used to study a single chain of poly(methacrylic acid) in aqueous solutions at various degrees of charge density. Through a combination of analysis on the radial distribution functions of water and snapshots of the equilibrated structure, we observe that local arrangements of water molecules, surrounding the functional groups of COO- and COOH in the chain, behave differently and correlated well to the resulting chain conformation behavior. In general, due to strong attractive interactions between water and charged COO- via the formation of hydrogen bonds, water molecules tend to form shell-like layers around the COO- groups. Furthermore, water molecules often act as a bridging agent between two neighboring COO- groups. These bridged water molecules are observed to stabilize the rodlike chain conformation that the highly charged chain reveals, as they significantly limit torsional and bending degrees of the backbone monomers. In addition, they display different dynamic properties from the bulk water. Both the resulting oxygen and hydrogen spectra are greatly shifted due to the presence of strong H-bonded interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Pon Ju
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun-Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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56
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Ikkai F, Suzuki T, Karino T, Shibayama M. Microstructure of N-Isopropylacrylamide−Acrylic Acid Copolymer Gels Having Different Spatial Configurations of Weakly Charged Groups. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyoshi Ikkai
- L'Oreal Recherche, Nihon L'Oreal K.K., KSP R&D-D637, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan, and The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- L'Oreal Recherche, Nihon L'Oreal K.K., KSP R&D-D637, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan, and The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Karino
- L'Oreal Recherche, Nihon L'Oreal K.K., KSP R&D-D637, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan, and The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- L'Oreal Recherche, Nihon L'Oreal K.K., KSP R&D-D637, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan, and The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
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57
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Antypov D, Holm C. Osmotic Coefficient Calculations for Dilute Solutions of Short Stiff-Chain Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma062179p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Antypov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany, and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Holm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany, and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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58
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Erukhimovich I, Olvera de la Cruz M. Phase equilibrium and charge fractionation in polyelectrolyte solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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59
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60
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Heine
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
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61
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Zherenkova LV, Komarov PV, Khalatur PG. Effective intramolecular interactions in weakly charged polyelectrolytes: Relation to structural behavior of solution. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x06080128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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62
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Naji A, Netz RR. Scaling and universality in the counterion-condensation transition at charged cylinders. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 73:056105. [PMID: 16802996 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.73.056105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Counterions at charged rodlike polymers exhibit a condensation transition at a critical temperature (or, equivalently, at a critical linear charge density for polymers), which dramatically influences various static and dynamic properties of charged polymer solutions. We address the critical and universal aspects of this transition for counterions at a single charged cylinder in two and three spatial dimensions using numerical and analytical methods. By introducing a Monte Carlo sampling method in logarithmic radial scale, we are able to numerically simulate the critical limit of infinite system size (corresponding to the infinite-dilution limit) within tractable equilibration times. The critical exponents are determined for the inverse moments of the counterionic density profile (which play the role of the order parameters and represent the mean inverse localization length of counterions) both within mean-field theory and within Monte Carlo simulations. In three dimensions (3D), we demonstrate that correlation effects (neglected within mean-field theory) lead to an excessive accumulation of counterions near the charged cylinder below the critical temperature (i.e., in the condensation phase), while surprisingly, the critical region exhibits universal critical exponents in accordance with mean-field theory. Also in contrast with the typical trend in bulk critical phenomena, where fluctuations become more enhanced in lower dimensions, we demonstrate, using both numerical and analytical approaches, that mean-field theory becomes exact for the two-dimensional (2D) counterion-cylinder system at all temperatures (Manning parameters), when the number of counterions tends to infinity. For a finite number of particles, however, the 2D problem displays a series of peculiar singular points (with diverging heat capacity), which reflect successive delocalization events of individual counterions from the central cylinder. In both 2D and 3D, the heat capacity shows a universal jump at the critical point and the internal energy develops a pronounced peak. The asymptotic behavior of the energy peak location is used to determine the critical temperature, which is also found to be in agreement with the mean-field prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Naji
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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63
