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Wang JH, He DE. Simvastatin treatment promotes proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells via modulating PI3K/AKT/miR-9/KLF5 signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10892-10901. [PMID: 34799978 PMCID: PMC8642689 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin serves as an effective therapeutic potential in the treatment of dental disease via alternating proliferation of dental pulp stem cells. First, western-blot and real-time quantitative PCR were used to detect the effect of simvastatin or LY294002 on the expression levels of AKT, miR-9 and KLF5, or determine the effect of miR-9. Simvastatin, KLF5 and AKT significantly enhanced the proliferation of pulp stem cells, whilst this effect induced by simvastatin was suppressed by LY294002, AKT siRNA, KLF5 siRNA and miR-9, and simvastatin dose-dependently upregulated the expression of PI3K. Furthermore, simvastatin upregulated PI3K and p-AKT expression in a concentration-dependent manner. LY294002 abrogated the upregulation of p-AKT expression levels induced by simvastatin, and LY294002 induced the miR-9 expression and simvastatin dose-dependently inhibited the expression of miR-9, by contrast, LY294002 reduced the KLF5 expression and simvastatin dose-dependently promoted the expression of KLF5. And using computational analysis, KLF5 was found to be a candidate target gene of miR-9, and which was further verified using luciferase assay. Finally, the level of KLF5 in cells was much lower following the transfection with miR-9 and KLF5 siRNA, and the level of AKT mRNA in cells was significantly inhibited after transfection with AKT siRNA than control. These findings suggested simvastatin could promote the proliferation of pulp stem cells, possibly by suppressing the expression of miR-9 via activating the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, and the downregulation of miR-9 upregulated the expression of its target gene, KLF5, which is directly responsible for the enhanced proliferation of pulp stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hui Wang
- General Department, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Dang-En He
- Stomatology Department, Yangling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling, China
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52
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Konishi H, Sato H, Takahashi K, Fujiya M. Tumor-Progressive Mechanisms Mediating miRNA-Protein Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212303. [PMID: 34830186 PMCID: PMC8622902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded short-chain RNAs that are endogenously expressed in vertebrates; they are considered the fine-tuners of cellular protein expression that act by modifying mRNA translation. miRNAs control tissue development and differentiation, cell growth, and apoptosis in cancer and non-cancer cells. Aberrant regulation of miRNAs is involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer. Numerous investigations have shown that the changes in cellular miRNA expression in cancerous tissues and extracellular miRNAs enclosed in exosomes are correlated with cancer prognosis. Therefore, miRNAs can be used as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer in clinical applications. In the previous decade, miRNAs have been shown to regulate cellular functions by directly binding to proteins and mRNAs, thereby controlling cancer progression. This regulatory system implies that cancer-associated miRNAs can be applied as molecular-targeted therapy. This review discusses the roles of miRNA-protein systems in cancer progression and its future applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Konishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced Medical Sciences, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-166-68-2462
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced Medical Sciences, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan;
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology, and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Midorigaoka, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan; (H.S.); (K.T.)
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ROS as Regulators of Cellular Processes in Melanoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1208690. [PMID: 34725562 PMCID: PMC8557056 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1208690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we examine the multiple roles of ROS in the pathogenesis of melanoma, focusing on signal transduction and regulation of gene expression. In recent years, different studies have analyzed the dual role of ROS in regulating the redox system, with both negative and positive consequences on human health, depending on cell concentration of these agents. High ROS levels can result from an altered balance between oxidant generation and intracellular antioxidant activity and can produce harmful effects. In contrast, low amounts of ROS are considered beneficial, since they trigger signaling pathways involved in physiological activities and programmed cell death, with protective effects against melanoma. Here, we examine these beneficial roles, which could have interesting implications in melanoma treatment.
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Saintilnord WN, Fondufe-Mittendorf Y. Arsenic-induced epigenetic changes in cancer development. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:195-205. [PMID: 33798722 PMCID: PMC8481342 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous metalloid whose high levels of toxicity pose major health concerns to millions of people worldwide by increasing susceptibility to various cancers and non-cancer illnesses. Since arsenic is not a mutagen, the mechanism by which it causes changes in gene expression and disease pathogenesis is not clear. One possible mechanism is through generation of reactive oxygen species. Another equally important mechanism still very much in its infancy is epigenetic dysregulation. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries underlying arsenic-induced epigenetic changes in cancer development. Importantly, we highlight the proposed mechanisms targeted by arsenic to drive oncogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley N Saintilnord
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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55
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Alteration of twinfilin1 expression underlies opioid withdrawal-induced remodeling of actin cytoskeleton at synapses and formation of aversive memory. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6218-6236. [PMID: 33963280 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to drugs of abuse induces alterations of dendritic spine morphology and density that has been proposed to be a cellular basis of long-lasting addictive memory and heavily depend on remodeling of its underlying actin cytoskeleton by the actin cytoskeleton regulators. However, the actin cytoskeleton regulators involved and the specific mechanisms whereby drugs of abuse alter their expression or function are largely unknown. Twinfilin (Twf1) is a highly conserved actin-depolymerizing factor that regulates actin dynamics in organisms from yeast to mammals. Despite abundant expression of Twf1 in mammalian brain, little is known about its importance for brain functions such as experience-dependent synaptic and behavioral plasticity. Here we show that conditioned morphine withdrawal (CMW)-induced synaptic structure and behavior plasticity depends on downregulation of Twf1 in the amygdala of rats. Genetically manipulating Twf1 expression in the amygdala bidirectionally regulates CMW-induced changes in actin polymerization, spine density and behavior. We further demonstrate that downregulation of Twf1 is due to upregulation of miR101a expression via a previously unrecognized mechanism involving CMW-induced increases in miR101a nuclear processing via phosphorylation of MeCP2 at Ser421. Our findings establish the importance of Twf1 in regulating opioid-induced synaptic and behavioral plasticity and demonstrate its value as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of opioid addiction.
