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Arthroscopic single-row repair of massive potentially irreparable postero-superior cuff tear. Musculoskelet Surg 2018; 102:13-19. [PMID: 30343476 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-018-0555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We retrospectively evaluated the results of complete repair of massive potentially irreparable postero-superior tears in a consecutive cohort of patients. With the increasing and widespread use of superior capsular reconstruction, a complete repair of the superior cuff, also if not functional, may be a valuable option for irreparable cuff lesions. METHODS A consecutive case series of massive potentially irreparable postero-superior cuff tears that underwent complete repair was included in the study. Irreparability of cuff tear was defined when on preoperative MRI images, a positive tangent sign, a Goutallier 3-4 stage of fatty infiltration, and an absent acromion-humeral distance were present. A single-row complete repair was performed using triple-loaded titanium suture anchors. Operative time was recorded, as well as intra- and postoperative complications. Patients were followed for 12 months post-op; they were clinically evaluated with the use of constant score (CS) and subjective shoulder value (SSV) at 3, 6, and 12 months; a 12-month postoperative ultrasound evaluation was obtained. RESULTS Thirty-two patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The mean age was 52 years (range 41-58). The repair was completed with a mean use of 2.4 triple-loaded suture anchors (range 2-4); the mean operative time was 70 min (range 45-90). The mean preoperative CS was 55 (range 45-75, SD 17), while the SSV was 40 (range 30-70, SD 22). At the final follow-up, the mean CS and SSV were 72 (range 62-85, SD 8) and 80 (range 60-90, SD 10) (p < 0.001 with respect to the preoperative scores), respectively. At the final follow-up, sonography showed a complete healing of the cuff in 20 cases (62.5%). No intra-operative complications occurred; at the final follow-up, five patients (15, 6%) were not satisfied of the results and asked for revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS The complete repair of massive potentially irreparable rotator cuff tear in patients younger than 60 years old yielded good results at a short-term follow-up, with a sonographic re-tear rate of about 20%. Even if it is logical to consider a tendon with severe fatty degeneration as non-functional, the superior soft tissue reconstruction we achieved may have at least the same results of a superior capsular reconstruction, with obvious lower costs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4, case series with no comparison group.
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Pogorzelski J, Horan MP, Godin JA, Hussain ZB, Fritz EM, Millett PJ. Achilles tendon allograft-augmented latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for the treatment of massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2018; 138:1207-1212. [PMID: 29876638 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-018-2943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical outcomes following Achilles tendon allograft-augmented latissimus dorsi tendon transfer (LDTT) for the treatment of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears with a minimum of 2 years post-operative follow-up. We hypothesized that patients would show significant improvement in outcomes scores with a low failure rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who were treated with Achilles tendon allograft-augmented LDTT for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears with a minimum follow-up of 2 years were included. Patient-reported outcomes scores, including ASES, QuickDASH, SANE, SF-12 PCS, and satisfaction, were collected pre- and post-operatively. Pre- and post-operative scores were compared with a Wilcoxon test. Revision to reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) was considered as failure. RESULTS Between March 2006 and November 2014, a total of 16 patients with a mean age of 49 years (range 34-57 years) were included. Minimum 2-year outcomes data were available for 14 of the 16 patients (87.5%) with a mean follow-up of 5.5 years (range 2.1-10.5 years). Two patients (12.5%) advanced to RTSA at a mean of 1.1 years following LDTT. Postoperative median subjective outcomes scores improved, but did not reach statistical significance (SF-12 PCS: 35.4-46.4, P = 0.182; ASES: 47.5-69.9, P = 0.209; QuickDASH: 57.9-31.8, P = 0.176; SANE: 40.0-39.5, P = 0.273). Median post-operative patient satisfaction was 5 on a 10-point scale (range 1-10). CONCLUSION Patients with irreparable rotator cuff tears treated with Achilles tendon allograft-augmented latissimus dorsi tendon transfer did not experience significant post-operative improvement in patient-reported outcomes. Thus, the use of an additional allograft-augmentation remains questionable. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Retrospective case series, level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Pogorzelski
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 400, Vail, CO, 81657, USA
| | - Marilee P Horan
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 400, Vail, CO, 81657, USA
| | - Jonathan A Godin
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 400, Vail, CO, 81657, USA.,The Steadman Clinic, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 400, Vail, CO, 81657, USA
| | - Zaamin B Hussain
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 400, Vail, CO, 81657, USA
| | - Erik M Fritz
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 400, Vail, CO, 81657, USA
| | - Peter J Millett
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 400, Vail, CO, 81657, USA. .,The Steadman Clinic, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 400, Vail, CO, 81657, USA.
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Abstract
Failed rotator cuff repairs can pose a clinical challenge to the treating orthopedic surgeon. There are many nonsurgical and surgical options available to address the failed rotator cuff repair. Surgical options include revising the primary repair, partial or nonanatomic repair, tendon transfer, biological augmentation or use of tissue-engineered grafts for reconstruction, or total joint arthroplasty (typically with a modern reverse total shoulder arthroplasty system). The treating surgeon must assess the patient's functional status, health status, and expectations in order to customize the appropriate treatment plan for addressing the failed rotator cuff repair. With the abundance of treatment options available, there is typically an adequate solution to help the patient regain function and experience less pain.
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Wagner ER, Woodmass JM, Welp KM, Chang MJ, Elhassan BT, Higgins LD, Warner JJP. Novel Arthroscopic Tendon Transfers for Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears: Latissimus Dorsi and Lower Trapezius Transfers. JBJS Essent Surg Tech 2018; 8:e12. [PMID: 30233984 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.st.17.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Massive irreparable rotator cuff tears in both the primary and the revision setting are challenging problems. There remains controversy over the ideal treatment methods for these patients. In the case of an irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tear, tendon transfers1-12 have emerged as a reliable option, with a durable outcome. The most commonly used tendon transfer options are the latissimus dorsi (LD)1-6and the lower trapezius (LT)12. Description The LD transfer is performed by first harvesting the LT tendon from the humeral shaft. It is critical to release the many adhesions to the muscle belly as well as to separate it from the teres major muscle. The tendon is then transferred intra-articularly, in an interval between the deltoid and the teres minor. The tendon is anchored arthroscopically after preparation of the anterolateral aspect of the tuberosity. The LT transfer is performed by harvesting the LT muscle and tendon off its insertion on the medial aspect of the scapular spine. It should be mobilized to maximize excursion by releasing adhesions. An Achilles tendon allograft is anchored into the anterior aspect of the greater tuberosity arthroscopically. The Achilles tendon is then secured to the LT tendon. Alternatives In addition to tendon transfer, options include:Partial or complete attempted repair13-17.Augmentation or bridging with allografts18-23.Superior capsular reconstruction24.Subacromial balloon25. Rationale There remains a paucity of literature comparing tendon transfers with alternatives. However, when considering a tendon transfer, certain principles are critical in order to achieve an optimal outcome:The recipient and transferred tendons must have similar musculotendinous excursion.The recipient and transferred tendons should have similar lines of pull.One tendon (the transferred) should be designed to replace 1 function (of the recipient).The function of the transferred tendon and muscle should be expendable without substantial donor site morbidity.The strength of the transferred muscle must be at least grade 4.When deciding between the LT and LD transfer, certain considerations should be taken into account. The LD transfer has a proven history of successfully treating massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears in studies with long-term follow-up1-6. Alternatively, although the LT transfer has only recently gained popularity, it has the advantage of "in-phase" muscle function, since the trapezius naturally contracts during shoulder external rotation. Furthermore, its line of pull almost completely mimics the infraspinatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Wagner
- Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Shoulder Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jarret M Woodmass
- Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Shoulder Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn M Welp
- Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Shoulder Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle J Chang
- Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Shoulder Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Laurence D Higgins
- Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Shoulder Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jon J P Warner
- Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Shoulder Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kany J, Grimberg J, Amaravathi RS, Sekaran P, Scorpie D, Werthel JD. Arthroscopically-Assisted Latissimus Dorsi Transfer for Irreparable Rotator Cuff Insufficiency: Modes of Failure and Clinical Correlation. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:1139-1150. [PMID: 29361422 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2017.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objective of this retrospective study was to analyze the rate and modes of failure of latissimus dorsi transfer (LDT). The secondary objective was to evaluate whether a rupture of the transfer was associated with a worse outcome. METHODS During a 2-year period, we performed consecutive LDTs either for irreparable posterior-superior rotator cuff tears (RCTs) or for failed prior repair. All the LDTs were performed by a single surgeon. All transfers were arthroscopically assisted and fixed as a tubularized LD tendon in a bone tunnel inside the humeral head. Three metal clips were placed systematically intraoperatively in the tubularized tendon at a fixed distance of 2, 4, and 6 cm from the tip of the tendon. Immediate postoperative standard anteroposterior radiographs were performed and the position of the metal clips was compared with their position on radiographs performed at 6 weeks and 3 and 24 months postoperatively. Constant, Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Activities of daily living requiring active external rotation (ADLER), visual analog scale (VAS), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores and patient's subjective satisfaction (assessed by self-questionnaire) at last follow-up were compared between patients who had a rupture of the transfer and those who did not. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were included. Six of 66 patients (9%) were lost to follow-up. There were 11 complications (18.3%) in the global series (10 hematoma and 1 subscapularis retear). At a mean 35.2 months (range 24-50 months), there were 23/60 cases of rupture (38%). The 7 scores and the satisfaction reported were significantly lower for patients who had a rupture of the transfer versus those who had an intact transfer: Constant score, 42.8 versus 68.7 (P = .001); SSV, 48.9 versus 71.6 (P = .001); SST, 4.8 versus 8.4 (P = .012); ADLER, 19.7 versus 26.7 (P = .005); VAS, 3.7 versus 2.3 (P = .082); ASES, 55.4 versus 74.8 (P = .056); and 13% of either satisfied or very satisfied patients versus 78% (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The rate of rupture of LDT is high (38%). With complete healing of LDT, the outcome is significantly lower in those with rupture compared with those without rupture, showing that LDT can efficiently treat massive and irreparable RCT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series treatment study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kany
- Clinique de l'Union, Saint Jean, France.
