51
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Lefebvre C, Rubez G, Khartabil H, Boisson JC, Contreras-García J, Hénon E. Accurately extracting the signature of intermolecular interactions present in the NCI plot of the reduced density gradient versus electron density. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:17928-17936. [PMID: 28664951 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02110k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An electron density (ED)-based methodology is developed for the automatic identification of intermolecular interactions using pro-molecular density. The expression of the ED gradient in terms of atomic components furnishes the basis for the Independent Gradient Model (IGM). This model leads to a density reference for non interacting atoms/fragments where the atomic densities are added whilst their interaction turns off. Founded on this ED reference function that features an exponential decay also in interference regions, IGM model provides a way to identify and quantify the net ED gradient attenuation due to interactions. Using an intra/inter uncoupling scheme, a descriptor (δginter) is then derived that uniquely defines intermolecular interaction regions. An attractive feature of the IGM methodology is to provide a workflow that automatically generates data composed solely of intermolecular interactions for drawing the corresponding 3D isosurface representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Lefebvre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France.
| | - Gaëtan Rubez
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France. and CReSTIC EA 3804, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France and ATOS Company, 1 rue de Provence, 38130 Echirolles, France
| | - Hassan Khartabil
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France. and Campus Universitaire des Ardennes, 4 bd Jean Delautre, 08000 Charleville-Mézières, France
| | | | - Julia Contreras-García
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris, France and CNRS, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris, France
| | - Eric Hénon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France.
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52
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Schoendorff G, West AC, Schmidt MW, Ruedenberg K, Wilson AK, Gordon MS. Relativistic ab Initio Accurate Atomic Minimal Basis Sets: Quantitative LUMOs and Oriented Quasi-Atomic Orbitals for the Elements Li–Xe. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3588-3597. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Schoendorff
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Aaron C. West
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Michael W. Schmidt
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
| | - Angela K. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111, United States
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53
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Li H, Liu W, Suo B. Localization of open-shell molecular orbitals via least change from fragments to molecule. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:104104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4977929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Suo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, People’s Republic of China
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54
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West AC, Schmidt MW, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. Intrinsic Resolution of Molecular Electronic Wave Functions and Energies in Terms of Quasi-atoms and Their Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1086-1105. [PMID: 28134532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A general intrinsic energy resolution has been formulated for strongly correlated wave functions in the full molecular valence space and its subspaces. The information regarding the quasi-atomic organization of the molecular electronic structure is extracted from the molecular wave function without introducing any additional postulated model state wave functions. To this end, the molecular wave function is expressed in terms of quasi-atomic molecular orbitals, which maximize the overlap between subspaces of the molecular orbital space and the free-atom orbital spaces. As a result, the molecular wave function becomes the superposition of a wave function representing the juxtaposed nonbonded quasi-atoms and a wave function describing the interatomic electron migrations that create bonds through electron sharing. The juxtaposed nonbonded quasi-atoms are shown to consist of entangled quasi-atomic states from different atoms. The binding energy is resolved as a sum of contributions that are due to quasi-atom formation, quasiclassical electrostatic interactions, and interatomic interferences caused by electron sharing. The contributions are further resolved according to orbital interactions. The various transformations that generate the analysis are determined by criteria that are independent of the working orbital basis used for calculating the molecular wave function. The theoretical formulation of the resolution is quantitatively validated by an application to the C2 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C West
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory, USDOE Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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55
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Fantuzzi F, de Sousa DWO, Nascimento MAC. The Nature of the Chemical Bond from a Quantum Mechanical Interference Perspective. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
| | - David Wilian Oliveira de Sousa
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
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56
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Kummer JR, Brom JM. Geometry and Electronic Structure of Titanabenzene and Its Valence Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:10007-10017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Kummer
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Joseph M. Brom
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
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57
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Roskop LB, Valeev EF, Carter EA, Gordon MS, Windus TL. Spin-Free [2]R12 Basis Set Incompleteness Correction to the Local Multireference Configuration Interaction and the Local Multireference Average Coupled Pair Functional Methods. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:3176-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Roskop
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Edward F. Valeev
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emily A. Carter
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Program in Applied and Computational
Mathematics, and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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58
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Heßelmann A. Local Molecular Orbitals from a Projection onto Localized Centers. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:2720-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heßelmann
- Lehrstuhl für
Theoretische
Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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59
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Høyvik IM, Jørgensen P. Characterization and Generation of Local Occupied and Virtual Hartree–Fock Orbitals. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3306-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida-Marie Høyvik
- Department
of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Poul Jørgensen
- qLEAP
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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60
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Sorella S, Devaux N, Dagrada M, Mazzola G, Casula M. Geminal embedding scheme for optimal atomic basis set construction in correlated calculations. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:244112. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4938089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sorella
