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Cavalca L, Corsini A, Zaccheo P, Andreoni V, Muyzer G. Microbial transformations of arsenic: perspectives for biological removal of arsenic from water. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:753-68. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is present in many environments and is released by various natural processes and anthropogenic actions. Although arsenic is recognized to cause a wide range of adverse health effects in humans, diverse bacteria can metabolize it by detoxification and energy conservation reactions. This review highlights the current understanding of the ecology, biochemistry and genomics of these bacteria, and their potential application in the treatment of arsenic-polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cavalca
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Anna Corsini
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zaccheo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia (DiSAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenza Andreoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gerard Muyzer
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l’Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Institute for Biodiversity & Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jiang S, Hur HG. Effects of the anaerobic respiration of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 on the stability of extracellular U(VI) nanofibers. Microbes Environ 2013; 28:312-5. [PMID: 23719584 PMCID: PMC4070970 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uranium (VI) is considered to be one of the most widely dispersed and problematic environmental contaminants, due in large part to its high solubility and great mobility in natural aquatic systems. We previously reported that under anaerobic conditions, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 grown in medium containing uranyl acetate rapidly accumulated long, extracellular, ultrafine U(VI) nanofibers composed of polycrystalline chains of discrete meta-schoepite (UO3·2H2O) nanocrystallites. Wild-type MR-1 finally transformed the uranium (VI) nanofibers to uranium (IV) nanoparticles via further reduction. In order to investigate the influence of the respiratory chain in the uranium transformation process, a series of mutant strains lacking a periplasmic cytochrome MtrA, outer membrane (OM) cytochrome MtrC and OmcA, a tetraheme cytochrome CymA anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane, and a trans-OM protein MtrB, were tested in this study. Although all the mutants produced U(VI) nanofibers like the wild type, the transformation rates from U(VI) nanofibers to U(IV) nanoparticles varied; in particular, the mutant with deletion in tetraheme cytochrome CymA stably maintained the uranium (VI) nanofibers, suggesting that the respiratory chain of S. oneidensis MR-1 is probably involved in the stability of extracellular U(VI) nanofibers, which might be easily treated via the physical processes of filtration or flocculation for the remediation of uranium contamination in sediments and aquifers, as well as the recovery of uranium in manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
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Kim DH, Kanaly RA, Hur HG. Biological accumulation of tellurium nanorod structures via reduction of tellurite by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 125:127-131. [PMID: 23026324 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, reduced tellurite (Te(IV), TeO(3)(2-)) to elemental tellurium under anaerobic conditions resulting in the intracellular accumulation of needle shaped crystalline Te(0) nanorods. Fatty acid analyses showed that toxic Te(IV) increased the unsaturated fatty acid composition of the lipid components of the cell membrane, implying a deconstruction of the integrity of the cellular membrane structure. The current results suggest that dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria such as S. oneidensis MR-1 may play an important role in recycling toxic tellurium elements, and may be applied as a novel selective biological filter via the accumulation of industry-applicable rare materials, Te(0) nanorods, in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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Jiang S, Ho CT, Lee JH, Duong HV, Han S, Hur HG. Mercury capture into biogenic amorphous selenium nanospheres produced by mercury resistant Shewanella putrefaciens 200. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:621-624. [PMID: 22386108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Shewanella putrefaciens 200, resistant to high concentration of Hg(II), was selected for co-removal of mercury and selenium from aqueous medium. Biogenic Hg(0) reduced from Hg(II) by S. putrefaciens 200 was captured into extracellular amorphous selenium nanospheres, resulting in the formation of stable HgSe nanoparticles. This bacterial reduction could be a new strategy for mercury removal from aquatic environments without secondary pollution of mercury methylation or Hg(0) volatilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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Kim DH, Jiang S, Lee JH, Cho YJ, Chun J, Choi SH, Park HS, Hur HG. Draft genome sequence of Shewanella sp. strain HN-41, which produces arsenic-sulfide nanotubes. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:5039-40. [PMID: 21868804 PMCID: PMC3165682 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05578-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissimilatory metal reducing bacterium Shewanella sp. strain HN-41 was first reported to produce novel photoactive As-S nanotubes via reduction of As(V) and S(2)O(3)(2-) under anaerobic conditions. Here we report the draft genome sequence and annotation of strain HN-41.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 993525
