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Wolkenstein K, Sun H, Falk H, Griesinger C. Structure and Absolute Configuration of Jurassic Polyketide-Derived Spiroborate Pigments Obtained from Microgram Quantities. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13460-3. [PMID: 26443920 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Complete structural elucidation of natural products is often challenging due to structural complexity and limited availability. This is true for present-day secondary metabolites, but even more for exceptionally preserved secondary metabolites of ancient organisms that potentially provide insights into the evolutionary history of natural products. Here, we report the full structure and absolute configuration of the borolithochromes, enigmatic boron-containing pigments from a Jurassic putative red alga, from samples of less than 50 μg using microcryoprobe NMR, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations and reveal their polyketide origin. The pigments are identified as spiroborates with two pentacyclic sec-butyl-trihydroxy-methyl-benzo[gh]tetraphen-one ligands and less-substituted derivatives. The configuration of the sec-butyl group is found to be (S). Because the exceptional benzo[gh]tetraphene scaffold is otherwise only observed in the recently discovered polyketide clostrubin from a present-day Clostridium bacterium, the Jurassic borolithochromes now can be unambiguously linked to the modern polyketide, providing evidence that the fossil pigments are almost originally preserved secondary metabolites and suggesting that the pigments in fact may have been produced by an ancient bacterium. The borolithochromes differ fundamentally from previously described boronated polyketides and represent the first boronated aromatic polyketides found so far. Our results demonstrate the potential of microcryoprobe NMR in the analysis of previously little-explored secondary metabolites from ancient organisms and reveal the evolutionary significance of clostrubin-type polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wolkenstein
- Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, University of Göttingen , Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Han Sun
- Department of NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heinz Falk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Linz , Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Department of NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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52
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González VL, Andrade SCS, Bieler R, Collins TM, Dunn CW, Mikkelsen PM, Taylor JD, Giribet G. A phylogenetic backbone for Bivalvia: an RNA-seq approach. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142332. [PMID: 25589608 PMCID: PMC4308999 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalves are an ancient and ubiquitous group of aquatic invertebrates with an estimated 10 000–20 000 living species. They are economically significant as a human food source, and ecologically important given their biomass and effects on communities. Their phylogenetic relationships have been studied for decades, and their unparalleled fossil record extends from the Cambrian to the Recent. Nevertheless, a robustly supported phylogeny of the deepest nodes, needed to fully exploit the bivalves as a model for testing macroevolutionary theories, is lacking. Here, we present the first phylogenomic approach for this important group of molluscs, including novel transcriptomic data for 31 bivalves obtained through an RNA-seq approach, and analyse these data with published genomes and transcriptomes of other bivalves plus outgroups. Our results provide a well-resolved, robust phylogenetic backbone for Bivalvia with all major lineages delineated, addressing long-standing questions about the monophyly of Protobranchia and Heterodonta, and resolving the position of particular groups such as Palaeoheterodonta, Archiheterodonta and Anomalodesmata. This now fully resolved backbone demonstrates that genomic approaches using hundreds of genes are feasible for resolving phylogenetic questions in bivalves and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L González
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sónia C S Andrade
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rüdiger Bieler
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Timothy M Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Casey W Dunn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Paula M Mikkelsen
- Paleontological Research Institution and Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - John D Taylor
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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53
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Ueoka R, Uria AR, Reiter S, Mori T, Karbaum P, Peters EE, Helfrich EJN, Morinaka BI, Gugger M, Takeyama H, Matsunaga S, Piel J. Metabolic and evolutionary origin of actin-binding polyketides from diverse organisms. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:705-12. [PMID: 26236936 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Actin-targeting macrolides comprise a large, structurally diverse group of cytotoxins isolated from remarkably dissimilar micro- and macroorganisms. In spite of their disparate origins and structures, many of these compounds bind actin at the same site and exhibit structural relationships reminiscent of modular, combinatorial drug libraries. Here we investigate biosynthesis and evolution of three compound groups: misakinolides, scytophycin-type compounds and luminaolides. For misakinolides from the sponge Theonella swinhoei WA, our data suggest production by an uncultivated 'Entotheonella' symbiont, further supporting the relevance of these bacteria as sources of bioactive polyketides and peptides in sponges. Insights into misakinolide biosynthesis permitted targeted genome mining for other members, providing a cyanobacterial luminaolide producer as the first cultivated source for this dimeric compound family. The data indicate that this polyketide family is bacteria-derived and that the unusual macrolide diversity is the result of combinatorial pathway modularity for some compounds and of convergent evolution for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Ueoka