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56
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Dragomir MP, Knutsen E, Calin GA. Classical and noncanonical functions of miRNAs in cancers. Trends Genet 2021; 38:379-394. [PMID: 34728089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression are causative in the initiation and progression of human cancers. The molecular events responsible for the widespread differential expression of miRNAs in malignancy are exemplified by their location in cancer-associated genomic regions, epigenetic mechanisms, transcriptional dysregulation, chemical modifications and editing, and alterations in miRNA biogenesis proteins. The classical miRNA function is synonymous with post-transcriptional repression of target protein genes. However, several studies have reported miRNAs functioning outside this paradigm and some of these novel modes of regulation of gene expression have been implicated in cancers. Here, we summarize key aspects of miRNA involvement in cancer, with a special focus on these lesser-studied mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea P Dragomir
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Erik Knutsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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57
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Dwivedi A, Padala C, Kumari A, Khumukcham SS, Penugurti V, Ghosh S, Mazumder A, Goffin V, Manavathi B. Hematopoietic PBX-interacting protein is a novel regulator of mammary epithelial cell differentiation. FEBS J 2021; 289:1575-1590. [PMID: 34668648 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic PBX-interacting protein (HPIP, also known as PBXIP1) is an estrogen receptor (ER) interacting protein that regulates estrogen-mediated breast cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. However, its functional significance in the context of mammary gland development is unexplored. Here, we report that HPIP is required for prolactin (PRL)-induced lactogenic differentiation in vitro. Molecular analysis of HPIP expression in mice revealed its induced expression at pregnancy and lactation stages of mammary gland. Moreover, PRL is a lactogenic hormone that controls pregnancy as well as lactation and induces Hpip/Pbxip1 expression in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a-dependent manner. Using mammary epithelial and lactogenic-competent cell lines, we further show that HPIP plays a regulatory role in PRL-mediated mammary epithelial cell differentiation, which is measured by acini formation, β-casein synthesis, and lipid droplet formation. Further mechanistic studies using pharmacological inhibitors revealed that HPIP modulates PRL-induced β-casein synthesis via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) activation. This study also identified HPIP as a critical regulator of autocrine PRL signaling as treatment with the PRL receptor antagonist Δ1-9-G129R-hPRL restrained HPIP-mediated PRL synthesis, AKT activation, and β-casein synthesis in cultured HC11 cells. Interestingly, we also uncovered that microRNA-148a (miR-148a) antagonizes HPIP-mediated mammary epithelial cell differentiation. Together, our study identified HPIP as a critical regulator of PRL signaling and revealed a novel molecular circuitry involving PRL, HPIP, PI3K/AKT, and miR-148a that controls mammary epithelial cell differentiation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Chiranjeevi Padala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Sinjini Ghosh
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, India
| | - Aprotim Mazumder
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, India
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm U1151/CNRS 8253, Université de Paris, France
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Methylation Modification, Alternative Splicing, and Noncoding RNA Play a Role in Cancer Metastasis through Epigenetic Regulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4061525. [PMID: 34660788 PMCID: PMC8514273 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4061525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Understanding the pathogenesis of metastasis at the molecular levels is of great significance for cancer research. However, the molecular diagnosis or treatment of cancer metastasis is limited. Accumulating and growing evidence shows that epigenetic changes are present in all human cancers, and epigenetic regulation is an indispensable factor to promote tumor metastasis. With the deepening of research and the advancement of technology, the function and mechanism of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone/RNA modification, and precursor messenger RNA alternative splicing and noncoding RNAs, has become more increasingly clear. At present, the application of epigenetic therapies in tumor treatment is becoming a feasible therapeutic route. In this review, we looked for the key molecules in epigenetic regulation and discuss their relative regulating mechanisms in cancer metastasis. Furthermore, we highlight promising therapeutic strategies, including monitoring serum DNA for diagnostic purposes and early phase clinical trial therapies that target DNA and histone methylation. This may also be beneficial in finding new targets for further prognosis and diagnosis of cancer metastasis.
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59
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Otmani K, Lewalle P. Tumor Suppressor miRNA in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanism of Deregulation and Clinical Implications. Front Oncol 2021; 11:708765. [PMID: 34722255 PMCID: PMC8554338 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.708765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that have been identified as important posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNAs production is controlled at multiple levels, including transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. Extensive profiling studies have shown that the regulation of mature miRNAs expression plays a causal role in cancer development and progression. miRNAs have been identified to act as tumor suppressors (TS) or as oncogenes based on their modulating effect on the expression of their target genes. Upregulation of oncogenic miRNAs blocks TS genes and leads to tumor formation. In contrast, downregulation of miRNAs with TS function increases the translation of oncogenes. Several miRNAs exhibiting TS properties have been studied. In this review we focus on recent studies on the role of TS miRNAs in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, we discuss how TS miRNA impacts the aggressiveness of cancer cells, with focus of the mechanism that regulate its expression. The study of the mechanisms of miRNA regulation in cancer cells and the TME may paved the way to understand its critical role in the development and progression of cancer and is likely to have important clinical implications in a near future. Finally, the potential roles of miRNAs as specific biomarkers for the diagnosis and the prognosis of cancer and the replacement of tumor suppressive miRNAs using miRNA mimics could be promising approaches for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Otmani
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Jules Bordet Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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60
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Jawa Y, Yadav P, Gupta S, Mathan SV, Pandey J, Saxena AK, Kateriya S, Tiku AB, Mondal N, Bhattacharya J, Ahmad S, Chaturvedi R, Tyagi RK, Tandon V, Singh RP. Current Insights and Advancements in Head and Neck Cancer: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutics with Cues from Single Cell and 3D Model Omics Profiling. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676948. [PMID: 34490084 PMCID: PMC8418074 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is among the ten leading malignancies worldwide, with India solely contributing one-third of global oral cancer cases. The current focus of all cutting-edge strategies against this global malignancy are directed towards the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment that obstructs most treatment blueprints. Subsequent to the portrayal of established information, the review details the application of single cell technology, organoids and spheroid technology in relevance to head and neck cancer and the tumor microenvironment acknowledging the resistance pattern of the heterogeneous cell population in HNC. Bioinformatic tools are used for study of differentially expressed genes and further omics data analysis. However, these tools have several challenges and limitations when analyzing single-cell gene expression data that are discussed briefly. The review further examines the omics of HNC, through comprehensive analyses of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics profiles. Patterns of alterations vary between patients, thus heterogeneity and molecular alterations between patients have driven the clinical significance of molecular targeted therapies. The analyses of potential molecular targets in HNC are discussed with connotation to the alteration of key pathways in HNC followed by a comprehensive study of protein kinases as novel drug targets including its ATPase and additional binding pockets, non-catalytic domains and single residues. We herein review, the therapeutic agents targeting the potential biomarkers in light of new molecular targeted therapies. In the final analysis, this review suggests that the development of improved target-specific personalized therapies can combat HNC's global plight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Jawa
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Gupta
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sivapar V. Mathan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay K. Saxena
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashu B. Tiku
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelima Mondal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh K. Tyagi
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P. Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Ahmadi SE, Rahimi S, Zarandi B, Chegeni R, Safa M. MYC: a multipurpose oncogene with prognostic and therapeutic implications in blood malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:121. [PMID: 34372899 PMCID: PMC8351444 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC oncogene is a transcription factor with a wide array of functions affecting cellular activities such as cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and hematopoiesis. Due to the multi-functionality of MYC, its expression is regulated at multiple levels. Deregulation of this oncogene can give rise to a variety of cancers. In this review, MYC regulation and the mechanisms by which MYC adjusts cellular functions and its implication in hematologic malignancies are summarized. Further, we also discuss potential inhibitors of MYC that could be beneficial for treating hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rahimi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zarandi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouzbeh Chegeni
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Regulation of the Proto-Oncogene MYC in Different Types of Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080921. [PMID: 34440124 PMCID: PMC8389562 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the expression level of the MYC gene are often found in the cells of various malignant tumors. Overexpressed MYC has been shown to stimulate the main processes of oncogenesis: uncontrolled growth, unlimited cell divisions, avoidance of apoptosis and immune response, changes in cellular metabolism, genomic instability, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Thus, controlling the expression of MYC is considered as an approach for targeted cancer treatment. Since c-Myc is also a crucial regulator of many cellular processes in healthy cells, it is necessary to find ways for selective regulation of MYC expression in tumor cells. Many recent studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNAs play an important role in the regulation of the transcription and translation of this gene and some RNAs directly interact with the c-Myc protein, affecting its stability. In this review, we summarize current data on the regulation of MYC by various non-coding RNAs that can potentially be targeted in specific tumor types.
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63
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Mandal S, Chakrabarty D, Bhattacharya A, Paul J, Haldar S, Pal K. miRNA regulation of G protein-coupled receptor mediated angiogenic pathways in cancer. THE NUCLEUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-021-00365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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64
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Pajares MJ, Alemany-Cosme E, Goñi S, Bandres E, Palanca-Ballester C, Sandoval J. Epigenetic Regulation of microRNAs in Cancer: Shortening the Distance from Bench to Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147350. [PMID: 34298969 PMCID: PMC8306710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease involving alterations of multiple processes, with both genetic and epigenetic features contributing as core factors to the disease. In recent years, it has become evident that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), an epigenetic factor, play a key role in the initiation and progression of cancer. MicroRNAs, the most studied non-coding RNAs subtype, are key controllers in a myriad of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression of miRNAs is controlled, concomitantly, by other epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, resulting in aberrant patterns of expression upon the occurrence of cancer. In this sense, aberrant miRNA landscape evaluation has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer management. In this review, we have focused on the regulation (biogenesis, processing, and dysregulation) of miRNAs and their role as modulators of the epigenetic machinery. We have also highlighted their potential clinical value, such as validated diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and their relevant role as chromatin modifiers in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Pajares
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.J.P.); (S.G.)