| | - Yong-Joon Cho
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsik Chun
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Haeng Choi
- Genome Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seog Park
- Genome Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Hor-Gil Hur
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- International Environmental Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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Jiang S, Liu F, Kim MG, Lim JH, Lee KJ, Choa YH, Song K, Sadowsky MJ, Chen W, Myung NV, Hur HG. Synthesis of chalcogenide ternary and quaternary nanotubes through directed compositional alterations of bacterial As–S nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10601e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Focardi S, Pepi M, Ruta M, Marvasi M, Bernardini E, Gasperini S, Focardi S. Arsenic precipitation by an anaerobic arsenic-respiring bacterial strain isolated from the polluted sediments of Orbetello Lagoon, Italy. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:578-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nakamura R, Okamoto A, Tajima N, Newton GJ, Kai F, Takashima T, Hashimoto K. Biological iron-monosulfide production for efficient electricity harvesting from a deep-sea metal-reducing bacterium. Chembiochem 2010; 11:643-5. [PMID: 20146276 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Kim J, Rheem Y, Yoo B, Chong Y, Bozhilov KN, Kim D, Sadowsky MJ, Hur HG, Myung NV. Peptide-mediated shape- and size-tunable synthesis of gold nanostructures. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2681-9. [PMID: 20083240 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While several biological processes have been shown to be useful for the production of well-designed, inorganic nanostructures, the mechanism(s) controlling the size and shape of nano and micron size particles remains elusive. Here we report on the controlled size- and shape-specific production of gold nanostructures under ambient reaction conditions using a dodecapeptide, Midas-2, originally selected from a phage-displayed combinatorial peptide library. Single amino acid changes in Midas-2 greatly influence the size (a few nanometers to approximately 100 microm) and shape (nanoparticles, nanoribbons, nanowires and nanoplatelets) of the gold nanostructures produced, and these are controllable by adjusting the solution pH and gold ion concentration. The ability to control the shape and size of the gold nanostructures by changing the peptide structure and reaction conditions will lead to many potential applications, including nanoelectronics, sensors and optoelectronics, because of their unique size- and shape-dependent optical and electrical properties.
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Arsenic in cancer treatment: challenges for application of realgar nanoparticles (a minireview). Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1568-81. [PMID: 22069650 PMCID: PMC3153258 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2061568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While intensive efforts have been made for the treatment of cancer, this disease is still the second leading cause of death in many countries. Metastatic breast cancer, late-stage colon cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple myeloma, and other forms of cancer are still essentially incurable in most cases. Recent advances in genomic technologies have permitted the simultaneous evaluation of DNA sequence-based alterations together with copy number gains and losses. The requirement for a multi-targeting approach is the common theme that emerges from these studies. Therefore, the combination of new targeted biological and cytotoxic agents is currently under investigation in multimodal treatment regimens. Similarly, a combinational principle is applied in traditional Chinese medicine, as formulas consist of several types of medicinal herbs or minerals, in which one represents the principal component, and the others serve as adjuvant ones that assist the effects, or facilitate the delivery, of the principal component. In Western medicine, approximately 60 different arsenic preparations have been developed and used in pharmacological history. In traditional Chinese medicines, different forms of mineral arsenicals (orpiment—As2S3, realgar—As4S4, and arsenolite—arsenic trioxide, As2O3) are used, and realgar alone is included in 22 oral remedies that are recognized by the Chinese Pharmacopeia Committee (2005). It is known that a significant portion of some forms of mineral arsenicals is poorly absorbed into the body, and would be unavailable to cause systemic damage. This review primary focuses on the application of arsenic sulfide (realgar) for treatment of various forms of cancer in vitro and in vivo.