- Institute of Microbiology, Eigenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agustinus R Uria
- Institute of Microbiology, Eigenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silke Reiter
- Institute of Microbiology, Eigenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Petra Karbaum
- 1] Institute of Microbiology, Eigenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [2] Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eike E Peters
- Institute of Microbiology, Eigenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric J N Helfrich
- Institute of Microbiology, Eigenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brandon I Morinaka
- Institute of Microbiology, Eigenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Gugger
- Institut Pasteur, Collection des Cyanobactéries, Paris, France
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eigenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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54
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Johnson AR, Carlson EE. Collision-Induced Dissociation Mass Spectrometry: A Powerful Tool for Natural Product Structure Elucidation. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10668-78. [PMID: 26132379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a powerful tool in natural product structure elucidation, but our ability to directly correlate fragmentation spectra to these structures lags far behind similar efforts in peptide sequencing and proteomics. Often, manual data interpretation is required and our knowledge of the expected fragmentation patterns for many scaffolds is limited, further complicating analysis. Here, we summarize advances in natural product structure elucidation based upon the application of collision induced dissociation fragmentation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Erin E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University , 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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55
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Sieber S, Carlier A, Neuburger M, Grabenweger G, Eberl L, Gademann K. Isolation and Total Synthesis of Kirkamide, an Aminocyclitol from an Obligate Leaf Nodule Symbiont. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7968-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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56
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Sieber S, Carlier A, Neuburger M, Grabenweger G, Eberl L, Gademann K. Isolation and Total Synthesis of Kirkamide, an Aminocyclitol from an Obligate Leaf Nodule Symbiont. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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57
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Flórez LV, Biedermann PHW, Engl T, Kaltenpoth M. Defensive symbioses of animals with prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:904-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms team up with symbiotic microbes for defense against predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the known defensive symbioses in animals and the microbial secondary metabolites responsible for providing protection to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Flórez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Peter H. W. Biedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Tobias Engl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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58
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He HY, Yuan H, Tang MC, Tang GL. An Unusual Dehydratase Acting on Glycerate and a Ketoreducatse Stereoselectively Reducing α-Ketone in Polyketide Starter Unit Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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59
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Recent advances in natural product discovery. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:230-7. [PMID: 25260043 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been and continue to be the source and inspiration for a substantial fraction of human therapeutics. Although the pharmaceutical industry has largely turned its back on natural product discovery efforts, such efforts continue to flourish in academia with promising results. Natural products have traditionally been identified from a top-down perspective, but more recently genomics- and bioinformatics-guided bottom-up approaches have provided powerful alternative strategies. Here we review recent advances in natural product discovery from both angles, including diverse sampling and innovative culturing and screening approaches, as well as genomics-driven discovery and genetic manipulation techniques for both native and heterologous expression.