- IDISNA Navarra’s Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Ester Alemany-Cosme
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Health Research Institute la Fe, 460026 Valencia, Spain; (E.A.-C.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Saioa Goñi
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.J.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Eva Bandres
- IDISNA Navarra’s Health Research Institute, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Immunology Unit, Department of Hematology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cora Palanca-Ballester
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Health Research Institute la Fe, 460026 Valencia, Spain; (E.A.-C.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Juan Sandoval
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Health Research Institute la Fe, 460026 Valencia, Spain; (E.A.-C.); (C.P.-B.)
- Epigenomics Core Facility, Health Research Institute la Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961246709
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65
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El-Osaily HH, Ibrahim IH, Essawi ML, Salem SM. Impact of miRNAs expression modulation on the methylation status of breast cancer stem cell-related genes. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1440-1451. [PMID: 33433838 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Altered miRNAs play a crucial role in the emergence of the breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) phenotype. The interplay between miRNAs and methylation enzymes has been documented. One of the most aggressive breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231, has expressed much more DNMT3B than DNMT3A. This study aims to evaluate the ability of miR-203 restoration and miR-150 inhibition to regulate DNMT3B and DNMT3A to modify the methylation level of BCSC-associated genes. METHODS MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with miR-203 mimic or miR-150 inhibitor or DNMT3B siRNA, and downstream analysis was performed by flow cytometry, real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS DNMT3A and DNMT3B are regulated both by miR-203a-3p and miR-150-5p. Transfection with miR-203 mimic and miR-150 inhibitor significantly reduced the CD44+CD24- subpopulation and down-regulated the expression of CD44 mRNA by increasing promoter methylation levels. SiRNA knockdown of DNMT3B increased the CD44+CD24- subpopulation and the expression of CD44 and ALDH1A3 by decreasing methylation density. The inhibition of miR-150 down-regulated OCT3/4 and SOX2 expression without affecting methylation levels, while miR-203 restoration and miR-150 inhibition down-regulated NANOG expression by elevating the methylation level. A positive-feedback loop was found between miR-203 and its target DNMT3B, as restoring miR-203 suppressed DNMT3B, while knocking down DNMT3B up-regulated miR-203. The restoration of miR-203 and knockdown of DNMT3B decreased methylation levels and increased the expression of miR-141 and miR-200c. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that miR-203 and miR-150 play a role in the regulation of genes involved in BCSC methylation, including other miRNAs, by targeting DNMT3B and DNMT3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H El-Osaily
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 4th industrial region, 6th of October City, 12585, Giza, Egypt.
| | - I H Ibrahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11651, Egypt
| | - M L Essawi
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - S M Salem
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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66
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Govindaraj V, Kar S. Role of microRNAs in oncogenesis: Insights from computational and systems‐level modeling approaches. COMPUTATIONAL AND SYSTEMS ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cso2.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Kar
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay Mumbai India
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67
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Ozyerli-Goknar E, Bagci-Onder T. Epigenetic Deregulation of Apoptosis in Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3210. [PMID: 34199020 PMCID: PMC8267644 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells possess the ability to evade apoptosis. Genetic alterations through mutations in key genes of the apoptotic signaling pathway represent a major adaptive mechanism of apoptosis evasion. In parallel, epigenetic changes via aberrant modifications of DNA and histones to regulate the expression of pro- and antiapoptotic signal mediators represent a major complementary mechanism in apoptosis regulation and therapy response. Most epigenetic changes are governed by the activity of chromatin modifying enzymes that add, remove, or recognize different marks on histones and DNA. Here, we discuss how apoptosis signaling components are deregulated at epigenetic levels, particularly focusing on the roles of chromatin-modifying enzymes in this process. We also review the advances in cancer therapies with epigenetic drugs such as DNMT, HMT, HDAC, and BET inhibitors, as well as their effects on apoptosis modulation in cancer cells. Rewiring the epigenome by drug interventions can provide therapeutic advantage for various cancers by reverting therapy resistance and leading cancer cells to undergo apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ozyerli-Goknar
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Tugba Bagci-Onder
- Brain Cancer Research and Therapy Laboratory, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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68
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Inoue J, Inazawa J. Cancer-associated miRNAs and their therapeutic potential. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:937-945. [PMID: 34088973 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA; miR) is a functionally small non-coding RNA and can negatively regulate gene expression by directly binding to the target gene. Some miRNAs are closely involved in the development and progression of cancer and are abnormally expressed in many cancer types. Therefore, control of the expression of cancer-associated miRNAs is expected as a next-generation drug modality to treat advanced types of cancers with high unmet medical needs. Indeed, miRNA therapeutics, which are based on the functional inhibition of oncogenic miRNA (OncomiR) using antisense oligonucleotides (anti-miR) and the replacement via the introduction of a synthetic miRNA mimic for tumor suppressive miRNA (TS-miR), have been developed. In this review, we summarize cancer-associated miRNAs related to various cancer pathologies and their clinical application to miRNA therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Bioresource Research Center, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan.