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Cheng H, Zhang K, Libera JA, Olvera de la Cruz M, Bedzyk MJ. Polynucleotide adsorption to negatively charged surfaces in divalent salt solutions. Biophys J 2006; 90:1164-74. [PMID: 16449197 PMCID: PMC1367268 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polynucleotide adsorption to negatively charged surfaces via divalent ions is extensively used in the study of biological systems. We analyze here the adsorption mechanism via a self-consistent mean-field model that includes the pH effect on the surface-charge density and the interactions between divalent ions and surface groups. The adsorption is driven by the cooperative effect of divalent metal ion condensation along polynucleotides and their reaction with the surface groups. Although the apparent reaction constants are enhanced by the presence of polynucleotides, the difference between reaction constants of different divalent ions at the ideal condition explains why not all divalent cations mediate DNA adsorption onto anionic surfaces. Calculated divalent salt concentration and pH value variations on polynucleotide adsorption are consistent with atomic force microscope results. Here we use long-period x-ray standing waves to study the adsorption of mercurated-polyuridylic acid in a ZnCl2 aqueous solution onto a negatively charged hydroxyl-terminated silica surface. These in situ x-ray measurements, which simultaneously reveal the Hg and Zn distribution profiles along the surface normal direction, are in good agreement with our model. The model also provides the effects of polyelectrolyte line-charge density and monovalent salt on adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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64
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Antypov D, Holm C. Optimal cell approach to osmotic properties of finite stiff-chain polyelectrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:088302. [PMID: 16606231 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.088302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose a self-consistent geometry optimized cell model approach to study osmotic properties of stiff-chain polyelectrolyte solutions. In contrast with the usual monotonic Poisson-Boltzmann prediction, the cell model predicts the correct nonmonotonic dependence of the osmotic coefficient on concentration. A lower degree of polymerization is found to reduce significantly the counterion condensation in a typical dilute strong polyelectrolyte. The results agree quantitatively with simulations of a corresponding many-body bulk system up to a dense semidilute regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Antypov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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65
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Cheng H, Olvera de la Cruz M. Hydrophobic-Charged Block Copolymer Micelles Induced by Oppositely Charged Surfaces: Salt and pH Dependence. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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66
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Wang TY, Lee TR, Sheng YJ, Tsao HK. Effective Charges of Polyelectrolytes in a Salt-Free Solution Based on Counterion Chemical Potential. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:22560-9. [PMID: 16853938 DOI: 10.1021/jp054194m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of counterion condensation around a flexible polyelectrolyte chain with N monomers is investigated by Monte Carlo simulations in terms of the degree of ionization alpha, which is proportional to the effective charge. It is operationally defined as the ratio of observed to intrinsic counterion concentration, alpha = co/ci. The observed counterion concentration in the dilute polyelectrolyte solution is equivalent to an electrolyte solution of concentration co with the same counterion chemical potential. It can be determined directly by thermodynamic experiments such as ion-selective electrode. With the polyelectrolyte fixed at the center of the spherical Wigner-Seitz cell, the polymer conformation, counterion distribution, and chemical potential can be obtained. Our simulation shows that the degree of ionization rises as the polymer concentration decreases. This behavior is opposite to that calculated from the infinitely long charged rod model, which is often used to study counterion condensation. Moreover, we find that, for a specified line charge density, alpha decreases with an increment in chain length and chain flexibility. In fact, the degree of ionization is found to decline with increasing polymer fractal dimension, which can be tuned by varying bending modulus and solvent quality. Those results can be qualitatively explained by a simple model of two-phase approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 320, ROC
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67
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Combet J, Isel F, Rawiso M, Boué F. Scattering Functions of Flexible Polyelectrolytes in the Presence of Mixed Valence Counterions: Condensation and Scaling. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0479722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Combet
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-ULP), 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - François Isel
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-ULP), 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Michel Rawiso
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-ULP), 6 rue Boussingault, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - François Boué
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (CEA-CNRS), CE Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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68
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Donley JP, Heine DR, Wu DT. Range-Optimized Theory of Polyelectrolyte Solutions: Basic Theory and Application to Rod Polymers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma049264m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Heine
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
| | - David T. Wu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401
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69
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Klos J, Pakula T. Lattice Monte Carlo simulations of three-dimensional charged polymer chains. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:2496-501. [PMID: 15268392 DOI: 10.1063/1.1637872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The configurational properties of strongly charged polyelectrolytes accompanied by neutralizing counterions in dilute solutions are simulated using the cooperative motion algorithm on the face-centered-cubic lattice. The full Coulomb potential and the excluded volume condition between different ions/beads are taken into account and the reduced temperature T* is considered the main, variable parameter. The calculations that have been carried out for solutions of both single and several chains indicate a few regions of their behavior: (1) for T*--> infinity, it corresponds to that of neutral, self-avoiding polymers under good solvent conditions; (2) for T* approximately 1, due to the electrostatic interactions being effectively stronger, the chains are more outstretched compared to their size at other temperatures; (3) for T* well below one, the counterion condensation becomes more and more dominant, which gradually leads to strongly collapsed chains; and (4) at the lowest temperatures the chains and counterions assume low-energy configurations in the form of neutral, compact aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klos
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Postfach 3148, 55021 Mainz, Germany.
