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Nazir R, Mazurier S, Yang P, Lemanceau P, van Elsas JD. The Ecological Role of Type Three Secretion Systems in the Interaction of Bacteria with Fungi in Soil and Related Habitats Is Diverse and Context-Dependent. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:38. [PMID: 28197129 PMCID: PMC5282467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi constitute important organisms in many ecosystems, in particular terrestrial ones. Both organismal groups contribute significantly to biogeochemical cycling processes. Ecological theory postulates that bacteria capable of receiving benefits from host fungi are likely to evolve efficient association strategies. The purpose of this review is to examine the mechanisms that underpin the bacterial interactions with fungi in soil and other systems, with special focus on the type III secretion system (T3SS). Starting with a brief description of the versatility of the T3SS as an interaction system with diverse eukaryotic hosts, we subsequently examine the recent advances made in our understanding of its contribution to interactions with soil fungi. The analysis used data sets ranging from circumstantial evidence to gene-knockout-based experimental data. The initial finding that the abundance of T3SSs in microbiomes is often enhanced in fungal-affected habitats like the mycosphere and the mycorrhizosphere is now substantiated with in-depth knowledge of the specific systems involved. Different fungal–interactive bacteria, in positive or negative associations with partner fungi, harbor and express T3SSs, with different ecological outcomes. In some particular cases, bacterial T3SSs have been shown to modulate the physiology of its fungal partner, affecting its ecological characteristics and consequently shaping its own habitat. Overall, the analyses of the collective data set revealed that diverse T3SSs have assumed diverse roles in the interactions of bacteria with host fungi, as driven by ecological and evolutionary niche requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Nazir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyAbbottabad, Pakistan; Department of Soil Environmental Science, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences - Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Sylvie Mazurier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Dijon, France
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of Microbial Ecology, GELIFES, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Lemanceau
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Dijon, France
| | - Jan Dirk van Elsas
- Department of Microbial Ecology, GELIFES, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sommer R, Hauck D, Varrot A, Imberty A, Künzler M, Titz A. O-Alkylated heavy atom carbohydrate probes for protein X-ray crystallography: Studies towards the synthesis of methyl 2- O-methyl-L-selenofucopyranoside. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2828-2833. [PMID: 28144356 PMCID: PMC5238581 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenoglycosides are used as reactive glycosyl donors in the syntheses of oligosaccharides. In addition, such heavy atom analogs of natural glycosides are useful tools for structure determination of their lectin receptors using X-ray crystallography. Some lectins, e.g., members of the tectonin family, only bind to carbohydrate epitopes with O-alkylated ring hydroxy groups. In this context, we report the first synthesis of an O-methylated selenoglycoside, specifically methyl 2-O-methyl-L-selenofucopyranoside, a ligand of the lectin tectonin-2 from the mushroom Laccaria bicolor. The synthetic route required a strategic revision and further optimization due to the intrinsic lability of alkyl selenoglycosides, in particular for the labile fucose. Here, we describe a successful synthetic access to methyl 2-O-methyl-L-selenofucopyranoside in 9 linear steps and 26% overall yield starting from allyl L-fucopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sommer
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauck
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annabelle Varrot
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-UPR5301), CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-UPR5301), CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes, BP53, F-38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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54
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Kumar A, Sýkorová P, Demo G, Dobeš P, Hyršl P, Wimmerová M. A Novel Fucose-binding Lectin from Photorhabdus luminescens (PLL) with an Unusual Heptabladed β-Propeller Tetrameric Structure. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25032-25049. [PMID: 27758853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus luminescens is known for its symbiosis with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its pathogenicity toward insect larvae. A hypothetical protein from P. luminescens was identified, purified from the native source, and characterized as an l-fucose-binding lectin, named P. luminescens lectin (PLL). Glycan array and biochemical characterization data revealed PLL to be specific toward l-fucose and the disaccharide glycan 3,6-O-Me2-Glcβ1-4(2,3-O-Me2)Rhaα-O-(p-C6H4)-OCH2CH2NH2 PLL was discovered to be a homotetramer with an intersubunit disulfide bridge. The crystal structures of native and recombinant PLL revealed a seven-bladed β-propeller fold creating seven putative fucose-binding sites per monomer. The crystal structure of the recombinant PLL·l-fucose complex confirmed that at least three sites were fucose-binding. Moreover, the crystal structures indicated that some of the other sites are masked either by the tetrameric nature of the lectin or by incorporation of the C terminus of the lectin into one of these sites. PLL exhibited an ability to bind to insect hemocytes and the cuticular surface of a nematode, H. bacteriophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC)
| | - Petra Sýkorová