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69
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Hu X, Tian K. [A Review of Epigenetic Modifications Regulate MicroRNA Expression in Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2021; 23:582-588. [PMID: 32702792 PMCID: PMC7406441 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.102.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
肺癌是全世界癌症引起死亡中较常见的一种。近年来,参与肺癌发病的分子机制被逐步揭开,但是其发生发展的确切机制并未完全阐明。其中微小RNAs(microRNAs, miRNAs)是一种短小并且广泛存在于植物、病毒及人类等各种生物中的内源性单链的非编码RNA。miRNAs在正常肺组织中发挥着多种功能,它参与细胞生长、代谢、增殖和分化等众多生物学过程。而miRNAs的异常表达与肺肿瘤的发生、发展、侵袭、转移相关。因此,miRNAs可被视为一种新的生物标志物。与编码蛋白质的基因类似,miRNA的表达和功能受多种因素以及表观遗传网络(包括DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰机制)的调控。此外,miRNAs本身也能调控那些表观遗传修饰的关键酶来影响表观修饰。miRNA与表观基因学之间的相互联系将有助于我们研发以miRNA为导向的肺癌诊断、治疗和预后的方案。
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Kaihua Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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70
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Shupp AB, Neupane M, Agostini LC, Ning G, Brody JR, Bussard KM. Stromal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Suppress Proliferation of Bone Metastatic Cancer Cells Mediated By ERK2. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1763-1777. [PMID: 34021072 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a common site of cancer metastasis, including cancers such as breast, prostate, and multiple myeloma. Disseminated tumor cells (DTC) shed from a primary tumor may travel to bone and can survive undetected for years before proliferating to form overt metastatic lesions. This period of time can be defined as metastatic latency. Once in the metastatic microenvironment, DTCs engage in intercellular communication with surrounding stromal cells, which can influence cancer cell survival, proliferation, and ultimately disease progression. The role of the surrounding tumor microenvironment in regulating DTC fate is becoming increasingly recognized. We have previously shown that in the bone microenvironment, osteoblasts are "educated" by interactions with breast cancer cells, and these "educated" osteoblasts (EO) produce soluble factors that regulate cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we provide evidence indicating that EOs produce small extracellular vesicles (sEV) that suppress breast cancer proliferation, in part through regulation of ERK1/2 signaling. In addition, using EdU-incorporation assays and propidium iodide staining we demonstrate that exposure to EO-derived sEVs decreases breast cancer cell entry to S-phase of cell cycle. We also have evidence that particular microRNAs, including miR-148a-3p, are enriched in EO-derived sEVs, and that miR-148a-3p is capable of regulating breast cancer proliferation. IMPLICATIONS: These findings underscore the importance of sEV-mediated communication in the earlier stages of cancer progression, and suggest that EO-derived sEVs may be one mechanism by which the bone microenvironment suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Shupp
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Manish Neupane
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lebaron C Agostini
- Department of Surgery, The Jefferson Pancreas, Biliary and Related Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gang Ning
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan R Brody
- Department of Surgery, Brenden Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Cell, Brenden Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Karen M Bussard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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71
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Safi A, Bastami M, Delghir S, Ilkhani K, Seif F, Alivand MR. miRNAs Modulate the Dichotomy of Cisplatin Resistance or Sensitivity in Breast Cancer: An Update of Therapeutic Implications. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1069-1081. [PMID: 32885760 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200903145939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin has a broad-spectrum antitumor activity and is widely used for the treatment of various malignant tumors. However, acquired or intrinsic resistance of cisplatin is a major problem for patients during the therapy. Recently, it has been reported Cancer Stem Cell (CSC)-derived drug resistance is a great challenge of tumor development and recurrence; therefore, the sensitivity of Breast Cancer Stem Cells (BCSCs) to cisplatin is of particular importance. Increasing evidence has shown that there is a relationship between cisplatin resistance/sensitivity genes and related miRNAs. It is known that dysregulation of relevant miRNAs plays a critical role in regulating target genes of cisplatin resistance/sensitivity in various pathways such as cellular uptake/efflux, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), hypoxia, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the efficacy of the current chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, for providing personalized medicine, can be improved by controlling the expression of miRNAs. Thus, potential targeting of miRNAs can lead to miRNA-based therapies, which will help overcome drug resistance and develop more effective personalized anti-cancer and cotreatment strategies in breast cancer. In this review, we summarized the general understandings of miRNAregulated biological processes in breast cancer, particularly focused on the role of miRNA in cisplatin resistance/ sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Safi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Delghir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khandan Ilkhani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Seif
- Department of Immunology & Allergy, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Alivand
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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72
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Non-Coding RNAs as Biomarkers of Tumor Progression and Metastatic Spread in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081839. [PMID: 33921525 PMCID: PMC8069230 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite advances in cancer research in recent years, efficient predictive biomarkers of tumor progression and metastatic spread for ovarian cancer are still missing. Therefore, we critically address recent findings in the field of non-coding RNAs (microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) and DNA methylation in ovarian cancer patients as promising novel biomarkers of ovarian cancer progression. Abstract Ovarian cancer is one of the most common causes of death among gynecological malignancies. Molecular changes occurring in the primary tumor lead to metastatic spread into the peritoneum and the formation of distant metastases. Identification of these changes helps to reveal the nature of metastases development and decipher early biomarkers of prognosis and disease progression. Comparing differences in gene expression profiles between primary tumors and metastases, together with disclosing their epigenetic regulation, provides interesting associations with progression and metastasizing. Regulatory elements from the non-coding RNA families such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs seem to participate in these processes and represent potential molecular biomarkers of patient prognosis. Progress in therapy individualization and its proper targeting also rely upon a better understanding of interactions among the above-listed factors. This review aims to summarize currently available findings of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs linked with tumor progression and metastatic process in ovarian cancer. These biomolecules provide promising tools for monitoring the patient’s response to treatment, and further they serve as potential therapeutic targets of this deadly disease.
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73
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Yang Y, Liu KY, Liu Q, Cao Q. Androgen Receptor-Related Non-coding RNAs in Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660853. [PMID: 33869227 PMCID: PMC8049439 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men in the United States. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is the dominant oncogenic pathway in PCa and the main strategy of PCa treatment is to control the AR activity. A large number of patients acquire resistance to Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) due to AR aberrant activation, resulting in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying AR signaling in the PCa is critical to identify new therapeutic targets for PCa patients. The recent advances in high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) techniques identified an increasing number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play critical roles through various mechanisms in different diseases. Some ncRNAs have shown great potentials as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Many ncRNAs have been investigated to regulate PCa through direct association with AR. In this review, we aim to comprehensively summarize recent findings of the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of AR-related ncRNAs as AR regulators or targets in the progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Yang
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kilia Y Liu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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74
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Hussen BM, Hidayat HJ, Salihi A, Sabir DK, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. MicroRNA: A signature for cancer progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111528. [PMID: 33770669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally control expression of genes by targeting mRNAs. miRNA alterations partake in the establishment and progression of different types of human cancer. Consequently, expression profiling of miRNA in human cancers has correlations with cancer detection, staging, progression, and response to therapies. Particularly, amplification, deletion, abnormal pattern of epigenetic factors and the transcriptional factors that mediate regulation of primary miRNA frequently change the landscape of miRNA expression in cancer. Indeed, changes in the quantity and quality of miRNAs are associated with the initiation of cancer, its progression and metastasis. Additionally, miRNA profiling has been used to categorize genes that can affect oncogenic pathways in cancer. Here, we discuss several circulating miRNA signatures, their expression profiles in different types of cancer and their impacts on cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Dana K Sabir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Charmo University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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75
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Gregorova J, Vychytilova-Faltejskova P, Sevcikova S. Epigenetic Regulation of MicroRNA Clusters and Families during Tumor Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1333. [PMID: 33809566 PMCID: PMC8002357 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding single-stranded RNA molecules regulating gene expression on a post-transcriptional level based on the seed sequence similarity. They are frequently clustered; thus, they are either simultaneously transcribed into a single polycistronic transcript or they may be transcribed independently. Importantly, microRNA families that contain the same seed region and thus target related signaling proteins, may be localized in one or more clusters, which are in a close relationship. MicroRNAs are involved in basic physiological processes, and their deregulation is associated with the origin of various pathologies, including solid tumors or hematologic malignancies. Recently, the interplay between the expression of microRNA clusters and families and epigenetic machinery was described, indicating aberrant DNA methylation or histone modifications as major mechanisms responsible for microRNA deregulation during cancerogenesis. In this review, the most studied microRNA clusters and families affected by hyper- or hypomethylation as well as by histone modifications are presented with the focus on particular mechanisms. Finally, the diagnostic and prognostic potential of microRNA clusters and families is discussed together with technologies currently used for epigenetic-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Gregorova