| | | | - Rajkumar S Amaravathi
- Department of Orthopedics, Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Padmanaban Sekaran
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Sparsh Hospital for Advanced Surgeries, Bangalore, India
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Understanding the Importance of the Teres Minor for Shoulder Function: Functional Anatomy and Pathology. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2018; 26:150-161. [PMID: 29473831 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-15-00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the teres minor is often overlooked in a normal shoulder, it becomes a key component in maintaining shoulder function when other rotator cuff tendons fail. The teres minor maintains a balanced glenohumeral joint and changes from an insignificant to the most significant external rotator in the presence of major rotator cuff pathology. The presence or absence of the teres minor provides prognostic information on the outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and tendon transfers. Clinical tests include the Patte test, the Neer dropping sign, the external rotation lag sign, and the Hertel drop sign. Advanced imaging of the teres minor can be used for classification using the Walch system. Understanding the function and pathology surrounding the teres minor is paramount in comprehensive management of the patient with shoulder pathology. Appropriate clinical examination and imaging of the teres minor are important for preoperative stratification and postoperative expectations.
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Boileau P, Baba M, McClelland WB, Thélu CÉ, Trojani C, Bronsard N. Isolated loss of active external rotation: a distinct entity and results of L'Episcopo tendon transfer. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2018; 27:499-509. [PMID: 29290606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to characterize a subgroup of cuff-deficient patients with isolated loss of active external rotation (ILER) but preserved active elevation and to evaluate the outcomes of the L'Episcopo procedure to restore horizontal muscle balance. METHODS During a 10-year period, 26 patients (14 men, 12 women) were identified with ILER in the setting of massive irreparable posterosuperior cuff tears. A modified L'Episcopo tendon transfer was performed to restore active external rotation and to improve shoulder function. The mean age at surgery was 64.5 years (29-83 years). Patients were evaluated with a mean follow-up of 52 months (range, 24-104 months). RESULTS Preoperatively, despite maintained active elevation (average of 161°), ILER patients complained about loss of spatial control of the arm and difficulties with activities of daily living. On computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging, there was severe fatty infiltration of infraspinatus and absent or atrophic teres minor. After L'Episcopo transfer, 84% of patients were satisfied. The gain in active external rotation was +26° in arm at the side and +18.5° in 90° abduction. Adjusted Constant score and Simple Shoulder Value increased from 63.6% to 86.9% and from 36.9% to 70.8%, respectively (P < .001). The ADLER score increased from 10 to 24.5 points (P < .002). Two patients with advanced cuff tear arthropathy (Hamada stage 3 and 4) required conversion to a reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) 7 and 9 years after the index surgery. CONCLUSIONS ILER is a distinct entity that is a cause of severe handicap because of loss of spatial control of the upper limb. This symptom is related to absent or atrophied infraspinatus and teres minor. In properly selected cases (Hamada stage 1 or 2), the modified L'Episcopo transfer is effective at restoring anterior-posterior rotator cuff force balance. In more advanced cuff tear arthropathy (Hamada stage ≥3), the tendon transfer should be performed with an RSA because of possible secondary degeneration of the glenohumeral joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Boileau
- Institut Universitaire Locomoteur et Sport (iULS), Hôpital Pasteur 2, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNSA), Nice, France.
| | - Mohammed Baba
- Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Christophe Trojani
- Institut Universitaire Locomoteur et Sport (iULS), Hôpital Pasteur 2, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNSA), Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Bronsard
- Institut Universitaire Locomoteur et Sport (iULS), Hôpital Pasteur 2, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNSA), Nice, France
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Pogorzelski J, Muckenhirn KJ, Mitchell JJ, Katthagen JC, Schon JM, Dahl KD, Hirahara AM, Dines JS, Adams CR, Dooney T, Denard PJ, Turnbull TL, Millett PJ. Biomechanical Comparison of 3 Glenoid-Side Fixation Techniques for Superior Capsular Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:801-808. [PMID: 29281797 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517745626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) was recently introduced as a treatment for irreparable superior rotator cuff tears in younger patients. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to assess the biomechanical strength of 3 methods for fixation of the graft to the glenoid for SCR. It was hypothesized that a 4-anchor technique would provide greater load to failure than 3-anchor techniques. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Thirty-six cadaveric specimens were randomized into 3 groups of previously established glenoid-side graft fixation techniques: (1) three 3.5-mm knotless screw-in anchors, (2) three 3.0-mm knotless push-in anchors, and (3) a 4-anchor hybrid construct with two 3.0-mm knotted push-in anchors and two 2.9-mm knotless push-in anchors. The repairs were cyclically loaded at 0.5 Hz from 10 to 200 N, then pulled to failure. Elongation, stiffness, maximum load at failure, and mode of failure were recorded and calculated. RESULTS There were no significant differences in graft elongation or stiffness among the 3 techniques ( P > .37 and P > .26, respectively). Maximum load to failure was significantly greater in technique 1 (mean ± SD, 427.85 ± 119.70 N) than technique 3 (319.5 ± 57.60 N) ( P = 0.024). There were no significant differences in load to failure between techniques 1 and 2 or between techniques 2 and 3. CONCLUSION Glenoid-side graft fixation with 3 threaded 3.5-mm suture anchors showed a significant superior pull-out strength when compared with a 4-anchor hybrid technique and thus might be recommended in SCR for patients with irreparable superior rotator cuff tears to achieve maximum stability. CLINICAL RELEVANCE SCR presents a novel alternative for treatment of irreparable superior rotator cuff tears in younger patients. Glenoid fixation is essential to provide adequate fixation of the graft to prevent the humeral head from rising and to restore normal biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin J Mitchell
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - J Christoph Katthagen
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jason M Schon
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | - Kimi D Dahl
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter J Millett
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA.,The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA
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Noyes MP, Denard PJ. Arthroscopic Superior Capsular Reconstruction: Indications and Outcomes. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.otsm.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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The optimal treatment for stage 2-3 Goutallier rotator cuff tears: A systematic review of the literature. J Orthop 2018; 15:283-292. [PMID: 29551875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty infiltration is an important prognostic factor for cuff healing after rotator cuff repair. Treatment options for stage 2-3 Goutallier rotator cuff tears vary widely and there is lack of decent comparative studies. Purposes The objective of this study was 1) to give an overview of the treatment options of stage 2-3 Goutallier rotator cuff tears and their clinical outcome and 2) to give a recommendation of the optimal treatment within this specific subgroup. Methods We searched the databases of Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, PEDro from inception to December 12th, 2016. Two authors, F.H. and N.W., selected the studies after consensus. Data was extracted by one author (F.H.) and checked for completeness by a second author (N.W.). Our primary outcome was physical function, measured by shoulder-specific patient reported outcomes. Secondary outcomes were cuff integrity after rotator cuff repair, shoulder pain, general health, quality of life, activity level and adverse events. Results For the first research question 28 prospective as well as retrospective studies were included. For the clinical outcome of these treatments three randomized controlled trials were included. Conclusions Despite the high reported retear rate, rotator cuff repair has comparable results (clinical improvement) as partial repair and isolated bicepstenotomy or tenodesis. These findings suggest that the additional effect of rotator cuff repair compared to the less extensive treatment options like isolated bicepstenotomy or tenodesis should be studied, as these might form a good alternative treatment based on this systematic review. Level of evidence Level IV; systematic review.
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Valenti P. Joint-preserving treatment options for irreparable rotator cuff tears. DER ORTHOPADE 2018; 47:103-112. [DOI: 10.1007/s00132-017-3516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Massive, irreparable rotator cuff disease is a challenging problem to treat, especially in the younger active patient. This condition allows the deltoid to generate anterosuperior translation and shoulder dysfunction. Ideally, this dysfunction may be improved with rotator cuff repair. However, in the setting of irreparable rotator cuff disease, normal function is challenging to restore. Superior capsule reconstruction theoretically improves function by recentering the humeral head and improving glenohumeral kinematics. This restoration of stability results in a stable fulcrum, and may allow the deltoid and remaining cuff can function more effectively.