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science
| | - Gabriel Demo
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC).,the National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, and
| | - Pavel Dobeš
- the Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hyršl
- the Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Wimmerová
- From the Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), .,the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science.,the National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, and
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55
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Beshr G, Sommer R, Hauck D, Siebert DCB, Hofmann A, Imberty A, Titz A. Development of a competitive binding assay for the Burkholderia cenocepacia lectin BC2L-A and structure activity relationship of natural and synthetic inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00557d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen and especially hazardous for cystic fibrosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghamdan Beshr
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)
- D-66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)
| | - Roman Sommer
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)
- D-66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)
| | - Dirk Hauck
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)
- D-66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)
| | - David Chan Bodin Siebert
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)
- D-66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)
| | - Anna Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Graduate School Chemical Biology
- University of Konstanz
- D-78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV)-CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes
- F-38041 Grenoble
- France
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)
- D-66123 Saarbrücken
- Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)
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Hewitson JP, Nguyen DL, van Diepen A, Smit CH, Koeleman CA, McSorley HJ, Murray J, Maizels RM, Hokke CH. Novel O-linked methylated glycan antigens decorate secreted immunodominant glycoproteins from the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Int J Parasitol 2015; 46:157-170. [PMID: 26688390 PMCID: PMC4776704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory (ES) proteins carry diverse N- and O-glycans, and many are O-methylated. A methylhexose containing O-glycan of abundant ES glycoproteins is immunodominant. This dominant glycan is not the immunomodulatory heat-stable ES component.
Glycan molecules from helminth parasites have been associated with diverse biological functions ranging from interactions with neighbouring host cell populations to down-modulation of specific host immunity. Glycoproteins secreted by the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus are of particular interest as the excretory–secretory products (termed HES) of this parasite contain both heat-labile and heat-stable components with immunomodulatory effects. We used MALDI-TOF-MS and LC–MS/MS to analyse the repertoire of N- and O-linked glycans released from Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products by PNGase A and F, β-elimination and hydrazinolysis revealing a broad range of structures including novel methylhexose- and methylfucose-containing glycans. Monoclonal antibodies to two immunodominant glycans of H. polygyrus, previously designated Glycans A and B, were found to react by glycan array analysis to a methyl-hexose-rich fraction and to a sulphated LacDiNAc (LDN; GalNAcβ1–4GlcNAc) structure, respectively. We also analysed the glycan repertoire of a major glycoprotein in Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products, VAL-2, which contains many glycan structures present in Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products including Glycan A. However, it was found that this set of glycans is not responsible for the heat-stable immunomodulatory properties of Heligmosomoides polygyrus excretory–secretory products, as revealed by the inability of VAL-2 to inhibit allergic lung inflammation. Taken together, these studies reveal that H. polygyrus secretes a diverse range of antigenic glycoconjugates, and provides a framework to explore the biological and immunomodulatory roles they may play within the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Hewitson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - D Linh Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angela van Diepen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Smit
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien A Koeleman
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Janice Murray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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57
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Yan S, Jin C, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Comparisons of Caenorhabditis Fucosyltransferase Mutants Reveal a Multiplicity of Isomeric N-Glycan Structures. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5291-305. [PMID: 26538210 PMCID: PMC4673604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown a remarkable degree of plasticity in the N-glycome of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans; ablation of glycosylation-relevant genes can result in radically altered N-glycan profiles despite only minor biological phenotypic effects. Up to four fucose residues and five different linkages of fucose are known on the N-glycans of C. elegans. Due to the complexity in the wild type, we established three mutant strains defective in two core fucosyltransferases each (fut-1;fut-6, fut-1;fut-8, and fut-6;fut-8). Enzymatically released N-glycans were subject to HPLC and MALDI-TOF MS/MS, in combination with various treatments, to verify structural details. The N-glycome of the fut-1;fut-6 mutant was the most complex of the three double-mutant strains due to the extension of the core α1,6-fucose as well as the presence of fucose on the bisecting galactose. In contrast, maximally two fucoses were found on N-glycans of the fut-1;fut-8 and fut-6;fut-8 strains. The different locations and capping of fucose meant that up to 13 isomeric structures, many highly galactosylated, were determined for some single masses. These data not only show the high variability of the N-glycomic capacity of a "simple" nematode but also exemplify the need for multiple approaches to reveal individual glycan structures within complex invertebrate glycomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs Universitet , 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , 1190 Wien, Austria