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Vychytilova-Faltejskova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Sabina Sevcikova
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Clinical Hematology, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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76
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Kim S, Bae WJ, Ahn JM, Heo JH, Kim KM, Choi KW, Sung CO, Lee D. MicroRNA signatures associated with lymph node metastasis in intramucosal gastric cancer. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:672-683. [PMID: 32973329 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although a certain proportion of intramucosal carcinomas (IMCs) of the stomach does metastasize, the majority of patients are currently treated with endoscopic resection without lymph node dissection, and this potentially veils any existing metastasis and may put some patients in danger. In this regard, biological markers from the resected IMC that can predict metastasis are warranted. Here, we discovered unique miRNA expression profiles that consist of 21 distinct miRNAs that are specifically upregulated (miR-628-5p, miR-1587, miR-3175, miR-3620-5p, miR-4459, miR-4505, miR-4507, miR-4720-5p, miR-4742-5p, and miR-6779-5p) or downregulated (miR-106b-3p, miR-125a-5p, miR-151b, miR-181d-5p, miR-486-5p, miR-500a-3p, miR-502-3p, miR-1231, miR-3609, and miR-6831-5p) in metastatic (M)-IMC compared to nonmetastatic (N)-IMC, or nonneoplastic gastric mucosa. Intriguingly, most of these selected miRNAs showed stepwise increased or decreased expression from nonneoplastic tissue to N-IMC to M-IMC. This suggests that common oncogenic mechanisms are gradually intensified during the metastatic process. Using a machine-learning algorithm, we demonstrated that such miRNA signatures could distinguish M-IMC from N-IMC. Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed that TGF-β signaling was enriched from upregulated miRNAs, whereas E2F targets, apoptosis-related, hypoxia-related, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, were enriched from downregulated miRNAs. Immunohistochemical staining of samples from multiple institutions indicated that PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway components, MAPK1, phospho-p44/42 MAPK, and pS6 were highly expressed and the expression of SMAD7, a TGF-β pathway component, was decreased in M-IMC, which could aid in distinguishing M-IMC from N-IMC. The miRNA signature discovered in this study is a valuable biological marker for identifying metastatic potential of IMCs, and provides novel insights regarding the metastatic progression of IMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokhwi Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Won Jung Bae
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Mi Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Heo
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Woon Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Ohk Sung
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dakeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Raue R, Frank AC, Syed SN, Brüne B. Therapeutic Targeting of MicroRNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042210. [PMID: 33672261 PMCID: PMC7926641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor-microenvironment (TME) is an amalgamation of various factors derived from malignant cells and infiltrating host cells, including cells of the immune system. One of the important factors of the TME is microRNAs (miRs) that regulate target gene expression at a post transcriptional level. MiRs have been found to be dysregulated in tumor as well as in stromal cells and they emerged as important regulators of tumorigenesis. In fact, miRs regulate almost all hallmarks of cancer, thus making them attractive tools and targets for novel anti-tumoral treatment strategies. Tumor to stroma cell cross-propagation of miRs to regulate protumoral functions has been a salient feature of the TME. MiRs can either act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes (oncomiRs) and both miR mimics as well as miR inhibitors (antimiRs) have been used in preclinical trials to alter cancer and stromal cell phenotypes. Owing to their cascading ability to regulate upstream target genes and their chemical nature, which allows specific pharmacological targeting, miRs are attractive targets for anti-tumor therapy. In this review, we cover a recent update on our understanding of dysregulated miRs in the TME and provide an overview of how these miRs are involved in current cancer-therapeutic approaches from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Raue
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
| | - Ann-Christin Frank
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
| | - Shahzad Nawaz Syed
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (R.R.); (A.-C.F.)
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.N.S.); (B.B.); Tel.: +49-69-6301-7424 (B.B.)
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de Araújo ML, Gomes BC, Devóz PP, Duarte NDAA, Ribeiro DL, de Araújo AL, Batista BL, Antunes LMG, Barbosa F, Rodrigues AS, Rueff J, Barcelos GRM. Association Between miR-148a and DNA Methylation Profile in Individuals Exposed to Lead (Pb). Front Genet 2021; 12:620744. [PMID: 33679885 PMCID: PMC7928366 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.620744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiologic studies have shown that lead (Pb) is able to induce epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation profiles, in chromatin remodeling, as well as the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, very little is known about the interactions between microRNAs (miRNAs) expression and DNA methylation status in individuals exposed to the metal. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of hsa-miR-148a expression on DNA methylation status, in 85 workers exposed to Pb. Blood and plasma lead levels (BLL and PLL, respectively) were determined by ICP-MS; expression of the miRNA-148a was quantified by RT-qPCR (TaqMan assay) and assessment of the global DNA methylation profile (by measurement of 5-methylcytosine; % 5-mC) was performed by ELISA. An inverse association was seen between miR-148a and % 5-mC DNA, as a function of BLL and PLL (β = −3.7; p = 0.071 and β = −4.1; p = 0.049, respectively) adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Taken together, our study provides further evidence concerning the interactions between DNA methylation profile and miR-148a, in individuals exposed to Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Ladeira de Araújo
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Bruno Costa Gomes
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Pícoli Devóz
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Luis Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - António Sebastião Rodrigues
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Rueff
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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79
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Li FY, Fan TY, Zhang H, Sun YM. Demethylation of miR-34a upregulates expression of membrane palmitoylated proteins and promotes the apoptosis of liver cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:470-486. [PMID: 33642822 PMCID: PMC7896437 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i6.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cancer is a common cancer and the main cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world. Although miR-34a and palmitoyl membrane palmitoylated protein (MPP2) are reportedly involved in various cell processes, their precise roles in liver cancer are still unclear.
AIM To investigate the expression of micro RNA 34a (miR-34a), methylation of the miR-34a promoter and the expression of MPP2 in liver cancer cells and their related mechanisms.
METHODS Together, 78 cases of liver cancer tissues and 78 cases of adjacent tissues were collected. The methylation degree of miR-34a promoter in liver cancer/ paracancerous tissue and liver cancer cells/normal liver cells, and the expression levels of miR-34a and MPP2 in the above samples were detected. Demethylation of liver cancer cells or transfection of liver cancer cells with miR-34a mimetic was performed. The MPP2 overexpression vector was used to transfect liver cancer cells, and the changes in proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, migration, and other biological functions of liver cancer cells after the above interventions were observed. Double luciferase reporter genes were used to detect the targeting relationship between miR-34a and MPP2.
RESULTS Clinical samples showed that the expression levels of miR-34a and MPP2 in liver cancer tissues were lower than those in the normal tissues. The methylation degree of miR-34a promoter region in liver cancer cells was higher than that in normal liver cells. After miR-34a demethylation/mimetic transfection/MPP2 overexpression, the apoptosis of liver cancer cells was increased; the proliferation, invasion and migration capabilities were decreased; the expression levels of caspase 3, caspase 9, E-cadherin, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein were increased; and the expression levels of Bcl-2, N-cadherin, and β-catenin were decreased. Double luciferase reporter genes confirmed that MPP2 is targeted by miR-34a. Rescue experiments showed that small interfering MPP2 could counteract the promoting effect of miR-34a demethylation on apoptosis and the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, invasion, and migration.
CONCLUSION miR-34a demethylation upregulates the expression level of MPP2 in liver cancer cells and promotes the apoptosis of liver cancer cells. miR-34a demethylation is a potential method for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yong Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan 271100, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting-Yong Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Min Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Jinan City People's Hospital, Jinan 271100, Shandong Province, China
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80
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The Role of miRNAs, miRNA Clusters, and isomiRs in Development of Cancer Stem Cell Populations in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031424. [PMID: 33572600 PMCID: PMC7867000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) have a critical role in regulating stem cells (SCs) during development and altered expression can cause developmental defects and/or disease. Indeed, aberrant miRNA expression leads to wide-spread transcriptional dysregulation which has been linked to many cancers. Mounting evidence also indicates a role for miRNAs in the development of the cancer SC (CSC) phenotype. Our goal herein is to provide a review of: (i) current research on miRNAs and their targets in colorectal cancer (CRC), and (ii) miRNAs that are differentially expressed in colon CSCs. MicroRNAs can work in clusters or alone when targeting different SC genes to influence CSC phenotype. Accordingly, we discuss the specific miRNA cluster classifications and isomiRs that are predicted to target the ALDH1, CD166, BMI1, LRIG1, and LGR5 SC genes. miR-23b and miR-92A are of particular interest because our previously reported studies on miRNA expression in isolated normal versus malignant human colonic SCs showed that miR-23b and miR-92a are regulators of the LGR5 and LRIG1 SC genes, respectively. We also identify additional miRNAs whose expression inversely correlated with mRNA levels of their target genes and associated with CRC patient survival. Altogether, our deliberation on miRNAs, their clusters, and isomiRs in regulation of SC genes could provide insight into how dysregulation of miRNAs leads to the emergence of different CSC populations and SC overpopulation in CRC.