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Abstract
Management of failed rotator cuff repair may be difficult, especially in young patients. Various nonmodifiable and modifiable patient factors, including age, tendon quality, rotator cuff tear characteristics, acute or chronic rotator cuff tear, bone quality, tobacco use, and medications, affect rotator cuff repair healing. Surgical variables, such as the technique, timing, tension on the repair, the biomechanical construct, and fixation, as well as the postoperative rehabilitation strategy also affect rotator cuff repair healing. Variable outcomes have been reported in patients who undergo revision rotator cuff repair; however, a systematic surgical approach may increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. Numerous cellular and mechanical biologic augments, including platelet-rich plasma, platelet-rich fibrin matrix, mesenchymal stem cells, and acellular dermal matrix grafts, have been used in rotator cuff repair; however, conflicting or inconclusive outcomes have been reported in patients who undergo revision rotator cuff repair with the use of these augments. A variety of tendon transfer options, including latissimus dorsi, teres major, lower trapezius, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, combined pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, and combined latissimus dorsi and teres major, are available for the management of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. Ultimately, the optimization of surgical techniques and the use of appropriate biologic/tendon transfer techniques, if indicated, is the best method for the management of failed rotator cuff repair.
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Henseler JF, Kolk A, Zondag B, Nagels J, de Groot JH, Nelissen RGHH. Three-dimensional shoulder motion after teres major or latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2017; 26:1955-1963. [PMID: 28606637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teres major (TM) transfer and latissimus dorsi (LD) transfer are essential treatment options in patients with posterosuperior rotator cuff (RC) tears. The purpose of this study was to quantify shoulder kinematics before and after TM transfer and LD transfer in posterosuperior RC tear patients. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, we quantitatively measured shoulder movements using an electromagnetic tracking device (Flock of Birds) preoperatively and 1 year after either TM (n = 13) or LD (n = 9) tendon transfer. Additional outcome measures included the Constant score (CS), patient-reported pain, and quantitative range of motion. Scapular kinematics were evaluated during arm abduction. RESULTS By use of a quantitative assessment, forward flexion (from 87° to 106°, P = .007), abduction (from 86° to 106°, P = .010), and external rotation in abduction (from 52° to 70°, P = .019) improved. Both transfers reduced pain (from 50 to 10 mm, P < .001), and the CS improved (from 37 to 62 points, P < .001). No significant differences in postoperative improvement in pain and function were found between TM and LD tendon transfers. The TM transfer group showed increased scapular lateral rotation compared with the LD transfer group (13°; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8° to 21.7°; P = .003). We were unable to detect differences between TM transfer and LD transfer in the change in protraction (3.2°; 95% CI, -6.3° to 12.8°; P = .489) and posterior tilt (3.5°; 95% CI, -3.5° to 10.5°; P = .313). CONCLUSION Tendon transfer surgery resulted in an overall improvement in CS, pain relief, and quantitative range of motion in the treatment of an irreparable posterosuperior RC tear. Scapular lateral rotation gradually increased after TM transfer, reminiscent of RC function, whereas such an increase was not observed after LD transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ferdinand Henseler
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Kinematics and Neuromechanics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Upper Extremity Unit, Maja Clinic Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjen Kolk
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Kinematics and Neuromechanics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Zondag
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Kinematics and Neuromechanics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Nagels
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan H de Groot
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Kinematics and Neuromechanics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob G H H Nelissen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Latissimus-dorsi-Transfer. ARTHROSKOPIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00142-017-0141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Anastasopoulos PP, Alexiadis G, Spyridonos S, Fandridis E. Latissimus Dorsi Transfer in Posterior Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears. Open Orthop J 2017; 11:77-94. [PMID: 28400877 PMCID: PMC5366394 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001711010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Massive rotator cuff tears pose a difficult and complex challenge even for the experienced surgeon; inability to repair these tears by conventional means designates them as irreparable, while management becomes quite taxing. Several operative options have been suggested for the management of such lesions with varying degrees of success, while it is imperative to match patient demands and expectations to the predicted outcome. METHODS Research articles are examined and key concepts are discussed, in order to provide an evidence based review of the available literature. The anatomy and pathomechanics along with the indications, contraindications and surgical techniques are reported. RESULTS Transfer of the Latissimus dorsi has been used with success to restore shoulder function in deficits of the posterior rotator cuff. Although it can be used in a variety of settings, the ideal patient for a Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer is a young and active individual, with no glenohumeral osteoarthritis that has a severe disability and weakness related to an irreparable posterior cuff tear. CONCLUSION Tendon transfers have proved to be a successful treatment option in salvaging this difficult problem, providing pain relief and restoring shoulder function. Despite the excellent functional outcomes and pain suppression following operation, a variety of factors may affect the outcome; thus making indications and preoperative assessment a valuable component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis P Anastasopoulos
- Hand Surgery-Upper Limb and Microsurgery Department, KAT General Hospital, Nikis 2 Str, Kifisia 145-61, Athens, Greece
| | - George Alexiadis
- Hand Surgery-Upper Limb and Microsurgery Department, KAT General Hospital, Nikis 2 Str, Kifisia 145-61, Athens, Greece
| | - Sarantis Spyridonos
- Hand Surgery-Upper Limb and Microsurgery Department, KAT General Hospital, Nikis 2 Str, Kifisia 145-61, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Fandridis
- Hand Surgery-Upper Limb and Microsurgery Department, KAT General Hospital, Nikis 2 Str, Kifisia 145-61, Athens, Greece
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Latissimus Dorsi Tendon Transfer with GraftJacket® Augmentation to Increase Tendon Length for an Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tear. Case Rep Orthop 2017; 2017:8086065. [PMID: 28194290 PMCID: PMC5282417 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8086065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive irreparable rotator cuff tears can be reconstructed with latissimus dorsi tendon transfers (LDTT). Although uncommon, the natural length of the latissimus dorsi tendon (LDT) could be insufficient for transfer even after adequate soft tissue releases. Descriptions of cases where grafts were needed to lengthen the LDT are therefore rare. We located only two reports of the use of an acellular dermal matrix to increase effective tendon length in tendon transfers about the shoulder: (1) GraftJacket patch for a pectoralis major tendon reconstruction and (2) ArthroFlex® patch for LDTT. Both of these brands of allograft patches are obtained from human cadavers. These products are usually used to cover soft tissue repairs and offer supplemental support rather than for increasing tendon length. Extending the LDTT with GraftJacket to achieve adequate length, to our knowledge, has not been reported in the literature. We report the case of a 50-year-old male who had a massive, irreparable left shoulder rotator cuff tear that was reconstructed with a LDTT. The natural length of his LDT was insufficient for transfer. This unexpected situation was rectified by sewing two patches of GraftJacket to the LDT. The patient had greatly improved shoulder function at two-year follow-up.
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[Irreparable rotator cuff tears. Debridement, partial reconstruction, tendon transfer or reversed shoulder arthroplasty]. DER ORTHOPADE 2016; 45:149-58. [PMID: 26768144 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-015-3204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic options for the treatment of irreparable rotator cuff tears are fluent, are dependent on the patients' claims and demands and on the grade of the ongoing cuff tear arthropathy.A partial rotator cuff reconstruction with sufficient tenolysis combined with interval slide techniques to restore the anterior and posterior force couple may be indicated if there is no fatty degeneration > grade 3 of the rotator cuff muscles in a well-centered joint. The margin convergence technique with side-by-side adaptation of the tendon limbs may reduce the load on the reconstructed tendons.The role of the suprascapular nerve, which can probably be constricted by the retracted rotator cuff, and its therapy has not been completely clarified. When distinct symptoms are present neurolysis may be reasonable.Tendon transfers can be indicated in a cooperative patient < 65 years with a higher grade of muscular atrophy but without degenerative changes > grade II according to Hamada with the loss of active external rotation but performable active flexion. For posterosuperior tears the latissimus dorsi or recently the teres major tendon transfer to the rotator cuff footprint may be appropriate. For nonreconstructable anterosuperior tears a partial transfer of the pectoralis major tendon is possible.Careful subacromial debridement combined with biceps tenotomy and a cautious or reversed decompression may reduce the pain temporarily without having an influence on active motion until with the loss of active elevation the indication for a reversed shoulder arthroplasty is reached.In the mean time, absorbable subacromial spacers may re-center the humeral head, but the effectiveness of this therapy on clinical outcome should be analyzed in further studies.