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Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:91-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Heim C, Hertzberg H, Butschi A, Bleuler-Martinez S, Aebi M, Deplazes P, Künzler M, Štefanić S. Inhibition of Haemonchus contortus larval development by fungal lectins. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:425. [PMID: 26283415 PMCID: PMC4539729 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are involved in fundamental intra- and extracellular biological processes. They occur ubiquitously in nature and are especially abundant in plants and fungi. It has been well established that certain higher fungi produce lectins in their fruiting bodies and/or sclerotia as a part of their natural resistance against free-living fungivorous nematodes and other pests. Despite relatively high diversity of the glycan structures in nature, many of the glycans targeted by fungal lectins are conserved among organisms of the same taxon and sometimes even among different taxa. Such conservation of glycans between free-living and parasitic nematodes is providing us with a useful tool for discovery of novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine targets. In our study, a subset of fungal lectins emanating from toxicity screens on Caenorhabditis elegans was tested for their potential to inhibit larval development of Haemonchus contortus. Methods The effect of Coprinopsis cinerea lectins - CCL2, CGL2, CGL3; Aleuria aurantia lectin – AAL; Marasmius oreades agglutinin - MOA; and Laccaria bicolor lectin – Lb-Tec2, on cultivated Haemonchus contortus larval stages was investigated using a larval development test (LDT). To validate the results of the toxicity assay and determine lectin binding capacity to the nematode digestive tract, biotinylated versions of lectins were fed to pre-infective larval stages of H. contortus and visualized by fluorescent microscopy. Lectin histochemistry on fixed adult worms was performed to investigate the presence and localisation of lectin binding sites in the disease-relevant developmental stage. Results Using an improved larval development test we found that four of the six tested lectins: AAL, CCL2, MOA and CGL2, exhibited a dose-dependent toxicity in LDT, as measured by the number of larvae developing to the L3 stage. In the case of AAL, CGL2 and MOA lectin, doses as low as 5 μg/ml caused >95 % inhibition of larval development while 40 μg/ml were needed to achieve the same inhibition by CCL2 lectin. MOA was the only lectin tested that caused larval death while other toxic lectins had larvistatic effect manifesting as L1 growth arrest. Using lectin histochemistry we demonstrate that of all lectins tested, only the four toxic ones displayed binding to the larvae’s gut and likewise were found to interact with glycans localized to the gastrodermal tissue of adults. Conclusion The results of our study suggest a correlation between the presence of target glycans of lectins in the digestive tract and the lectin-mediated toxicity in Haemonchus contortus. We demonstrate that binding to the structurally conserved glycan structures found in H. contortus gastrodermal tissue by the set of fungal lectins has detrimental effect on larval development. Some of these glycan structures might represent antigens which are not exposed to the host immune system (hidden antigens) and thus have a potential for vaccine or drug development. Nematotoxic fungal lectins prove to be a useful tool to identify such targets in parasitic nematodes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1032-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heim
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hubertus Hertzberg
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Butschi
- Malcisbo AG, Wagistrasse 27a, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Silvia Bleuler-Martinez
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Saša Štefanić
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Mucin-Type O-Glycosylation in Invertebrates. Molecules 2015; 20:10622-40. [PMID: 26065637 PMCID: PMC6272458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
O-Glycosylation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications of proteins. It takes part in protein conformation, protein sorting, developmental processes and the modulation of enzymatic activities. In vertebrates, the basics of the biosynthetic pathway of O-glycans are already well understood. However, the regulation of the processes and the molecular aspects of defects, especially in correlation with cancer or developmental abnormalities, are still under investigation. The knowledge of the correlating invertebrate systems and evolutionary aspects of these highly conserved biosynthetic events may help improve the understanding of the regulatory factors of this pathway. Invertebrates display a broad spectrum of glycosylation varieties, providing an enormous potential for glycan modifications which may be used for the design of new pharmaceutically active substances. Here, overviews of the present knowledge of invertebrate mucin-type O-glycan structures and the currently identified enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of these oligosaccharides are presented, and the few data dealing with functional aspects of O-glycans are summarised.