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81
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Galka-Marciniak P, Urbanek-Trzeciak M, Nawrocka P, Kozlowski P. A pan-cancer atlas of somatic mutations in miRNA biogenesis genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:601-620. [PMID: 33406242 PMCID: PMC7826265 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a well-known and intensively studied phenomenon that the levels of many miRNAs are differentiated in cancer. miRNA biogenesis and functional expression are complex processes orchestrated by many proteins cumulatively called miRNA biogenesis proteins. To characterize cancer somatic mutations in the miRNA biogenesis genes and investigate their potential impact on the levels of miRNAs, we analyzed whole-exome sequencing datasets of over 10 000 cancer/normal sample pairs deposited within the TCGA repository. We identified and characterized over 3600 somatic mutations in 29 miRNA biogenesis genes and showed that some of the genes are overmutated in specific cancers and/or have recurrent hotspot mutations (e.g. SMAD4 in PAAD, COAD and READ; DICER1 in UCEC; PRKRA in OV and LIN28B in SKCM). We identified a list of miRNAs whose level is affected by particular types of mutations in either SMAD4, SMAD2 or DICER1 and showed that hotspot mutations in the RNase domains in DICER1 not only decrease the level of 5p-miRNAs but also increase the level of 3p-miRNAs, including many well-known cancer-related miRNAs. We also showed an association of the mutations with patient survival. Eventually, we created an atlas/compendium of miRNA biogenesis alterations providing a useful resource for different aspects of biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Piotr Kozlowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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82
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Li F, Qasim S, Li D, Dou QP. Updated review on green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a cancer epigenetic regulator. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:335-352. [PMID: 33453404 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In-depth insights in cancer biology over the past decades have highlighted the important roles of epigenetic mechanisms in the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis. The cancer epigenome usually experiences multiple alternations, including genome-wide DNA hypomethylation and site-specific DNA hypermethylation, various histone posttranslational modifications, and dysregulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These epigenetic changes are plastic and reversible, and could potentially occur in the early stage of carcinogenesis preceding genetic mutation, offering unique opportunities for intervention therapies. Therefore, targeting the cancer epigenome or cancer epigenetic dysregulation with some selected agents (called epi-drugs) represents an evolving and promising strategy for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Phytochemicals, as a class of pleiotropic molecules, have manifested great potential in modulating different cancer processes through epigenetic machinery, of which green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the most extensively studied. In this review, we first summarize epigenetic events involved in the pathogenesis of cancer, including DNA/RNA methylations, histone modifications and ncRNAs' dysregulations. We then focus on the recently discovered roles of phytochemicals, with a special emphasis on EGCG, in modulating different cancer processes through regulating epigenetic machinery. We finally discuss limitations of EGCG as an epigenetic modulator for cancer chemoprevention and treatment and offer potential strategies to overcome the shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tainan, 271018, China
| | - Syeda Qasim
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA; Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tainan, 271018, China
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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83
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Shelton M, Anene CA, Nsengimana J, Roberts W, Newton-Bishop J, Boyne JR. The role of CAF derived exosomal microRNAs in the tumour microenvironment of melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188456. [PMID: 33153973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes play a crucial role in the crosstalk between cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and cancer cells, contributing to carcinogenesis and the tumour microenvironment. Recent studies have revealed that CAFs, normal fibroblasts and cancer cells all secrete exosomes that contain miRNA, establishing a cell-cell communication network within the tumour microenvironment. For example, miRNA dysregulation in melanoma has been shown to promote CAF activation via induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which in turn alters the secretory phenotype of CAFs in the stroma. This review assesses the roles of melanoma exosomal miRNAs in CAF formation and how CAF exosome-mediated feedback signalling to melanoma lead to tumour progression and metastasis. Moreover, efforts to exploit exosomal miRNA-mediated network communication between tumour cells and their microenvironment, and their potential as prognostic biomarkers or novel therapeutic targets in melanoma will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shelton
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH. United Kingdom
| | - C A Anene
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - J Nsengimana
- Population Health Sciences, Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - W Roberts
- School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, United Kingdom
| | | | - J R Boyne
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH. United Kingdom.
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84
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Kaleem M, Alhosin M, Khan K, Ahmad W, Hosawi S, Nur SM, Choudhry H, Zamzami MA, Al-Abbasi FA, Javed MDN. Epigenetic Basis of Polyphenols in Cancer Prevention and Therapy. POLYPHENOLS-BASED NANOTHERAPEUTICS FOR CANCER MANAGEMENT 2021:189-238. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4935-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
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85
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Use of DNA methylation profiling in translational oncology. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:523-535. [PMID: 33352265 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a highly regulated process that has a critical role in human development and homeostatic control of the cell. The number of genes affected by anomalous DNA methylation in cancer-associated pathways is swiftly accelerating and with the advancement of molecular technologies, new layers of complexity are opening up and refining our strategies to combat cancer. DNA methylation profiling is an essential facet to understanding malignant transformation and is becoming an increasingly important tool for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy monitoring. In this review, the role of DNA methylation in normal cellular function is discussed, as well as how epigenetic aberrations override normal cellular cues that lead to tumor initiation and propagation. The review also focuses on the latest advancements in DNA methylation profiling as a biomarker for early cancer detection, predicting patient clinical outcomes and responses to treatment and provides new insights into epigenetic-based therapy in clinical oncology.
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86
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Koklesova L, Liskova A, Samec M, Zhai K, Abotaleb M, Ashrafizadeh M, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M, Biringer K, Bugos O, Najafi M, Golubnitschaja O, Büsselberg D, Kubatka P. Carotenoids in Cancer Metastasis-Status Quo and Outlook. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1653. [PMID: 33321708 PMCID: PMC7763577 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis represents a major obstacle in cancer treatment and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Therefore, the identification of compounds targeting the multi-step and complex process of metastasis could improve outcomes in the management of cancer patients. Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments with a plethora of biological activities. Carotenoids exert a potent anti-cancer capacity in various cancer models in vitro and in vivo, mediated by the modulation of signaling pathways involved in the migration and invasion of cancer cells and metastatic progression, including key regulators of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and regulatory molecules, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and others. Moreover, carotenoids modulate the expression of genes associated with cancer progression and inflammatory processes as key mediators of the complex process involved in metastasis. Nevertheless, due to the predominantly preclinical nature of the known anti-tumor effects of carotenoids, and unclear results from certain carotenoids in specific cancer types and/or specific parts of the population, a precise analysis of the anti-cancer effects of carotenoids is essential. The identification of carotenoids as effective compounds targeting the complex process of cancer progression could improve the outcomes of advanced cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Koklesova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Marek Samec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Kevin Zhai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar; (K.Z.); (M.A.)
| | - Mariam Abotaleb
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar; (K.Z.); (M.A.)