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Fabbri M, Ciompi A, Lanzetti RM, Vadalà A, Lupariello D, Iorio C, Serlorenzi P, Argento G, Ferretti A, De Carli A. Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration in rotator cuff tears: Can surgery stop muscular degenerative changes? J Orthop Sci 2016; 21:614-8. [PMID: 27370531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotator cuff tears are closely related with muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration and both affect healing after surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to compare surgical versus conservative management of medium-to-large reparable rotator cuff tears. METHODS Forty-one patients with clinical and radiological (MRI) diagnosis of medium-to-large rotator cuff tears were retrospectively identified and divided into two groups: Group A, arthroscopic repair; Group B, conservative treatment. At follow-up (T1) all patients underwent a new clinical (VAS, SST, Constant and Relative Constant Scale) and radiological evaluation (MRI). RESULTS When comparing the two groups at T1 (mean follow-up: Group A, 50 months; Group B, 61 months), we registered better results in Group A in the SST (p < 0.05), the VAS score (p < 0.01), the Constant and the Relative Constant Scale (p < 0.05). Radiological evaluation did not show a significant increase of fatty infiltration (p = 0.16) in Group A (no progression in 15 out of 17 patients -82.3%-, and an increase in 2 out of 17 patients -11.7%-), while in Group B a significant increase was detected (p < 0.01) in all patients; in regard to muscle atrophy, no cases of progression were detected in Group A (4 out of 17 patients -23.5%- showed an increased post-operative supraspinatus trophysm), while a significant worsening (p < 0.05) was found in Group B. In Group B a significant worsening of tendon retraction (p < 0.01) and of tear size (p = 0.01) was also detected. CONCLUSIONS Surgical treatment of complete rotator cuff tears seems to decrease the irreversible changes that involve muscle belly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fabbri
- Orthopaedic Department and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy
| | - A Ciompi
- Orthopaedic Department and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy
| | - R M Lanzetti
- Orthopaedic Department and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy
| | - A Vadalà
- Orthopaedic Department and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy
| | - D Lupariello
- Orthopaedic Department and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy.
| | - C Iorio
- Orthopaedic Department and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy
| | - P Serlorenzi
- Orthopaedic Department and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy
| | - G Argento
- Radiological Department, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy
| | - A Ferretti
- Orthopaedic Department and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy
| | - A De Carli
- Orthopaedic Department and "Kirk Kilgour" Sports Injury Center, Sant' Andrea Hospital, "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa, 1035, 00189, Roma, Italy
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Petriccioli D, Bertone C, Marchi G. Recovery of active external rotation and elevation in young active men with irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tear using arthroscopically assisted latissimus dorsi transfer. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2016; 25:e265-75. [PMID: 26952287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears represent a serious functional disablement for young and active patients in their daily activities. Latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle-tendon transfer can restore elevation and external rotation where supraspinatus and infraspinatus function is lost. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2009 and 2013, 45 consecutive patients underwent arthroscopically assisted LD transfer for an irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tear. Thirty-three patients agreed to participate in this retrospective study. For 8 patients, we used a standard passage of the LD through the plane between the infraspinatus-teres minor and the deltoid muscles. For the remaining 25 patients, we transferred the LD tendon in front of the triceps muscle according to a personal described technique. The follow-up period was 35.7 months. Final follow-up included assessment by standard radiographs, bipolar surface electromyography, pain score by visual analog scale, Constant-Murley shoulder score, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score. For quantitative strength evaluation measurements, a Biodex dynamometer was used. RESULTS Overall clinical outcomes improved at the final follow-up and were significantly age related. We found similar results for revision and primary patients with mean increase in Constant-Murley scores of 29.5 and 30.5 points, respectively. In our series, we recorded osteoarthritis progression in 33.3% of patients. CONCLUSION Arthroscopic LD tendon transfer for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears can achieve good clinical outcomes at a midterm follow-up, especially in active men 60 years of age or younger and in patients with low preoperative elevation (<80°) but an intact or reparable subscapularis tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Petriccioli
- Department of Orthopedics, Istituto Clinico Città di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Celeste Bertone
- Department of Orthopedics, Istituto Clinico Città di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Marchi
- Department of Orthopedics, Istituto Clinico Città di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Greenspoon JA, Millett PJ, Moulton SG, Petri M. Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Restoring Joint Kinematics by Tendon Transfers. Open Orthop J 2016; 10:266-276. [PMID: 27708730 PMCID: PMC5039956 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001610010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tendon transfers can be a surgical treatment option in managing younger, active patients with massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the use of tendon transfers to treat massive irreparable rotator cuff tears and to summarize clinical outcomes. Methods: A selective literature search was performed and personal surgical experiences are reported. Results: Latissimus dorsi transfers have been used for many years in the management of posterosuperior rotator cuff tears with good reported clinical outcomes. It can be transferred without or with the teres major (L’Episcopo technique). Many surgical techniques have been described for latissimus dorsi transfer including single incision, double incision, and arthroscopically assisted transfer. Transfer of the pectoralis major tendon is the most common tendon transfer procedure performed for anterosuperior rotator cuff deficiencies. Several surgical techniques have been described, however transfer of the pectoralis major beneath the coracoid process has been found to most closely replicate the force vector that is normally provided by the intact subscapularis. Conclusion: Tendon transfers can be used successfully in the management of younger patients with massive irreparable rotator cuff tears and minimal glenohumeral arthritis. Improvements in clinical outcomes scores and range of motion have been demonstrated. This can delay arthroplasty, which is of particular importance for younger patients with high functional demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Greenspoon
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, suite 1000 Vail, CO, 81657, USA
| | - Peter J Millett
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, suite 1000 Vail, CO, 81657, USA
| | | | - Maximilian Petri
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 West Meadow Drive, suite 1000 Vail, CO, 81657, USA
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Massive Rotator Cuff Repair With All-Arthroscopic Patch Augmentation: A Surgical Technique. TECHNIQUES IN SHOULDER AND ELBOW SURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/bte.0000000000000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Compared with smaller tears, massive rotator cuff tears present significant clinical management dilemmas for the treating surgeon because they are often fraught with structural failure and poor outcomes. To optimize healing, current surgical methods look to optimize footprint coverage and enhance the biological environment for healing. Double-row techniques have demonstrated clear biomechanical advantages in controlled cadaveric studies, but have yet to demonstrate clear clinical efficacy over more simple repair techniques. When repairs for massive rotator cuff tears fail, options include revision repair or superior capsular reconstruction, an option to bridge the tissue gap with human dermal allograft or fascia lata autograft in hopes of containing the humeral head from superior migration and precluding rotator cuff arthropathy. Although latissimus transfers remain a reasonable option for massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears in appropriately indicated patients, clinical results are often unpredictable. Older patients with chronic, massive rotator cuff tears with pseudoparalysis can achieve predictable, often excellent clinical results with a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(3):145-151.].
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75
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Yoon JP, Chung SW, Kim JY, Lee BJ, Kim HS, Kim JE, Cho JH. Outcomes of Combined Bone Marrow Stimulation and Patch Augmentation for Massive Rotator Cuff Tears. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:963-71. [PMID: 26851271 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515625044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high failure rate after surgical repair of massive rotator cuff tears is a consistent problem. PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with bone marrow stimulation and patch augmentation in patients with massive rotator cuff tears. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS This study included 21 patients who underwent bone marrow stimulation and patch augmentation (group 1) and 54 patients who underwent conventional repair (group 2) for massive rotator cuff tears. Postoperative clinical outcomes were evaluated based on visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, simple shoulder test (SST), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Constant, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores at baseline, 1 year postoperatively, and final follow-up. Anatomic outcomes were evaluated by using postoperative magnetic resonance imaging at 1 year after surgery. RESULTS No significant differences in demographic characteristics and baseline data were observed between groups 1 and 2. Clinical symptoms were significantly improved at the final follow-up in both groups (P < .001). At the final follow-up, no significant differences were found in VAS pain (P = .676), SST (P = .598), UCLA (P = .100), Constant (P = .469), or ASES (P = .880) scores. However, the retear rate was lower in group 1 (4/21, 19.0%) than in group 2 (25/54, 46.3%) (P = .036), and the medial-row failure rate (type 2 retears) was much lower in group 1 (0/4, 0%) than in group 2 (18/25, 72.0%) (P = .014). CONCLUSION Concomitant bone marrow stimulation and patch augmentation significantly reduced retear and medial-row failure rates in the arthroscopic repair of massive rotator cuff tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Pil Yoon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok Won Chung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Joo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sub Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ju Eun Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Shoulder dysfunction in the setting of irreparable rotator cuff tears (RCTs) can be treated successfully with different types of tendon transfer: Latissimus dorsi transfer for irreparable posterosuperior RCTs works best for young, active patients with an intact subscapularis, no pseudoparalysis or previous surgery, and a functioning teres minor.A more anatomical transfer for irreparable posterosuperior RCTs is a lower trapezius transfer, and early results are promising.Isolated irreparable tears of the subscapularis can be successfully managed with pectoralis major tendon transfer with a concentric humeral head. However, restricted external rotation (ER) may occur, depending on technique.Pectoralis minor transfer can successfully address combination irreparable tears of the upper border subscapularis and the supraspinatus without significant loss of ER.Rotator cuff arthropathy with ER lag benefits most from a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and a combination latissimus dorsi and teres major transfer (LDTMT) regardless of patient age. Cite this article: Axe JM. Tendon transfers for irreparable rotator cuff tears: An update. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:18-24. doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000003.