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Yan S, Brecker L, Jin C, Titz A, Dragosits M, Karlsson NG, Jantsch V, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Bisecting Galactose as a Feature of N-Glycans of Wild-type and Mutant Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2111-25. [PMID: 26002521 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.049817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-glycosylation of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be highly variable and rather complex; it is an example to contradict the existing impression that "simple" organisms possess also a rather simple glycomic capacity. In previous studies in a number of laboratories, N-glycans with up to four fucose residues have been detected. However, although the linkage of three fucose residues to the N,N'-diacetylchitobiosyl core has been proven by structural and enzymatic analyses, the nature of the fourth fucose has remained uncertain. By constructing a triple mutant with deletions in the three genes responsible for core fucosylation (fut-1, fut-6 and fut-8), we have produced a nematode strain lacking products of these enzymes, but still retaining maximally one fucose residue on its N-glycans. Using mass spectrometry and HPLC in conjunction with chemical and enzymatic treatments as well as NMR, we examined a set of α-mannosidase-resistant N-glycans. Within this glycomic subpool, we can reveal that the core β-mannose can be trisubstituted and so carries not only the ubiquitous α1,3- and α1,6-mannose residues, but also a "bisecting" β-galactose, which is substoichiometrically modified with fucose or methylfucose. In addition, the α1,3-mannose can also be α-galactosylated. Our data, showing the presence of novel N-glycan modifications, will enable more targeted studies to understand the biological functions and interactions of nematode glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- §Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- ¶Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Titz
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Martin Dragosits
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- ¶Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Verena Jantsch
- ‖Department für Chromosomenbiologie, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Universität Wien, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria;
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
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Hitting the sweet spot-glycans as targets of fungal defense effector proteins. Molecules 2015; 20:8144-67. [PMID: 25955890 PMCID: PMC6272156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms which rely solely on innate defense systems must combat a large number of antagonists with a comparably low number of defense effector molecules. As one solution of this problem, these organisms have evolved effector molecules targeting epitopes that are conserved between different antagonists of a specific taxon or, if possible, even of different taxa. In order to restrict the activity of the defense effector molecules to physiologically relevant taxa, these target epitopes should, on the other hand, be taxon-specific and easily accessible. Glycans fulfill all these requirements and are therefore a preferred target of defense effector molecules, in particular defense proteins. Here, we review this defense strategy using the example of the defense system of multicellular (filamentous) fungi against microbial competitors and animal predators.
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Deveau A, Barret M, Diedhiou AG, Leveau J, de Boer W, Martin F, Sarniguet A, Frey-Klett P. Pairwise transcriptomic analysis of the interactions between the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N and three beneficial, neutral and antagonistic soil bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:146-59. [PMID: 25085516 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are surrounded by bacterial communities with which they interact physically and metabolically during their life cycle. These bacteria can have positive or negative effects on the formation and the functioning of ectomycorrhizae. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms by which ectomycorrhizal fungi and associated bacteria interact. To understand how ectomycorrhizal fungi perceive their biotic environment and the mechanisms supporting interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil bacteria, we analysed the pairwise transcriptomic responses of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor (Basidiomycota: Agaricales) when confronted with beneficial, neutral or detrimental soil bacteria. Comparative analyses of the three transcriptomes indicated that the fungus reacted differently to each bacterial strain. Similarly, each bacterial strain produced a specific and distinct response to the presence of the fungus. Despite these differences in responses observed at the gene level, we found common classes of genes linked to cell-cell interaction, stress response and metabolic processes to be involved in the interaction of the four microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Deveau
- Interactions Arbres - Microorganismes, INRA UMR1136, 54280, Champenoux, France,
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Singh SS, Wang H, Chan YS, Pan W, Dan X, Yin CM, Akkouh O, Ng TB. Lectins from edible mushrooms. Molecules 2014; 20:446-69. [PMID: 25558856 PMCID: PMC6272671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are famous for their nutritional and medicinal values and also for the diversity of bioactive compounds they contain including lectins. The present review is an attempt to summarize and discuss data available on molecular weights, structures, biological properties, N-terminal sequences and possible applications of lectins from edible mushrooms. It further aims to update and discuss/examine the recent advancements in the study of these lectins regarding their structures, functions, and exploitable properties. A detailed tabling of all the available data for N-terminal sequences of these lectins is also presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjam Sunil Singh
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal 795003, India.
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yau Sang Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wenliang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiuli Dan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Cui Ming Yin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ouafae Akkouh
- Department of Biology and Medical Laboratory Research, Leiden University of Applied Science, Zernikedreef 11, Leiden 2333 CK, The Netherlands.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Research News. IMA Fungus 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03449453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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