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70
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Ermoshkin AV, Olvera De La Cruz M. Gelation in strongly charged polyelectrolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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71
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Cheng H, Olvera De La Cruz M. Rod-like polyelectrolyte adsorption onto charged surfaces in monovalent and divalent salt solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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72
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Naji A, Netz RR. Attraction of like-charged macroions in the strong-coupling limit. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2004; 13:43-59. [PMID: 15024615 DOI: 10.1140/epje/e2004-00039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Like-charged macroions attract each other as a result of strong electrostatic correlations in the presence of multivalent counterions or at low temperatures. We investigate the effective electrostatic interaction between i) two like-charged rods and ii) two like-charged spheres using the recently introduced strong-coupling theory, which becomes asymptotically exact in the limit of large coupling parameter (i.e. for large counterion valency, low temperature, or high surface charge density on macroions). In contrast to previous applications of the strong-coupling theory, we deal with curved surfaces and an additional parameter, referred to as Manning parameter, is introduced, which measures the ratio between the radius of curvature of macroions to the Gouy-Chapman length. This parameter, together with the size of the confining box enclosing the two macroions and their neutralizing counterions, controls the counterion-condensation process that directly affects the effective interactions. For sufficiently large Manning parameters (weakly-curved surfaces), we find a strong long-ranged attraction between two macroions that form a closely-packed bound state with small surface-to-surface separation of the order of the counterion diameter in agreement with recent simulations results. For small Manning parameters (highly-curved surfaces), on the other hand, the equilibrium separation increases and the macroions unbind from each other as the confinement volume increases to infinity. This occurs via a continuous universal unbinding transition for two charged rods at a threshold Manning parameter of Epsilon c = 2/3, while the transition is strongly discontinuous for spheres because of a pronounced potential barrier at intermediate distances. Unlike the cylindrical case, the attractive forces between spheres disappear slowly for increasing confinement volume due to the complete de-condensation of counterions. Scaling arguments suggest that for moderate values of coupling parameter, strong-coupling predictions remain valid for sufficiently small surface-to-surface separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Naji
- Sektion Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Theresienstr. 37, 80333, München, Germany.
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73
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Cheng H, Olvera de la Cruz M. Adsorption of rod-like polyelectrolytes onto weakly charged surfaces. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1626630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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74
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Ermoshkin AV, Olvera de la Cruz M. A Modified Random Phase Approximation of Polyelectrolyte Solutions. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma034148p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Ermoshkin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108
| | - M. Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3108
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75
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Bordi F, Cametti C, Gili T. Electrical conductivity of polyelectrolyte solutions in the presence of added salt: The role of the solvent quality factor in light of a scaling approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 68:011805. [PMID: 12935169 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.68.011805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of added salt on the electrical conductivity behavior of a polyelectrolyte solution are described in light of the scaling approach recently proposed by Dobrynin and Rubinstein [Macromolecules 28, 1859 (1995); 32, 915 (1999)], taking into account the influence of the solvent quality factor. The coupling between the conformation of the chain and the local charge distribution, giving rise to different conductometric behaviors, has been investigated under different conditions, in a wide concentration range of added salt. The polyion equivalent conductances lambda(p) have been evaluated in different concentration regimes for a hydrophilic polyion in good solvent condition and compared with the experimental values obtained from electrical conductivity measurements. The agreement is rather good in the wide range of concentration of the added salt investigated. In the case of poor solvent conditions, we find the appropriate expressions for the electrical conductivity when the polyion chain consists into collapsed beads alternating with stretched segments in the framework of the necklace globule model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bordi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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76
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Chang R, Yethiraj A. Brownian dynamics simulations of polyelectrolyte solutions with divalent counterions. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1575731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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77
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Liao Q, Dobrynin AV, Rubinstein M. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polyelectrolyte Solutions: Osmotic Coefficient and Counterion Condensation. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0259968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290; Polymer Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China; and Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136
| | - Andrey V. Dobrynin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290; Polymer Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China; and Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290; Polymer Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China; and Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science and Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136
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78
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González-Mozuelos P, Olvera de la Cruz M. Association in electrolyte solutions: Rodlike polyelectrolytes in multivalent salts. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1543138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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79