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Tokish JM, Beicker C. Superior Capsule Reconstruction Technique Using an Acellular Dermal Allograft. Arthrosc Tech 2015; 4:e833-9. [PMID: 27284520 PMCID: PMC4887126 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic, massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears remain one of the most challenging pathologies in shoulder surgery to treat. Because of this, many treatment options exist for the management of chronic retracted rotator cuff tears. Superior capsule reconstruction is one option that provides the potential to restore and rebalance the force couples necessary for dynamic shoulder function. We describe an all-arthroscopic technique using an acellular dermal allograft for superior capsule reconstruction indicated for patients with a deficient superior rotator cuff. This technique provides an option for patients with an irreparable rotator cuff tear without compromising future treatment options. Although this is a relatively new and unproven method for treating chronic irreparable rotator cuff tears, our short-term results are promising. Nevertheless, larger studies with long-term follow-up are required to fully evaluate the success of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Tokish
- Address correspondence to John M. Tokish, M.D., Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas, Greenville Health System, 200 Patewood Dr, Ste C100, Greenville, SC 29615, U.S.A.
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Puskas GJ, Germann M, Catanzaro S, Gerber C. Secondary latissimus dorsi transfer after failed reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2015; 24:e337-44. [PMID: 26187136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined single-stage reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) plus latissimus dorsi transfer (LDT) has been reported to be a reliable treatment for pseudoparalysis of elevation and external rotation caused by irreparable rotator cuff tears. Secondary LDT in patients with pseudoparalysis of external rotation after previous RTSA has not yet been studied. METHODS Ten patients were treated with LDT at a mean of 27 months (range, 4-134 months) after RTSA. Standard LDT was performed in 4 patients and a LDT plus teres major transfer according to L'Episcopo in 6 patients. All patients had preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluation, including the assessment of the Constant score and the subjective shoulder value. RESULTS RTSA increased the preoperative mean relative Constant score from 26% (range, 11%-67%) to 51% (range, 20%-100%; P = .05). At a mean of 49 months (range, 23-67 months) after additional LDT, the relative Constant score further increased to 58% (range, 34%-100%; P = .141), remaining significantly superior to the score before RTSA (P = .021). The mean subjective shoulder value was 15% (range, 0%-30%) before and 44% (range, 20%-70%) after RTSA (P = .273) and was 56% (range, 20%-90%) after LDT (P = .686), a significant overall improvement of the state of the shoulder compared with before RTSA (P = .042). Mean active flexion increased from 36° (range, 0°-130°) to 86° (range, 10°-140°) after RTSA (P = .024) and to 109° (range,70°-140°) after LDT (P = 0.017 compared with pre-LDT; P = .011 compared with pre-RTSA). Mean active external rotation decreased from 0° (range, -80° to 50)° to -18° (range, -50°to 10)° after RTSA (P = .079) and was improved to 2° (-40° to 40)° after LDT (P = .24 compared with pre-LDT; P=.865 compared with pre RTSA). CONCLUSION Secondary LDT significantly improves active mobility in patients with residual dysfunction after RTSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor J Puskas
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Germann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Catanzaro
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerber
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Petri M, Greenspoon JA, Bhatia S, Millett PJ. Patch-Augmented Latissimus Dorsi Transfer and Open Reduction-Internal Fixation of Unstable Os Acromiale for Irreparable Massive Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tear. Arthrosc Tech 2015; 4:e487-92. [PMID: 26697309 PMCID: PMC4662244 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Latissimus dorsi transfer is a reasonable treatment option for massive posterosuperior rotator cuff tears that can substantially improve chronically painful and dysfunctional shoulders. This report and accompanying video describe the treatment of an active 43-year-old man with severe pain and weakness in the right shoulder after 3 failed rotator cuff repairs. Preoperative imaging showed a massive posterosuperior rotator cuff tear retracted to the glenoid as well as a hypermobile os acromiale likely causing dynamic impingement and recurrent rotator cuff tears. After diagnostic arthroscopy, the latissimus tendon is harvested and augmented with a 3-mm human acellular dermal patch (ArthroFlex; Arthrex, Naples, FL). The native rotator cuff tissue is repaired as much as possible, and the latissimus tendon is passed underneath the deltoid and posterior to the teres minor. The patch-augmented tendon is then integrated into a double-row SpeedBridge repair of eight 4.75-mm BioComposite SwiveLock anchors (Arthrex). The bony surface of the os acromiale is prepared and then fixed to the acromion with 2 cannulated partially threaded screws and additional tension-band wiring. Postoperative rehabilitation initially focuses on early passive range of motion, followed by active and active-assisted motion and a biofeedback program starting at 6 weeks postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Petri
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, U.S.A.,The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, U.S.A
| | | | - Sanjeev Bhatia
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, U.S.A.,The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Peter J. Millett
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, Colorado, U.S.A.,The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, U.S.A.,Address correspondence to Peter J. Millett, M.D., M.Sc., Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 W Meadow Dr, Ste 1000, Vail, CO 81657, U.S.A.
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Massive rotator cuff tears: pathomechanics, current treatment options, and clinical outcomes. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2015; 24:1493-505. [PMID: 26129871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rotator cuff tear size has an important effect on clinical outcomes after repair. Management options for massive rotator cuff tears are numerous, and selection of the most appropriate treatment method for individual patients can be a challenge. An understanding of the pathomechanics, treatment, and clinical outcomes in patients with massive rotator cuff tears can serve as a guide for clinical decision-making. The purpose of this article was to review treatment options and clinical outcomes for the management of massive rotator cuff tears.
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81
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Jermolajevas V, Kordasiewicz B. Arthroscopically Assisted Latissimus Dorsi Tendon Transfer in Beach-Chair Position. Arthrosc Tech 2015; 4:e359-63. [PMID: 26759777 PMCID: PMC4680951 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Irreparable rotator cuff tears remain a surgical problem. The open technique of latissimus dorsi (LD) tendon transfer to "replace" the irreparable rotator cuff is already well known. The aim of this article is to present a modified arthroscopically assisted LD tendon transfer technique. This technique was adopted to operate on patients in the beach-chair position with several improvements in tendon harvesting and fixation. It can be divided into 6 steps, and only 1 step-LD muscle and tendon release-is performed open. The advantages of the arthroscopic procedure are sparing of the deltoid muscle, the possibility of repairing the subscapularis tendon, and the ability to visualize structures at risk while performing tendon harvesting (radial nerve) and passing into the subacromial space (axillary nerve). It is performed in a similar manner to standard rotator cuff surgery-the beach-chair position does not need any modification, and no sophisticated equipment for either the open or arthroscopic part of the procedure is necessary. Nevertheless, this is a challenging procedure and should only be attempted after training, as well as extensive practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoras Jermolajevas
- Traumatology and Orthopedics Department, Klaipėda Regional Hospital, Klaipėda, Lithuania, Poland,Address correspondence to Viktoras Jermolajevas, M.D., Klaipėda Regional Hospital, S. Neries 3, Klaipėda, Lithuania, LT 92236.
| | - Bartlomiej Kordasiewicz
- Traumatology and Orthopedics Department, Postgraduate Medical Education Centre, SPSK im. A. Grucy, Otwock, Poland
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Grimberg J, Kany J, Valenti P, Amaravathi R, Ramalingam AT. Arthroscopic-assisted latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for irreparable posterosuperior cuff tears. Arthroscopy 2015; 31:599-607.e1. [PMID: 25498458 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate, in a multicenter, prospective study, the clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and radiologic results of arthroscopic-assisted latissimus dorsi (LD) tendon transfer for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears; and to assess the influence of perioperative data on clinical results. METHODS Fifty-five patients with irreparable tears of at least the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons were managed with arthroscopic-assisted LD tendon transfer and reviewed clinically, with standardized radiographs and MRI, after a mean of 29 months. Outcome measures included the Constant score and the Subjective Shoulder Value. The osteoarthritic stage and acromiohumeral distance were measured on standardized radiographs, and the transferred tendon aspect was evaluated on MRI. RESULTS Thirty patients had already undergone 1 or more previous surgical procedures. The mean Subjective Shoulder Value increased from 26% preoperatively to 71% postoperatively. The Constant score improved from 37 preoperatively to 65.4 postoperatively. The pain score increased from 1.7 preoperatively to 12.6 postoperatively; the activity score, from 6.4 to 13.8; active forward flexion, from 134° to 157°; active abduction, from 67° to 92.5°; active external rotation, from 29° to 41.5°; and abduction strength, from 1.4 kg to 4.8 kg. The only statistically significant factor negatively influencing the Constant score was previous surgery. Four patients had a ruptured LD tendon on MRI follow-up at 1 year. There was no statistical difference between preoperative and final follow-up acromiohumeral distance. There was no increase in osteoarthritic stage. CONCLUSIONS Arthroscopic-assisted LD tendon transfer improves shoulder pain and function in patients with irreparable posterosuperior cuff tears, with similar clinical and radiologic results compared with results of published series using open techniques. Patients with a history of surgery had lower Constant scores compared with non-previously operated patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, therapeutic case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Grimberg
- L'Institut de Recherché en Chirurgie Orthopédique et Sportive, Paris, France.