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González-Muñoz MT, Rodriguez-Navarro C, Martínez-Ruiz F, Arias JM, Merroun ML, Rodriguez-Gallego M. Bacterial biomineralization: new insights from Myxococcus-induced mineral precipitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1144/sp336.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBacteria have contributed to the formation of minerals since the advent of life on Earth. Bacterial biomineralization plays a critical role on biogeochemical cycles and has important technological and environmental applications. Despite the numerous efforts to better understand how bacteria induce/mediate or control mineralization, our current knowledge is far from complete. Considering that the number of recent publications on bacterial biomineralization has been overwhelming, here we attempt to show the importance of bacteria–mineral interactions by focusing in a single bacterial genus, Myxococcus, which displays an unusual capacity of producing minerals of varying compositions and morphologies. First, an overview of the recent history of bacterial mineralization, the most common bacteriogenic minerals and current models on bacterial biomineralization is presented. Afterwards a description of myxobacteria is presented, followed by a section where Myxococcus-induced precipitation of a number of phosphates, carbonates, sulphates, chlorides, oxalates and silicates is described and discussed in lieu of the information presented in the first part. As concluding remarks, implications of bacterial mineralization and perspectives for future research are outlined. This review strives to show that the mechanisms which control bacterial biomineralization are not mineral- or bacterial-specific. On the contrary, they appear to be universal and depend on the environment in which bacteria dwell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, 18002, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisca Martínez-Ruiz
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC – Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, 18002, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Arias
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, 18002, Granada, Spain
| | - Mohamed L. Merroun
- Institute of Radiochemistry, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D–01314, Dresden, Germany; Present address: Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez-Gallego
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad de Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, 18002, Granada, Spain
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Jeong HY, Han YS, Hayes KF. X-ray absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of arsenic mobilization during mackinawite (FeS) oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:955-961. [PMID: 20041638 DOI: 10.1021/es902577y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the speciation of the solid-phase As formed by reacting 2 x 10(-4) M As(III) with 1.0 g/L mackinawite and the potential for these sorbed species to be mobilized (released into the aqueous phase) upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen at pH 4.9, 7.1, and 9.1. Before oxygen exposure, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicated that As(III) was removed from the aqueous phase by forming As(0), AsS, and surface precipitates as thioarsenites at pH 4.9 and As(0) and thioarsenite surface precipitates at pH 7.1 and 9.1. When oxygen was introduced, XAS analysis indicated that As(0) and the surface precipitates were quickly transformed, whereas AsS was persistent. During intermediate oxygen exposure times, dissolved As increased at pH 4.9 and 7.1 due to the rapid oxidation of As(0) and the slow precipitation of iron (oxyhydr)oxides, the oxidation products of mackinawite. This indicates that oxidative mobilization is a potential pathway for arsenic contamination of water at acidic to neutral pH. The mobilized As was eventually resorbed by forming edge-sharing and double-corner-sharing surface complexes with iron (oxyhydr)oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Y Jeong
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790784, Korea
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64
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Liao KS, Wang J, Dias S, Dewald J, Alley NJ, Baesman SM, Oremland RS, Blau WJ, Curran SA. Strong nonlinear photonic responses from microbiologically synthesized tellurium nanocomposites. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Shewanella sp. strain HN-41 was previously shown to produce novel, photoactive, As-S nanotubes via the reduction of As(V) and S(2)O(3)(2-) under anaerobic conditions. To determine if this ability was unique to this bacterium, 10 different Shewanella strains, including Shewanella sp. strain HN-41, Shewanella sp. strain PV-4, Shewanella alga BrY, Shewanella amazonensis SB2B, Shewanella denitrificans OS217, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32, S. putrefaciens IR-1, S. putrefaciens SP200, and S. putrefaciens W3-6-1, were examined for production of As-S nanotubes under standardized conditions. Of the 10 strains examined, three formed As-S nanotubes like those of strain HN-41. While Shewanella sp. strain HN-41 and S. putrefaciens CN-32 rapidly formed As-S precipitates in 7 days, strains S. alga BrY and S. oneidensis MR-1 reduced As(V) at a much lower rate and formed yellow As-S after 30 days. Electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy analyses showed that the morphological and chemical properties of As-S formed by strains S. putrefaciens CN-32, S. alga BrY, and S. oneidensis MR-1 were similar to those previously determined for Shewanella sp. strain HN-41 As-S nanotubes. These studies indicated that the formation of As-S nanotubes is widespread among Shewanella strains and is closely related to bacterial growth and the reduction rate of As(V) and thiosulfate.