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60
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He HY, Yuan H, Tang MC, Tang GL. An unusual dehydratase acting on glycerate and a ketoreducatse stereoselectively reducing α-ketone in polyketide starter unit biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11315-9. [PMID: 25160004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polyketide synthases (PKSs) usually employ a ketoreductase (KR) to catalyze the reduction of a β-keto group, followed by a dehydratase (DH) that drives the dehydration to form a double bond between the α- and β-carbon atoms. Herein, a DH*-KR* involved in FR901464 biosynthesis was characterized: DH* acts on glyceryl-S-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to yield ACP-linked pyruvate; subsequently KR* reduces α-ketone that yields L-lactyl-S-ACP as starter unit for polyketide biosynthesis. Genetic and biochemical evidence was found to support a similar pathway that is involved in the biosynthesis of lankacidins. These results not only identified new PKS domains acting on different substrates, but also provided additional options for engineering the PKS starter pathway or biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032 (China)
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61
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Puglisi MP, Sneed JM, Sharp KH, Ritson-Williams R, Paul VJ. Marine chemical ecology in benthic environments. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:1510-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4np00017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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62
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Altamia MA, Wood N, Fung JM, Dedrick S, Linton EW, Concepcion GP, Haygood MG, Distel DL. Genetic differentiation among isolates of Teredinibacter turnerae, a widely occurring intracellular endosymbiont of shipworms. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1418-1432. [PMID: 24765662 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Teredinibacter turnerae is a cultivable intracellular endosymbiont of xylotrophic (woodfeeding)bivalves of the Family Teredinidae (shipworms). Although T. turnerae has been isolated from many shipworm taxa collected in many locations, no systematic effort has been made to explore genetic diversity within this symbiont species across the taxonomic and geographical range of its hosts. The mode of symbiont transmission is unknown. Here, we examine sequence diversity in fragments of six genes (16S rRNA, gyrB, sseA, recA, rpoB and celAB) among 25 isolates of T. turnerae cultured from 13 shipworm species collected in 15 locations in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. While 16S rRNA sequences are nearly invariant between all examined isolates (maximum pairwise difference <0.26%), variation between examined protein-coding loci is greater (mean pairwise difference 2.2–5.9%). Phylogenetic analyses based on each protein-coding locus differentiate the 25 isolates into two distinct and well-supported clades. With five exceptions, clade assignments for each isolate were supported by analysis of alleles of each of the five protein-coding loci. These exceptions include (i) putative recombinant alleles of the celAB and gyrB loci in two isolates (PMS-535T.S.1b.3 and T8510), suggesting homologous recombination between members of the two clades; and (ii) evidence for a putative lateral gene transfer event affecting a second locus (recA) in three isolates (T8412, T8503 and T8513). These results demonstrate that T. turnerae isolates do not represent a homogeneous global population. Instead, they indicate the emergence of two lineages that, although distinct, likely experience some level of genetic exchange with each other and with other bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin A Altamia
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Nicole Wood
- Laboratory for Marine Genomic Research, Ocean Genome Legacy Inc., Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Jennifer M Fung
- Laboratory for Marine Genomic Research, Ocean Genome Legacy Inc., Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Sandra Dedrick
- Laboratory for Marine Genomic Research, Ocean Genome Legacy Inc., Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Eric W Linton
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Gisela P Concepcion
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Margo G Haygood
- Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Daniel L Distel
- Ocean Genome Legacy Center of New England Biolabs, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, 01908, USA
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63
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Bieler R, Mikkelsen PM, Collins TM, Glover EA, González VL, Graf DL, Harper EM, Healy J, Kawauchi GY, Sharma PP, Staubach S, Strong EE, Taylor JD, Tëmkin I, Zardus JD, Clark S, Guzmán A, McIntyre E, Sharp P, Giribet G. Investigating the Bivalve Tree of Life – an exemplar-based approach combining molecular and novel morphological characters. INVERTEBR SYST 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/is13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To re-evaluate the relationships of the major bivalve lineages, we amassed detailed morpho-anatomical, ultrastructural and molecular sequence data for a targeted selection of exemplar bivalves spanning the phylogenetic diversity of the class. We included molecular data for 103 bivalve species (up to five markers) and also analysed a subset of taxa with four additional nuclear protein-encoding genes. Novel as well as historically employed morphological characters were explored, and we systematically disassembled widely used descriptors such as gill and stomach ‘types’. Phylogenetic analyses, conducted using parsimony direct optimisation and probabilistic methods on static alignments (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) of the molecular data, both alone and in combination with morphological characters, offer a robust test of bivalve relationships. A calibrated phylogeny also provided insights into the tempo of bivalve evolution. Finally, an analysis of the informativeness of morphological characters showed that sperm ultrastructure characters are among the best morphological features to diagnose bivalve clades, followed by characters of the shell, including its microstructure. Our study found support for monophyly of most broadly recognised higher bivalve taxa, although support was not uniform for Protobranchia. However, monophyly of the bivalves with protobranchiate gills was the best-supported hypothesis with incremental morphological and/or molecular sequence data. Autobranchia, Pteriomorphia, Heteroconchia, Palaeoheterodonta, Archiheterodonta, Euheterodonta, Anomalodesmata and Imparidentia new clade ( = Euheterodonta excluding Anomalodesmata) were recovered across analyses, irrespective of data treatment or analytical framework. Another clade supported by our analyses but not formally recognised in the literature includes Palaeoheterodonta and Archiheterodonta, which emerged under multiple analytical conditions. The origin and diversification of each of these major clades is Cambrian or Ordovician, except for Archiheterodonta, which diverged from Palaeoheterodonta during the Cambrian, but diversified during the Mesozoic. Although the radiation of some lineages was shifted towards the Palaeozoic (Pteriomorphia, Anomalodesmata), or presented a gap between origin and diversification (Archiheterodonta, Unionida), Imparidentia showed steady diversification through the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. Finally, a classification system with six major monophyletic lineages is proposed to comprise modern Bivalvia: Protobranchia, Pteriomorphia, Palaeoheterodonta, Archiheterodonta, Anomalodesmata and Imparidentia.