| | - Jean Kany
- Clinique de l'Union, Saint Jean, France
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El-Azab HM, Rott O, Irlenbusch U. Long-term follow-up after latissimus dorsi transfer for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015; 97:462-9. [PMID: 25788302 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears are treated in several ways. Transfer of the latissimus dorsi is an alternative with acceptable mid-term results, but long-term results have rarely been published. METHODS The cases of 108 consecutive patients with 115 shoulders treated with latissimus dorsi transfer between 2000 and 2005 were reviewed clinically and radiographically. Ninety-three shoulders in eighty-six patients were included in the follow-up analysis. The mean duration of follow-up was 9.3 years (range, 6.6 to 11.7 years), and the mean age at the operation was fifty-six years (range, forty to seventy-two years). Outcome measures included the Constant-Murley score (Constant score), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) index, and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. The progress of cuff tear arthropathy was determined with radiographic evaluation according to the system described by Hamada et al. RESULTS The mean relative Constant score improved from 44% preoperatively to 71% at the time of follow-up (p < 0.0001, effect size = 0.6), excluding the clinical failures. Similarly, the mean ASES index improved from 30 to 70 (p < 0.0001, effect size = 0.7), and the mean VAS score decreased from 7.8 to 2.4 (p < 0.0001, effect size = 0.8). A pain-free outcome was reported in only eighteen shoulders (19%). Active shoulder movement improved significantly (p < 0.05). The mean Hamada radiographic grade of cuff tear arthropathy increased from 1.7 (range, 0 to 2) preoperatively to 2.2 (range, 1 to 5) (p < 0.0001, effect size = 0.2). The rate of clinical failure of latissimus dorsi transfer was 10%, and the rate of shoulder prosthetic replacement after latissimus dorsi transfer was 4%. CONCLUSIONS Pain relief and improvement of shoulder function were maintained a mean of 9.3 years after latissimus dorsi transfer for irreparable posterosuperior cuff defects. The younger the patient, the better the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olaf Rott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Marienstift Arnstadt, Wachsenburgallee 12, D-99310 Arnstadt, Germany. E-mail address for U. Irlenbusch:
| | - Ulrich Irlenbusch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Marienstift Arnstadt, Wachsenburgallee 12, D-99310 Arnstadt, Germany. E-mail address for U. Irlenbusch:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer of the latissimus dorsi tendon to the posterosuperior part of the rotator cuff is an option in active patients with massive rotator cuff tears to restore shoulder elevation and external rotation. However, it is unknown whether this treatment prevents progression of cuff tear arthropathy. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES The purpose of this study was to determine whether the observed improvement in shoulder function in the early postoperative period with latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for irreparable rotator cuff tears will be permanent or will deteriorate in the midterm period (at 1-5 years after surgery). METHODS During a 6-year period, we performed 11 latissimus dorsi tendon transfers in 11 patients for patients with massive, irreparable, chronic tears of the posterosuperior part of the rotator cuff (defined as > 5 cm supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendon tears with Goutallier Grade 3 to 4 fatty infiltration on MRI), for patients who were younger than 65 years of age, and had high functional demands and intact subscapularis function. No patients were lost to followup; minimum followup was 12 months (median, 33 months; range, 12-62 months). The mean patient age was 55 years (median, 53 years; range, 47-65 years). Shoulder forward elevation, external rotation, and Constant-Murley and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores were assessed. Pain was assessed by a 0- to 10-point visual analog scale. Acromiohumeral distance and cuff tear arthropathy (staged according to the Hamada classification) were evaluated on radiographs. RESULTS Shoulder forward elevation, external rotation, Constant-Murley scores, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores improved at 6 months. However, although shoulder motion values and Constant-Murley scores remained unchanged between the 6-month and latest evaluations, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores decreased in this period (median, 71; range, 33-88 versus median, 68; range, 33-85; p = 0.009). Visual analog scale scores improved between the preoperative and 6-month evaluations but then worsened (representing worse pain) between the 6-month and latest evaluations (median, 2; range, 0-5 versus median, 2; range, 1-6; p = 0.034), but scores at latest followup were still lower than preoperative values (median, 7; range, 4-8; p = 0.003). Although acromiohumeral distance values were increased at 6 months (median, 8 mm; range, 6-10 mm; p = 0.023), the values at latest followup (median, 8 mm; range, 5-10 mm) were no different from the preoperative ones (mean, 7 mm; range, 6-9 mm; p > 0.05). According to Hamada classification, all patients were Grade 1 both pre- and postoperatively, except one who was Grade 3 at latest followup. CONCLUSIONS The latissimus dorsi tendon transfer may improve shoulder function in irreparable massive rotator cuff tears. However, because the tenodesis effect loses its strength with time, progression of the arthropathy should be expected over time. Nevertheless, latissimus dorsi tendon transfer may help to delay the need for reverse shoulder arthroplasty for these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, therapeutic study. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Duralde XA. CORR Insights: Time-dependent changes after latissimus dorsi transfer: tenodesis or tendon transfer? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2014; 472:3889-91. [PMID: 25209341 PMCID: PMC4397771 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier A Duralde
- Peachtree Orthopaedic Clinic, 2045 Peachtree Dr., Suite 700, Atlanta, GA, 30309, USA,
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86
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Kokkalis ZT, Mavrogenis AF, Scarlat M, Christodoulou M, Vottis C, Papagelopoulos PJ, Sotereanos DG. Human dermal allograft for massive rotator cuff tears. Orthopedics 2014; 37:e1108-16. [PMID: 25437086 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20141124-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously published studies reported variable results using various suture techniques and reconstruction options for massive rotator cuff tears. Therefore, the current authors retrospectively studied 21 consecutive patients/shoulders with massive rotator cuff tears treated from January 2005 to October 2011 with a human dermal allograft through a mini-open approach. Mean patient age was 58 years (range, 33-72 years). Mean follow-up was 29 months (range, 18-52 months). Ten patients underwent revision repair for a failed rotator cuff repair. The authors measured the tendon gap (mean, 1.7 cm) and acromiohumeral interval (mean, 6.5 mm). They evaluated pain, shoulder range of motion (ROM) and function, patient satisfaction with the operation and outcome, and complications. At last follow-up, all patients experienced significant pain relief (P=.001) and improved ROM (P=.001) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score (P=.001). Eighteen patients reported that they were satisfied or very satisfied and 3 reported that they were not satisfied with the operation and outcome. Comparison of outcomes between patients who underwent primary repair and those who underwent revision repair and between patients who had muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration grades 0 to II and those who had grades III to IV showed no statistically significant differences. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the size of the tendon gap and postoperative pain, ROM (except external rotation), and ASES score (P<.050). No significant correlation was observed between postoperative pain, ROM, and ASES score and the acromiohumeral interval (P>.050). Complications related to the dermal human allograft were not observed.
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87
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Qadir R, Romine L, Yao DC, Duncan SFM. Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for massive, irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears: surgical technique. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg 2014; 18:125-130. [PMID: 24854152 DOI: 10.1097/bth.0000000000000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Massive rotator cuff tears remain a complex and challenging problem for both the patient and the surgeon. Although significant advancements in surgical techniques as well as technology for arthroscopic and mini-open rotator cuff repairs have been made, many massive tears result in failed repair with continued progressive tendon retraction and degeneration. In cases when primary tendon to bone healing is impractical, latissimus dorsi tendon transfer provides promising and reproducible clinical results. Herein, we present a latissimus tendon transfer surgical technique, a procedure we have used as a salvage operation for failed arthroscopic/mini-open primary rotator cuff repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Qadir
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation ‡Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, Ochsner Clinical School, University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA †Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
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88
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Black EM, Paxton ES, Williams GR, Song HS. Arthroscopic repair of an avulsed latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for massive, irreparable rotator cuff tear: a report of two cases. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23:e217-20. [PMID: 25127912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Black
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Summit Medical Group, Berkeley Heights, NJ, USA
| | - E Scott Paxton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gerald R Williams
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyun-Seok Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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Electromyographic activity after latissimus dorsi transfer: testing of coactivation as a simple tool to assess latissimus dorsi motor learning. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23:1162-70. [PMID: 24496048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate coactivation (CoA) testing as a clinical tool to monitor motor learning after latissimus dorsi tendon transfer. METHODS We evaluated 20 patients clinically with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) outcomes scores, visual analog scale, active external rotation (aER), and isometric strength testing in abduction and external rotation. Measurements of aER were performed while the latissimus dorsi was activated in its new function of external rotation with concomitant activation (coactivation) of its native functions (adduction and extension). Bilateral surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded during aER measurements and the strength testing procedure (EMG activity ratio: with/without CoA). Patients were divided into two groups (excellent/good vs fair/poor) according to the results of the ASES and UCLA scores. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 57.8 ± 25.2 months. Subdivided by clinical scores, the superior outcome group lost aER with CoA, whereas the inferior outcome group gained aER (UCLA score: -2.2° ± 7.4° vs +4.3° ± 4.1°; P = .031). Patients with inferior outcomes in the ASES score showed higher latissimus dorsi EMG activity ratios (P = .027), suggesting an inadequate motor learning process. Isometric strength testing revealed that the latissimus dorsi transfer had significantly greater activity compared with the contralateral side (external rotation, P = .008; abduction, P = .006) but did not have comparable strength (external rotation, P = .017; abduction, P = .009). CONCLUSIONS Patients with inferior clinical results were more likely to be dependent on CoA to gain external rotation. Therefore, CoA testing may be used as a tool to evaluate the status of postoperative motor learning after latissimus dorsi transfer.