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Orkoulas G, Kumar SK, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Monte carlo study of coulombic criticality in polyelectrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:048303. [PMID: 12570467 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.048303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of charges in determining the water solubility of polyelectrolytes, a question of considerable relevance to biology, is currently unresolved. We use computer simulations to study the purely Coulombic phase separation of flexible polyelectrolytes with monovalent counterions in an athermal solvent. In agreement with recent theories we find that the critical temperature for this transition increases with chain length, but that the critical density remains unchanged. We therefore stress that the phase behavior of polyelectrolytes is qualitatively different from uncharged polymers, where the critical density decreases towards zero for long chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Orkoulas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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80
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Carbajal-Tinoco MD, Ober R, Dolbnya I, Bras W, Williams CE. Structural Changes and Chain Conformation of Hydrophobic Polyelectrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Carbajal-Tinoco
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée CNRS UMR 7125, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin-Berthelot 75231 Paris, France, Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, A.P. 14-740, 07000 México D.F., Mexico, and DUBBLE CRG @ ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research c/o ESRF B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - R. Ober
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée CNRS UMR 7125, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin-Berthelot 75231 Paris, France, Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, A.P. 14-740, 07000 México D.F., Mexico, and DUBBLE CRG @ ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research c/o ESRF B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - I. Dolbnya
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée CNRS UMR 7125, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin-Berthelot 75231 Paris, France, Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, A.P. 14-740, 07000 México D.F., Mexico, and DUBBLE CRG @ ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research c/o ESRF B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - W. Bras
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée CNRS UMR 7125, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin-Berthelot 75231 Paris, France, Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, A.P. 14-740, 07000 México D.F., Mexico, and DUBBLE CRG @ ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research c/o ESRF B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - C. E. Williams
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée CNRS UMR 7125, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin-Berthelot 75231 Paris, France, Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, A.P. 14-740, 07000 México D.F., Mexico, and DUBBLE CRG @ ESRF, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research c/o ESRF B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
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81
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Golestanian R, Liverpool TB. Conformational instability of rodlike polyelectrolytes due to counterion fluctuations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:051802. [PMID: 12513511 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.051802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effective elasticity of highly charged stiff polyelectrolytes is studied in the presence of counterions, with and without added salt. The rigid polymer conformations may become unstable due to an effective attraction induced by counterion density fluctuations. Instabilities at the longest, or intermediate length scales, may signal collapse to globule, or necklace states, respectively. In the presence of added salt, a generalized electrostatic persistence length is obtained, which has a nontrivial dependence on the Debye screening length. It is also found that the onset of conformational instability is a reentrant phenomenon as a function of polyelectrolyte length for the unscreened case, and the Debye length or salt concentration for the screened case. This may be relevant in understanding the experimentally observed reentrant condensation of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Golestanian
- Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan 45195-159, Iran
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82
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Washizu H, Kikuchi K. Electrical Polarizability of Polyelectrolytes in Salt-free Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021581c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Washizu
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kikuchi
- Department of Life Sciences (Chemistry), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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83
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Bagatella-Flores N, González-Mozuelos P. Effective pair potentials in charged molecular systems: Water mediated interactions. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1503333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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84
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Bordi F, Colby RH, Cametti C, De Lorenzo L, Gili T. Electrical Conductivity of Polyelectrolyte Solutions in the Semidilute and Concentrated Regime: The Role of Counterion Condensation. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020262i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Bordi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Universita' di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM), Unita' di Roma1, Rome, Italy
| | - R. H. Colby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - C. Cametti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita' di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5 and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM), Unita' di Roma1, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - L. De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita' di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5 and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM), Unita' di Roma1, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - T. Gili
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita' di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale A. Moro 5 and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM), Unita' di Roma1, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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85
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Liu S, Muthukumar M. Langevin dynamics simulation of counterion distribution around isolated flexible polyelectrolyte chains. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1476930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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86
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Huang CI, Olvera de la Cruz M. Polyelectrolytes in Multivalent Salt Solutions: Monomolecular versus Multimolecular Aggregation. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010717m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-I Huang
- Materials Science and Technology Program, Graduate Institute of Engineering Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Materials Science and Technology Program, Graduate Institute of Engineering Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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87