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Via Beirut 2-4, 34014 Trieste, Italy and INFM Democritos National Simulation Center, Trieste, Italy
| | - N. Devaux
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case 115, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M. Dagrada
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case 115, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - G. Mazzola
- Theoretische Physik, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Casula
- CNRS and Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case 115, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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61
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West AC, Schmidt MW, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. IV. Bond Breaking and Bond Forming along the Dissociative Reaction Path of Dioxetane. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10376-89. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. West
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael W. Schmidt
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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62
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Schmidt MW, Hull EA, Windus TL. Valence Virtual Orbitals: An Unambiguous ab Initio Quantification of the LUMO Concept. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10408-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A. Hull
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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63
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West AC, Schmidt MW, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic, Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. III. The Covalent Bonding Structure of Urea. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10368-75. [PMID: 26371867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of molecular electron density matrices in terms of quasi-atomic orbitals, which was developed in previous investigations, is quantitatively exemplified by a detailed application to the urea molecule. The analysis is found to identify strong and weak covalent bonding interactions as well as intramolecular charge transfers. It yields a qualitative as well as quantitative ab initio description of the bonding structure of this molecule, which raises questions regarding some traditional rationalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C West
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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64
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West AC, Schmidt MW, Gordon MS, Ruedenberg K. A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic, Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. II. Strongly Correlated MCSCF Wave Functions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10360-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. West
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Michael W. Schmidt
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and
Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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65
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Ramos-Cordoba E, Postils V, Salvador P. Oxidation States from Wave Function Analysis. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:1501-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ct501088v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Institut
de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) i Department de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Verònica Postils
- Institut
de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) i Department de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut
de Química
Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) i Department de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
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66
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Knizia G, Klein JEMN. Electron Flow in Reaction Mechanisms-Revealed from First Principles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5518-22. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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67
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Knizia G, Klein JEMN. Elektronenfluss in Reaktionsmechanismen - enthüllt aus quantenmechanischen Grundprinzipien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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68
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Werner HJ, Knizia G, Krause C, Schwilk M, Dornbach M. Scalable Electron Correlation Methods I.: PNO-LMP2 with Linear Scaling in the Molecular Size and Near-Inverse-Linear Scaling in the Number of Processors. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:484-507. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500725e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Werner
- Institut für Theoretische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gerald Knizia
- Institut für Theoretische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Krause
- Institut für Theoretische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Max Schwilk
- Institut für Theoretische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark Dornbach
- Institut für Theoretische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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69
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Zhang C, Li S. An efficient localization procedure for large systems using a sequential transformation strategy. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:244106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4904292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
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70
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West AC. Weighted orthogonalization of atomic orbitals: A stable alternative to the Carlson–Keller method. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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71
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Janowski T. Near Equivalence of Intrinsic Atomic Orbitals and Quasiatomic Orbitals. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:3085-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500245f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janowski
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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72
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Schmidt MW, Ivanic J, Ruedenberg K. Covalent bonds are created by the drive of electron waves to lower their kinetic energy through expansion. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:204104. [PMID: 24880263 PMCID: PMC4032414 DOI: 10.1063/1.4875735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis based on the variation principle shows that in the molecules H2 (+), H2, B2, C2, N2, O2, F2, covalent bonding is driven by the attenuation of the kinetic energy that results from the delocalization of the electronic wave function. For molecular geometries around the equilibrium distance, two features of the wave function contribute to this delocalization: (i) Superposition of atomic orbitals extends the electronic wave function from one atom to two or more atoms; (ii) intra-atomic contraction of the atomic orbitals further increases the inter-atomic delocalization. The inter-atomic kinetic energy lowering that (perhaps counter-intuitively) is a consequence of the intra-atomic contractions drives these contractions (which per se would increase the energy). Since the contractions necessarily encompass both, the intra-atomic kinetic and potential energy changes (which add to a positive total), the fact that the intra-atomic potential energy change renders the total potential binding energy negative does not alter the fact that it is the kinetic delocalization energy that drives the bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Joseph Ivanic
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Information Systems Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Klaus Ruedenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Ames Laboratory USDOE, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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