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90
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Castricini R, Longo UG, De Benedetto M, Loppini M, Zini R, Maffulli N, Denaro V. Arthroscopic-Assisted Latissimus Dorsi Transfer for the Management of Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Short-Term Results. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014; 96:e119. [PMID: 25031381 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.l.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irreparable rotator cuff tears associated with shoulder functional impairment represent a challenge, especially in young and active patients. Latissimus dorsi muscle-tendon transfer is performed to replace the irreversibly lost contractile elements in patients with irreparable tears of the posterosuperior aspect of the rotator cuff. METHODS From 2008 to 2010, we enrolled twenty-seven patients (mean age, sixty years; range, forty-six to sixty-seven years) with irreparable, full-thickness rotator cuff tears involving at least two tendons who underwent arthroscopic-assisted latissimus dorsi muscle-tendon transfer. Outcome measures included the Constant and Murley score, shoulder range of motion in external rotation, and muscle strength in forward elevation. The mean duration of follow-up was twenty-seven months (range, twenty-four to thirty-six months). RESULTS There was a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in the mean Constant and Murley score, pain score, muscle strength in forward elevation, and range of motion in external rotation at the time of the last follow-up. There was no significant correlation between the mean preoperative range of motion, pain, and strength and the mean postoperative Constant and Murley score. There was no significant osteoarthritis progression and proximal migration of the humeral head after surgery in the time period studied. CONCLUSIONS Arthroscopic-assisted latissimus dorsi muscle-tendon transfer at short-term follow-up is an effective alternative to open surgery for the management of painful irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears refractory to conservative management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Castricini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital, Via Corriera 1, 48010 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy. E-mail address for R. Zini:
| | - Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Trigoria, Rome, Italy. E-mail address for U.G. Longo: . E-mail address for M. Loppini: . E-mail address for V. Denaro:
| | - Massimo De Benedetto
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital, Via Corriera 1, 48010 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy. E-mail address for R. Zini:
| | - Mattia Loppini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Trigoria, Rome, Italy. E-mail address for U.G. Longo: . E-mail address for M. Loppini: . E-mail address for V. Denaro:
| | - Raul Zini
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Villa Maria Cecilia Hospital, Via Corriera 1, 48010 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy. E-mail address for R. Zini:
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, England. E-mail address:
| | - Vincenzo Denaro
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Trigoria, Rome, Italy. E-mail address for U.G. Longo: . E-mail address for M. Loppini: . E-mail address for V. Denaro:
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91
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Grimberg J, Kany J. Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for irreparable postero-superior cuff tears: current concepts, indications, and recent advances. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2014; 7:22-32. [PMID: 24458942 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-013-9196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer is a method for surgical treatment of massive irreparable posterosuperior cuff tears. It partially restores active anteflexion, external rotation, and function of the shoulder but does not significantly increase strength of the shoulder. It is contraindicated in case of pseudoparalytic shoulder; associated irreparable subscapularis tear, deltoid palsy, and in case of associated osteoarthritis, as an isolated procedure. Results are inferior when performed as a secondary procedure compared with a primary procedure. However, latissimus dorsi tendon transfer is an attractive solution to improve shoulder mobility and function of young and non osteoarthritic patients whose previous surgical treatment of massive postero-superior irreparable rotator cuff tear failed. As a primary procedure, latissimus dorsi tendon transfer competes with debridement, biceps tenotomy, and partial cuff repair. In association with reverse shoulder arthroplasty, it restores active external rotation in osteoarthritic patients with active external rotation deficit. New arthroscopic assisted techniques might improve results in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Grimberg
- IRCOS (Institut de Recherche en Chirurgie Osseuse et Sportive), 6 avenue Alphonse XIII, 75016, Paris, France,
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Does the latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for massive rotator cuff tears remain active postoperatively and restore active external rotation? J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23:553-60. [PMID: 24135419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2013.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study is to evaluate the muscle activity with surface electromyography (EMG) and the clinical outcome of the latissimus dorsi transfer. It remains unclear whether the clinical results of the latissimus dorsi transfer for massive posterosuperior rotator cuff tears are achieved either by active muscle contractions or by a passive tenodesis effect of the transfer. METHODS Eight patients were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 year (SD, 0.1) after the latissimus dorsi transfer. Clinical evaluation of outcomes included active range of motion, Constant score, and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and activities of daily living (ADL). Muscle activity was recorded with EMG during directional isometric abduction and adduction tasks. RESULTS The external rotation in adduction improved from 23° to 51° (P = .03). The external rotation in abduction improved from 10° to 70° (P = .02). The mean Constant score improved from 39 to 62 postoperatively (P = .01). The VAS for pain at rest improved from 3.3 preoperatively to 0.1 (P = .02). The VAS for ADL improved from 4.9 to 2.3 (P = .05). The transferred latissimus dorsi remained active in all cases, as reflected by increased latissimus dorsi EMG activity during abduction tasks. In addition, the latissimus dorsi EMG activity shifted from preoperative antagonistic co-activation in adduction to synergistic activation in abduction. CONCLUSION The latissimus dorsi has synergistic muscle activity after transfer. Apart from a tenodesis effect, directional muscle activity seems relevant for improved clinical outcome and pain relief. A specific gain was observed for external rotation in elevated arm positions, a motion essential for ADL tasks.
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93
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Elhassan B, Christensen TJ, Wagner ER. Feasibility of latissimus and teres major transfer to reconstruct irreparable subscapularis tendon tear: an anatomic study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23:492-9. [PMID: 24076001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2013.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several tendon transfers have been described to reconstruct irreparable subscapularis (SS) tears, but their outcomes are variable and unsatisfactory in the presence of anterior glenohumeral subluxation. We evaluated the anatomic feasibility of the latissimus dorsi (LD) or teres major (TM) muscle tendon transfer to reconstruct an irreparable SS tendon tear. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dimensions of the LD and TM tendons and the distance between their insertion and the SS tendon insertion were determined In 20 cadaveric shoulders. Feasibility of the isolated LD and TM tendon transfer to 3 locations on the SS tendon insertion, transfer of the LD to the proximal half, TM to the lower half of the SS tendon, and combined transfer of the LD/TM tendon to the central aspect of the SS tendon was assessed. RESULTS The LD and TM were an average length of 5.9 cm and 2.3 cm and an average width of 2.2 cm and 2.4 cm, respectively. The mean distances from the center of the LD and TM tendons insertion to the central aspect of the SS tendon insertion was 4.0 cm and 4.7 cm, respectively. All of the tendon transfers were feasible, and the risk of nerve compression was low, except for the combined tendon LD/TM transfer to the proximal third of the SS tendon. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that transfer of the LD/TM to the lesser tuberosity to reconstruct an irreparable SS tear is feasible, with a low risk of nerve compression, with the exception of the combined LD/TM and more proximal TM tendon transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Elhassan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | | | - Eric R Wagner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Jerosch J, Sokkar SM, Neuhaeuser C, Abdelkafy A. Humeral resurfacing arthroplasty in combination with latissimus dorsi tendon transfer in patients with rotator cuff tear arthropathy and preserved subscapularis muscle function: preliminary report and short-term results. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2014; 24:1075-83. [PMID: 24664451 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-014-1434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Humeral resurfacing arthroplasty represents an alternative option to hemiarthroplasty for treatment of cuff tear arthropathy (CTA), with the advantages as follows: suitability for relatively young and high-demand patients because of preservation of bone stock and no loss of length, less invasive surgery, shorter operation time, no risk of periprosthetic stem fractures, and revision surgery can be undertaken easily. In the current study, resurfacing arthroplasty in combination with latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for CTA was performed. Three hypotheses: first, humeral resurfacing arthroplasty in combination with latissimus dorsi tendon transfer would improve the overall functional outcome in patients with CTA. Second, this combination would improve humeral external rotation. Third, this combination would improve abduction and shoulder elevation. METHODS Study was conducted as an observational case series. Fourteen patients (nine ♀ and five ♂) having CTA were included. Follow-up was carried out at the end of the 28th month for all patients. Constant Score was used for follow-up evaluation. Dorso-axillary approach was used for latissimus dorsi tendon transfer and ventral deltopectoral approach for Copeland resurfacing. Tendons were fixed to the greater tuberosity with two anchors. RESULTS The absolute Constant Score significantly improved from 34 preoperatively to 69 postoperatively, relative Constant Score from 42 to 91%, elevation from 95° to 138°, abduction from 88° to 147°, and external rotation from 16° to 22° (not significant). CONCLUSION Humeral resurfacing arthroplasty in combination with latissimus dorsi tendon transfer in patients having CTA with preserved subscapularis function has satisfactory short-term functional clinical outcome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Jerosch
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Johanna Etienne Hospital, AM Hasenberg 46, 41462, Neuss, Germany,