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Donley JP. On the structure of polyelectrolyte solutions near the idealized counterion condensation threshold. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1452107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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88
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Lee N, Thirumalai D. Dynamics of Collapse of Flexible Polyelectrolytes in Poor Solvents. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001604q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Namkyung Lee
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742; and Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 4138, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
| | - D. Thirumalai
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742; and Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 4138, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
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89
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Shew CY, Yethiraj A. The effect of acid-base equilibria on the fractional charge and conformational properties of polyelectrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1334677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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90
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Mahdi KA, Olvera de la Cruz M. Phase Diagrams of Salt-Free Polyelectrolyte Semidilute Solutions. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma000142d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A. Mahdi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Monica Olvera de la Cruz
- Chemical Engineering Department and Material Science and Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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91
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Solis FJ, de la Cruz MO. Collapse of flexible polyelectrolytes in multivalent salt solutions. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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92
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93
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Solis FJ, Olvera de la Cruz M. Attractive interactions between rodlike polyelectrolytes: polarization, crystallization, and packing. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1999; 60:4496-9. [PMID: 11970304 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1998] [Revised: 07/06/1999] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study the attractive interactions between rodlike charged polymers in solution that appear in the presence of multivalence counterions. The counterions condensed to the rods exhibit both a strong transversal polarization and a longitudinal crystalline arrangement. At short distances between the rods, the fraction of condensed counterions increases, and the majority of these occupy the region between the rods, where they minimize their repulsive interactions by arranging themselves into packing structures. The attractive interaction is strongest for multivalent counterions. Our model takes into account the hard-core volume of the condensed counterions, and their angular distribution around the rods. The hard-core constraint strongly suppresses longitudinal charge fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Solis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3108, USA
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94
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Schiessel H. Counterion Condensation on Flexible Polyelectrolytes: Dependence on Ionic Strength and Chain Concentration. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Schiessel
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5130
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95
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Nyquist RM, Ha BY, Liu AJ. Counterion Condensation in Solutions of Rigid Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9811021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Nyquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Bae-Yeun Ha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Andrea J. Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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96
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Schiessel H, Pincus P. Counterion-Condensation-Induced Collapse of Highly Charged Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980823x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Schiessel
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials and Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5130
| | - P. Pincus
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials and Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5130
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97
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Abstract
We review some of the characteristic properties of the structure of polyelectrolyte solutions: the condensed layer of counterions that forms abruptly at a critical threshold charge density on the polymer chain; the more diffuse Debye-Hückel cloud, which is spatially distinct from the condensed layer; and the entropic release of counterions from the condensed layer as a driving force for the binding of oppositely charged ligands. We present a reminder of the basis of our current understanding in a variety of experiments, simulations, and theories; and we attempt as well to clarify some misunderstandings. We present a new analysis of a lattice model that suggests why the limiting laws for polyelectrolyte thermodynamics have proved to be accurate despite the neglect of polymer-polymer interactions in their original derivation. We sketch recent progress in constructing a potential between counterion and polyion. A counterion located in the interface between condensed layer and Debye cloud is repelled from the polyion, creating a sharp boundary between the two counterion populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Manning
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8087, USA.
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98
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Huang C, Olvera de la Cruz M, Delsanti M, Guenoun P. Charged Micelles in Salt-Free Dilute Solutions. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9615157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Service de Chimie Moleculaire, CE-SACLAY, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, and SPEC, CE-SACLAY, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Olvera de la Cruz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Service de Chimie Moleculaire, CE-SACLAY, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, and SPEC, CE-SACLAY, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Delsanti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Service de Chimie Moleculaire, CE-SACLAY, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, and SPEC, CE-SACLAY, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - P. Guenoun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Service de Chimie Moleculaire, CE-SACLAY, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, and SPEC, CE-SACLAY, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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99
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Ray J, Manning GS. Effect of Counterion Valence and Polymer Charge Density on the Pair Potential of Two Polyions. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma970405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jolly Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Gerald S. Manning
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
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