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Kamil Biringer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (L.K.); (A.L.); (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67146, Iran;
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67146, Iran
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive, Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, 24144 Doha, Qatar; (K.Z.); (M.A.)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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87
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Rehman S, Aatif M, Rafi Z, Khan MY, Shahab U, Ahmad S, Farhan M. Effect of non-enzymatic glycosylation in the epigenetics of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:543-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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88
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Taghizadeh E, Taheri F, Rostami D, Renani PG, Ferns GA, Pasdar A, Mobarhan MG. MiR-492 as an Important Biomarker for Early Diagnosis and Targeted Treatment in Different Cancers. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666200309124048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have led to a more detailed understanding of the roles played by
microRNAs in health and disease, and their potential use as biomarkers in physiological and
pathophysiological processes involving cancer initiation and progression. MiR-492 is encoded by
a pseudogene, has a key role in some human cancer cells and its overexpression in tissues, and it
has been proposed that it can be used as a good biomarker for management and early diagnosis of
some cancers including breast cancer, colorectal and ovarian cancer, hepatocellular cancer, retinoblastoma
and pancreatic cancer. The aim of this review was to summarize the data of MiR-492
for early diagnosis and treatment of some types of related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Forough Taheri
- Sharekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sharekord, Iran
| | - Daryoush Rostami
- Department of School Allied, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Perso Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid G. Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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89
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Nandan D, Rath CT, Reiner NE. Leishmania regulates host macrophage miRNAs expression by engaging transcription factor c-Myc. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:999-1007. [PMID: 33211335 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ru0920-614r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites of Leishmania genus have developed sophisticated strategies allowing them to deactivate their host macrophage to promote their survival. It has become clear that miRNAs play important roles in shaping innate and adaptive immune responses toward pathogens. It is not surprising that several pathogens including Leishmania have evolved the ability to regulate host macrophage miRNA expression in order to manipulate host cell phenotypes to their advantage. However, very little is known about the mechanisms used by intracellular pathogens to drive changes in host cell miRNA abundance. In this review, Leishmania exploitation of macrophage transcription factor c-Myc as a critical proxy virulence factor to regulate abundance of macrophage miRNAs influencing macrophage physiology to promote its survival will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devki Nandan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carolina Torturella Rath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Neil E Reiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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90
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Epigenetic Aberrations in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102996. [PMID: 33076518 PMCID: PMC7602661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a blood cancer characterized by an uncontrolled growth of cells named plasma cells, within the bone marrow. Patients with MM may present with anemia, bone lesions and kidney impairment. Several studies have been performed in order to provide an explanation to how this tumor may develop. Among them, the so called “epigenetic modifications” certainly represent important players that have been shown to support MM development and disease progression. The present article aims to summarize the current knowledge in the specific are of “epigenetics” in MM. Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by proliferation of clonal plasma cells within the bone marrow. Several advances in defining key processes responsible for MM pathogenesis and disease progression have been made; and dysregulation of epigenetics, including DNA methylation and histone modification, has emerged as a crucial regulator of MM pathogenesis. In the present review article, we will focus on the role of epigenetic modifications within the specific context of MM.
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91
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Wang YP, Fu XQ, Yin CL, Chou JY, Liu YX, Bai JX, Chen YJ, Wu Y, Wu JY, Wang XQ, Liu B, Yu ZL. A traditional Chinese medicine formula inhibits tumor growth in mice and regulates the miR-34b/c-Met/β-catenin pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:113065. [PMID: 32505839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Si-Jun-Zi-Tang (SJZT) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used to treat chronic and debilitating diseases including melanoma. SJZT-based therapies have achieved good clinical outcomes in melanoma management. However, the pharmacological basis of SJZT for its clinical use in melanoma treatment is not fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the anti-melanoma effects and mechanism of action of an ethanolic extract of SJZT. MATERIALS AND METHODS SJZT was extracted using 50% ethanol. A murine B16 melanoma-bearing mouse model was employed to investigate the anti-melanoma effects of SJZT. microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA levels were examined by RT-qPCR, and protein levels were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS SJZT significantly inhibited B16 tumor growth in mice. Mechanistic investigations revealed that SJZT elevated miR-34b (a tumor suppressing miRNA), and lowered c-Met (a miR-34b target gene) and β-catenin (a downstream molecule of c-Met signaling) expression levels in the B16 tumors. CONCLUSIONS In this study we found, for the first time, that SJZT exerts anti-melanoma effects and regulates the miR-34b/c-Met/β-catenin pathway in a melanoma mouse model. Our findings provide pharmacological justifications for the clinical use of SJZT in treating melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Wang
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng-Le Yin
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ji-Yao Chou
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Xi Liu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Bai
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying-Jie Chen
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Ying Wu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Research and Development Centre for Natural Health Products, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Jane Clare Transdermal TCM Therapy Laboratory, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Consun Chinese Medicines Research Centre for Renal Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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92
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Shen L, Lin D, Cheng L, Tu S, Wu H, Xu W, Pan Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Shao A. Is DNA Methylation a Ray of Sunshine in Predicting Meningioma Prognosis? Front Oncol 2020; 10:1323. [PMID: 33014773 PMCID: PMC7498674 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningioma is the most common intracranial tumor, and recent studies have drawn attention to the importance of further research on malignant meningioma. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) grading, meningioma is classified into 15 subtypes with three grades of malignancy. However, due to a lack of descriptions of molecular subtypes, genetic mutations, or other features, there were deficiencies in the WHO classification. The DNA methylation-based meningioma classification published in 2017 used DNA copy number analysis, mutation profiling, and RNA sequencing to distinguish six clinically relevant methylation classes, which contributed to a better prediction of tumor recurrence and prognosis. Further studies indicated that gene variation and gene mutations, such as those in neurofibromin 2 (NF2) and BRCA1, were related to the high WHO grade, malignant invasion, and recurrence. Among the mutant genes described above, some have been associated with differential DNA methylation. Herein, we searched for articles published in PubMed and Web of Science from January 2000 to May 2020 by entering the keywords “meningioma,” “methylation,” and “gene mutation,” and found a number of published studies that analyzed DNA methylation in meningiomas. In this review, we summarize the key findings of recent studies on methylation status and genetic mutations of meningioma and discuss the current deficits of the WHO grading. We also propose that a methylation-based meningioma classification could provide clues in the assessment of individual risk of meningioma recurrence, which is associated with clinical benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Lin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanbo Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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93
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Jin J, Guo Y, Dong X, Liu J, He Y. Methylation-associated silencing of miR-193b improves the radiotherapy sensitivity of esophageal cancer cells by targeting cyclin D1 in areas with zinc deficiency. Radiother Oncol 2020; 150:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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94
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Sampath SS, Venkatabalasubramanian S, Ramalingam S. Role of MicroRNAs in the Progression and Metastasis of Colon Cancer. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:35-46. [PMID: 32842949 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200825184924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level by binding to the mRNA of their target genes. The dysfunction of miRNAs is strongly associated with the inflammation of the colon. Besides, some microRNAs are shown to suppress tumours, while others promote tumour progression and metastasis. Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis, which increase the risk factor for inflammation-associated colon cancer. MicroRNAs are shown to be involved in gastrointestinal pathologies by targeting the transcripts encoding proteins of the intestinal barrier and their regulators that are associated with inflammation and colon cancer. Detection of these microRNAs in the blood, serum, tissues, faecal matter, etc, will enable us to use these microRNAs as biomarkers for early detection of the associated malignancies and design novel therapeutic strategies to overcome the same. Information on MicroRNAs can be applied for the development of targeted therapies against inflammation-mediated colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Sanjitha Sampath