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Puskas GJ, Catanzaro S, Gerber C. Clinical outcome of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty combined with latissimus dorsi transfer for the treatment of chronic combined pseudoparesis of elevation and external rotation of the shoulder. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23:49-57. [PMID: 23790326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) allows correction of pseudoparesis of elevation caused by irreparable rotator cuff tear but does not address loss of active external rotation. Latissimus dorsi transfer (LDT) is an established procedure for correction of pseudoparesis of external rotation. METHODS Forty-one shoulders of 40 consecutive patients, who were a mean age of 70 years old (range 47-85 years), underwent RTSA combined with LDT for irreparable rotator cuff failure with severe shoulder dysfunction. RESULTS Nine orthopedic complications occurred in 7 of the 41 shoulders. Four shoulders were lost to follow-up, and 5 were excluded from the functional analysis. The mean follow-up of the eligible 32 shoulders with the prosthesis still in place was 53 months (range, 24-105 months). The age-related Constant score increased significantly from a preoperative mean of 45% (range, 16%-80%) to 89% (range, 25%-100%). The mean subjective shoulder value increased from 33% (range, 0%-70%) to 75% (range, 30%-100%). Active external rotation significantly improved from a mean of 4° (range, -30° to 40°) to 27° (range, -10° to 70°). A preoperative external rotation lag sign could be corrected in 25 of the 32 shoulders. For the 16 shoulders with at least 5 years of follow-up, the Constant scores were 47% (range, 16%-80%) preoperatively, 92% (range, 51%-100%) at 2 years, and 94% (range, 57%-100%) at the latest follow-up, and the respective subjective shoulder values were 32% (range, 0%-70%), 73% (range, 30%-100%), and 80% (range, 60%-100%). CONCLUSION If treated with RTSA combined with LDT, patients with pseudoparesis of elevation and pseudoparesis of external rotation can expect an excellent clinical outcome for a period beyond 5 years, provided that complications that require removal of the prosthesis can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor J Puskas
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zürich, Balgrist University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Catanzaro
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zürich, Balgrist University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerber
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zürich, Balgrist University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
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96
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Gerber C, Rahm SA, Catanzaro S, Farshad M, Moor BK. Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for treatment of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears: long-term results at a minimum follow-up of ten years. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:1920-6. [PMID: 24196461 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfer of the latissimus dorsi tendon to the greater tuberosity of the humerus for treatment of an irreparable rotator cuff tear has been reported to yield good-to-excellent short to intermediate-term results in well-selected patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of such transfers for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears to determine the durability of the results and to identify risk factors for an unfavorable outcome. METHODS Fifty-seven shoulders in fifty-five patients (seventeen women and thirty-eight men with a mean age of fifty-six years) were managed with latissimus dorsi tendon transfer. Final follow-up was performed at a mean of 147 months. Outcome measures included the Constant score and the Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV). Osteoarthritis, the acromiohumeral distance, and the so-called critical shoulder angle were assessed on standardized radiographs. RESULTS Forty-six shoulders in forty-four patients were available at the time of final follow-up. The mean SSV increased from 29% preoperatively to 70% at the time of final follow-up, the relative Constant score improved from 56% to 80%, and the pain score improved from 7 to 13 points (p < 0.0001 for all). Mean flexion increased from 118° to 132°, abduction increased from 112° to 123°, and external rotation increased from 18° to 33°. Mean abduction strength increased from 1.2 to 2.0 kg (p = 0.001). There was a slight but significant increase in osteoarthritic changes. Inferior results occurred in shoulders with insufficiency of the subscapularis muscle and fatty infiltration of the teres minor muscle. Superior functional results were observed in shoulders with a small postoperative critical shoulder angle. CONCLUSIONS Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer offered an effective treatment for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears, with substantial and durable improvements in shoulder function and pain relief. Shoulders with fatty infiltration of the teres minor muscle and insufficiency of the subscapularis muscle tended to have inferior results, as did those with a large critical shoulder angle. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerber
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland. E-mail address for B.K. Moor:
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97
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Marra G. Latissimus dorsi transfer results endure over time: commentary on an article by Christian Gerber, MD, FRCSEd(Hon), et al.: "Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer for treatment of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Long-term results at a minimum follow-up of ten years". J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:e169. [PMID: 24196481 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Marra
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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98
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Ortmaier R, Resch H, Hitzl W, Mayer M, Blocher M, Vasvary I, Mattiassich G, Stundner O, Tauber M. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty combined with latissimus dorsi transfer using the bone-chip technique. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2013; 38:553-9. [PMID: 24132802 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-013-2139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) can restore active elevation in rotator-cuff-deficient shoulders. However, RSA cannot restore active external rotation. The combination of latissimus dorsi transfer with RSA has been reported to restore both active elevation and external rotation. We hypothesised that in the combined procedure, harvesting the latissimus dorsi with a small piece of bone, leads to good tendon integrity, low rupture rates and good clinical outcome. METHODS Between 2004 and 2010, 13 patients (13 shoulders) were treated with RSA in combination with latissimus dorsi transfer in a modified manner. The mean follow-up was 65.4 months, and the mean age at index surgery was 71.1 years. All patients had external rotation lag sign and positive hornblower's sign, as well as radiological signs of cuff-tear arthropathy (Hamada 3, 4 or 5) and fatty infiltration grade 3 according to Goutallier et al. on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The outcome measures included the Constant Murley Score, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Activities of Daily Living Requiring External Rotation (ADLER) score. Tendon integrity was evaluated with dynamic ultrasound. All patients were asked at final follow-up to rate their satisfaction as excellent, good, satisfied or dissatisfied. RESULTS The overall mean Constant-Murley Shoulder Outcome Score (CMS) improved from 20.4 to 64.3 points (p < 0.001). Mean VAS pain score decreased from 6.8 to 1.1 (p < 0.001)., mean UCLA score improved from 7.9 to 26.4 (p < 0.001), mean SST score improved from 2.3 to 7.9 (p < 0.001) and mean postoperative ADLER score was 26 points. The average degree of abduction improved from 45° to 129° (p < 0.001), the average degree of anterior flexion improved from 55° to 138° (p < 0.001) and the average degree of external rotation improved from -16° to 21° (p < 0.001). Eight patients rated their results as very satisfied, three as satisfied and two as dissatisfied. CONCLUSION This modified technique, which avoids cutting the pectoralis major tendon and involves harvesting the tendon together with a small piece of bone, leads to good or even better functional results compared with the results reported in the literature, and also has high patient satisfaction and low failure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Ortmaier
- Department of Traumatology and Sports Injuries, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria,
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99
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Ji JH, Shafi M, Jeong JJ, Park SE. Arthroscopic repair of large and massive rotator cuff tears using the biceps-incorporating technique: mid-term clinical and anatomical results. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2013; 24:1367-74. [PMID: 24085654 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-013-1323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical and clinical outcomes of a biceps-incorporating rotator cuff repair without detaching the biceps origin from the glenoid in a large or massive rotator cuff tear, in which the biceps tendon could be incorporated into the cuff defect and help to provide tendon healing and prevent upward migration of the humeral head. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five consecutive patients with a mean age of 62 years (41-81 years) had primary arthroscopic repair of their large or massive rotator cuff in which biceps tendon incorporated into the cuff defect without detaching the biceps tendon from the glenoid was performed. Functional outcome was determined by the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain during motions, simple shoulder test (SST), the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) score, and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores (ASES) (mean follow-up, 24 months). The continuity of rotator cuff mechanism was evaluated using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among all the patients after 2 years. RESULTS At the final follow-up, mean VAS scores increased significantly from 7.1 to 2.0 points, ASES scores from 35 to 83, UCLA scores from 14 to 30, and SST scores from 4 to 9, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, the range of motion was significantly increased except the external rotation from preoperative 27° to postoperative 33° (p = 0.183). MRI evaluation showed that 22 of 35 patients (63%) had heeled tendons and 7 patients (20%) had partial re-tear. Of 35 patients, 6 (17%) had a complete re-tear. Only 3 of these 6 patients were not satisfied with the result. CONCLUSIONS Using this simple biceps-incorporating rotator cuff repair technique, we achieved good clinical and moderate anatomical results, and prevent superior migration of the humeral head in a large or massive rotator cuff tear. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV retrospective review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hun Ji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 520-2, Deahung-Dong, Joong-Ku, Daejeon, 302-803, South Korea
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Morphologic Changes of Synthetic (ePTFE) Interpositional Patch Repair for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tear. TECHNIQUES IN SHOULDER AND ELBOW SURGERY 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/bte.0b013e31829f28cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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