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64
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Hoffmann T, Müller S, Nadmid S, Garcia R, Müller R. Microsclerodermins from Terrestrial Myxobacteria: An Intriguing Biosynthesis Likely Connected to a Sponge Symbiont. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16904-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4054509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoffmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Suvd Nadmid
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ronald Garcia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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65
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Han AW, Sandy M, Fishman B, Trindade-Silva AE, Soares CAG, Distel DL, Butler A, Haygood MG. Turnerbactin, a novel triscatecholate siderophore from the shipworm endosymbiont Teredinibacter turnerae T7901. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76151. [PMID: 24146831 PMCID: PMC3795760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shipworms are marine bivalve mollusks (Family Teredinidae) that use wood for shelter and food. They harbor a group of closely related, yet phylogenetically distinct, bacterial endosymbionts in bacteriocytes located in the gills. This endosymbiotic community is believed to support the host's nutrition in multiple ways, through the production of cellulolytic enzymes and the fixation of nitrogen. The genome of the shipworm endosymbiont Teredinibacter turnerae T7901 was recently sequenced and in addition to the potential for cellulolytic enzymes and diazotrophy, the genome also revealed a rich potential for secondary metabolites. With nine distinct biosynthetic gene clusters, nearly 7% of the genome is dedicated to secondary metabolites. Bioinformatic analyses predict that one of the gene clusters is responsible for the production of a catecholate siderophore. Here we describe this gene cluster in detail and present the siderophore product from this cluster. Genes similar to the entCEBA genes of enterobactin biosynthesis involved in the production and activation of dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) are present in this cluster, as well as a two-module non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). A novel triscatecholate siderophore, turnerbactin, was isolated from the supernatant of iron-limited T. turnerae T7901 cultures. Turnerbactin is a trimer of N-(2,3-DHB)-L-Orn-L-Ser with the three monomeric units linked by Ser ester linkages. A monomer, dimer, dehydrated dimer, and dehydrated trimer of 2,3-DHB-L-Orn-L-Ser were also found in the supernatant. A link between the gene cluster and siderophore product was made by constructing a NRPS mutant, TtAH03. Siderophores could not be detected in cultures of TtAH03 by HPLC analysis and Fe-binding activity of culture supernatant was significantly reduced. Regulation of the pathway by iron is supported by identification of putative Fur box sequences and observation of increased Fe-binding activity under iron restriction. Evidence of a turnerbactin fragment was found in shipworm extracts, suggesting the production of turnerbactin in the symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Han
- Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Moriah Sandy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Fishman
- Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amaro E. Trindade-Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Ilha do Fundão, CCS, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Carlos A. G. Soares
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Ilha do Fundão, CCS, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Daniel L. Distel
- Ocean Genome Legacy, Inc., Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison Butler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Margo G. Haygood
- Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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66
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Defensive Bacteriome Symbiont with a Drastically Reduced Genome. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1478-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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67
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Arens JC, Berrué F, Pearson JK, Kerr RG. Isolation and structure elucidation of satosporin A and B: new polyketides from Kitasatospora griseola. Org Lett 2013; 15:3864-7. [PMID: 23875542 DOI: 10.1021/ol401598f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Satosporins A and B, two novel glucosylated polyketides, were isolated from the actinomycete Kitasatospora griseola MF730-N6. The polyketides possess an unprecedented tricyclic ring system that was fully characterized using a combination of spectroscopic analyses and computational calculations. Satosporin A was quantitatively converted into its aglycon homologue, satosporin C, using a β-glucosidase. The determination of the absolute stereochemistry was achieved using solution TDDFT/ECD calculations and chemical derivatization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Arens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
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