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivaramakrishnan Venkatabalasubramanian
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satish Ramalingam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bio-Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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95
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Li S, Li W, Chen G, Huang J, Li W. MiRNA-27a-3p induces temozolomide resistance in glioma by inhibiting NF1 level. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:4749-4756. [PMID: 32913547 PMCID: PMC7476123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of miRNA-27a-3p in inducing Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in glioma and the underlying mechanism. Relative levels of miRNA-27a-3p and NF1 in glioma tissues and peritumoral ones were detected. In addition, their levels in TMZ-sensitive and TMZ-resistant glioma tissues were examined as well. TMZ-resistant glioma cell lines SHG44-TG and U87-TR were used for in vitro experiments. Relative levels of miRNA-27a-3p and NF1 in TMZ-resistant glioma cells and their parental cells were determined. Subsequently, regulatory effects of miRNA-27a-3p on IC50 value of TMZ, viability and migratory ability in SHG44-TG and U87-TR cells were assessed. The interaction between miRNA-27a-3p and NF1 was evaluated by luciferase assay and Western blot. MiRNA-27a-3p was upregulated in glioma tissues than controls, especially TMZ-resistant ones, whereas NF-1 displayed a negative correlation to miRNA-27a-3p as its downstream target. Overexpression of miRNA-27a-3p increased IC50 value of TMZ, viability and migratory ability in SHG44-TG and U87-TR cells. Regulatory effects of miRNA-27a-3p on phenotypes of TMZ-resistant glioma cells were abolished by overexpression of NF1. MiRNA-27a-3p induces TMZ resistance in glioma by negatively regulating NF1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Beijing Qinglian Biotech Co., Ltd.Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
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96
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Casalino L, Verde P. Multifaceted Roles of DNA Methylation in Neoplastic Transformation, from Tumor Suppressors to EMT and Metastasis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E922. [PMID: 32806509 PMCID: PMC7463745 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the major mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis, DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification impacting both genomic stability and gene expression. Methylation of promoter-proximal CpG islands (CGIs) and transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressors represent the best characterized epigenetic changes in neoplastic cells. The global cancer-associated effects of DNA hypomethylation influence chromatin architecture and reactivation of repetitive elements. Moreover, recent analyses of cancer cell methylomes highlight the role of the DNA hypomethylation of super-enhancer regions critically controlling the expression of key oncogenic players. We will first summarize some basic aspects of DNA methylation in tumorigenesis, along with the role of dysregulated DNA methyltransferases and TET (Ten-Eleven Translocation)-family methylcytosine dioxygenases. We will then examine the potential contribution of epimutations to causality and heritability of cancer. By reviewing some representative genes subjected to hypermethylation-mediated silencing, we will survey their oncosuppressor functions and roles as biomarkers in various types of cancer. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the gain of stem-like properties are critically involved in cancer cell dissemination, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. However, the driver vs passenger roles of epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation in EMT, are still poorly understood. Therefore, we will focus our attention on several aspects of DNA methylation in control of EMT and metastasis suppressors, including both protein-coding and noncoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Casalino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, CNR, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Verde
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, CNR, 80100 Naples, Italy
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97
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Shah V, Shah J. Recent trends in targeting miRNAs for cancer therapy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1732-1749. [PMID: 32783235 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small noncoding RNA employed by the cells for gene regulation. A single miRNA, typically 22 nucleotides in length, can regulate the expression of numerous genes. Over the past decade, the study of miRNA biology in the context of cancer has led to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. KEY FINDINGS MicroRNA dysregulation is commonly associated with cancer, in part because miRNAs are actively involved in the mechanisms like genomic instabilities, aberrant transcriptional control, altered epigenetic regulation and biogenesis machinery defects. MicroRNAs can regulate oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes and thus when altered can lead to tumorigenesis. Expression profiling of miRNAs has boosted the possibilities of application of miRNAs as potential cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets, although the feasibility of these approaches will require further validation. SUMMARY In this review, we will focus on how miRNAs regulate tumour development and the potential applications of targeting miRNAs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandit Shah
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigna Shah
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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98
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Karimzadeh MR, Pourdavoud P, Ehtesham N, Qadbeigi M, Asl MM, Alani B, Mosallaei M, Pakzad B. Regulation of DNA methylation machinery by epi-miRNAs in human cancer: emerging new targets in cancer therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:157-174. [PMID: 32773776 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disruption in DNA methylation processes can lead to alteration in gene expression and function that would ultimately result in malignant transformation. In this way, studies have shown that, in cancers, methylation-associated silencing inactivates tumor suppressor genes, as effectively as mutations. DNA methylation machinery is composed of several genes, including those with DNA methyltransferases activity, proteins that bind to methylated cytosine in the promoter region, and enzymes with demethylase activity. Based on a prominent body of evidence, DNA methylation machinery could be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) called epi-miRNAs. Numerous studies demonstrated that dysregulation in DNA methylation regulators like upstream epi-miRNAs is indispensable for carcinogenesis; consequently, the malignant capacity of these cells could be reversed by restoring of this regulatory system in cancer. Conceivably, recognition of these epi-miRNAs in cancer cells could not only reveal novel molecular entities in carcinogenesis, but also render promising targets for cancer therapy. In this review, at first, we have an overview of the methylation alteration in cancers, and the effect of this phenomenon in miRNAs expression and after that, we conduct an in-depth discussion about the regulation of DNA methylation regulators by epi-miRNAs in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Karimzadeh
- Department of medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | | | - Naeim Ehtesham
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Masood Movahedi Asl
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrang Alani
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Meysam Mosallaei
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahram Pakzad
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran.
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99
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Development of MicroRNAs as Potential Therapeutics against Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:8029721. [PMID: 32733559 PMCID: PMC7378626 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8029721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that function at the posttranscriptional level in the cellular regulation process. miRNA expression exerts vital effects on cell growth such as cell proliferation and survival. In cancers, miRNAs have been shown to initiate carcinogenesis, where overexpression of oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) or reduced expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs has been reported. In this review, we discuss the involvement of miRNAs in tumorigenesis, the role of synthetic miRNAs as either mimics or antagomirs to overcome cancer growth, miRNA delivery, and approaches to enhance their therapeutic potentials.
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100
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He X, Chai P, Li F, Zhang L, Zhou C, Yuan X, Li Y, Yang J, Luo Y, Ge S, Zhang H, Jia R, Fan X. A novel LncRNA transcript, RBAT1, accelerates tumorigenesis through interacting with HNRNPL and cis-activating E2F3. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:115. [PMID: 32669100 PMCID: PMC7362570 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as important epigenetic regulators that play critical roles in human cancers. However, the regulatory functions of lncRNAs in tumorigenesis remains to be elucidated. Here, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms and potential clinical application of a novel lncRNA, retinoblastoma associated transcript-1 (RBAT1), in tumorigenesis. METHODS RBAT1 expression was determined by real-time PCR in both retinoblastoma (Rb) and bladder cancer (BCa) cell lines and clinical tissues. Chromatin isolation using RNA purification (ChIRP) assays were performed to identify RBAT1-interacting proteins. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) retinoblastoma models were established to test the therapeutic potential of RBAT1-targeting GapmeRs. RESULTS Here, we found that RBAT1 expression was significantly higher in Rb and BCa tissues than that in adjacent tissues. Functional assays revealed that RBAT1 accelerated tumorigenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RBAT1 recruited HNRNPL protein to E2F3 promoter, thereby activating E2F3 transcription. Therapeutically, GapmeR-mediated RBAT1 silencing significantly inhibited tumorigenesis in orthotopic xenograft retinoblastoma models derived from Rb cell lines and Rb primary cells. CONCLUSIONS RBAT1 overexpression upregulates a known oncogene, E2F3, via directly recruiting HNPNPL to its promoter and cis-activating its expression. Our finding provides a novel mechanism of lncRNA biology and provides potential targets for diagnosis and treatment of Rb and BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuandi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingxiu Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.
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