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Boukhvalov DW, Katsnelson MI. Chemical functionalization of graphene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:344205. [PMID: 21715780 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/34/344205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical results on chemical functionalization of graphene are reviewed. Using hydrogenated graphene as a model system, general principles of the chemical functionalization are formulated and discussed. It is shown that, as a rule, 100% coverage of graphene by complex functional groups (in contrast with hydrogen and fluorine) is unreachable. A possible destruction of graphene nanoribbons by fluorine is considered. The functionalization of infinite graphene and graphene nanoribbons by oxygen and by hydrofluoric acid is simulated step by step.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Boukhvalov
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heijendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Baesman SM, Stolz JF, Kulp TR, Oremland RS. Enrichment and isolation of Bacillus beveridgei sp. nov., a facultative anaerobic haloalkaliphile from Mono Lake, California, that respires oxyanions of tellurium, selenium, and arsenic. Extremophiles 2009; 13:695-705. [PMID: 19536453 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-009-0257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mono Lake sediment slurries incubated with lactate and tellurite [Te(IV)] turned progressively black with time because of the precipitation of elemental tellurium [Te(0)]. An enrichment culture was established from these slurries that demonstrated Te(IV)-dependent growth. The enrichment was purified by picking isolated black colonies from lactate/Te(IV) agar plates, followed by repeated streaking and picking. The isolate, strain MLTeJB, grew in aqueous Te(IV)-medium if provided with a small amount of sterile solid phase material (e.g., agar plug; glass beads). Strain MLTeJB grew at high concentrations of Te(IV) (~8 mM) by oxidizing lactate to acetate plus formate, while reducing Te(IV) to Te(0). Other electron acceptors that were found to sustain growth were tellurate, selenate, selenite, arsenate, nitrate, nitrite, fumarate and oxygen. Notably, growth on arsenate, nitrate, nitrite and fumarate did not result in the accumulation of formate, implying that in these cases lactate was oxidized to acetate plus CO(2). Strain MLTeJB is a low G + C Gram positive motile rod with pH, sodium, and temperature growth optima at 8.5-9.0, 0.5-1.5 M, and 40 degrees C, respectively. The epithet Bacillus beveridgei strain MLTeJB(T) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Baesman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Deng DS, Orf ND, Abouraddy AF, Stolyarov AM, Joannopoulos JD, Stone HA, Fink Y. In-fiber semiconductor filament arrays. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:4265-4269. [PMID: 19367844 DOI: 10.1021/nl801979w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel physical phenomenon in which a cylindrical shell undergoing a scaling process evolves into an ordered array of filaments upon reaching a characteristic thickness. We observe that the tendency to breakup is related to the material viscosity in a manner reminiscent of capillary instability. However, unlike the classical breakup of a fluid cylinder into droplets, the structural evolution in our system occurs exclusively in the cross sectional plane while uniformity is maintained in the axial direction. We propose a fluid front instability mechanism to account for the observed phenomena. The fleeting evolution of fluid breakup from a thin film to a filament array is captured in the frozen state by a thermal drawing process which results in extended lengths of solid sub-100 nm filaments encapsulated within a polymer fiber. Hundreds of glassy semiconductor filament arrays are precisely oriented within a polymer fiber matrix making electrical connections trivial. This approach offers unique opportunities for fabrication of nanometer scale devices of unprecedented lengths allowing simplified access and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Deng
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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