51
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Gururajan A, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. True grit: the role of neuronal microRNAs as mediators of stress resilience. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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52
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Behavioural endophenotypes in mice lacking the auxiliary GABAB receptor subunit KCTD16. Behav Brain Res 2017; 317:393-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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53
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O'Leary JD, O'Leary OF, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Regulation of behaviour by the nuclear receptor TLX. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 17:e12357. [PMID: 27790850 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Tlx (Nr2e1) is a key regulator of both embryonic and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Several different mouse models have been developed which target Tlx in vivo including spontaneous deletion models (from birth) and targeted and conditional knockouts. Although some conflicting findings have been reported, for the most part studies have demonstrated that Tlx is important in regulating processes that underlie neurogenesis, spatial learning, anxiety-like behaviour and interestingly, aggression. More recent data have demonstrated that disrupting Tlx during early life induces hyperactivity and that Tlx plays a role in emotional regulation. Moreover, there are sex- and age-related differences in some behaviours in Tlx knockout mice during adolescence and adulthood. Here, we discuss the role of Tlx in motor-, cognitive-, aggressive- and anxiety-related behaviours during adolescence and adulthood. We examine current evidence which provides insight into Tlx during neurodevelopment, and offer our thoughts on the function of Tlx in brain and behaviour. We further hypothesize that Tlx is a key target in understanding the emergence of neurobiological disorders during adolescence and early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - O F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Y M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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54
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Hamed A, Daszczuk P, Kursa MB, Turzyńska D, Sobolewska A, Lehner M, Boguszewski PM, Szyndler J. Non-parametric analysis of neurochemical effects and Arc expression in amphetamine-induced 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalization. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:174-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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55
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GABAergic Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5497-5510. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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56
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Rosa PB, Neis VB, Ribeiro CM, Moretti M, Rodrigues ALS. Antidepressant-like effects of ascorbic acid and ketamine involve modulation of GABAA and GABAB receptors. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:996-1001. [PMID: 27423525 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that dysregulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated neurotransmission is involved in the etiology of major depressive disorder and in the action of the fast-acting antidepressant ketamine. Considering that recent evidence has suggested that ascorbic acid may exert an antidepressant-like effect through mechanisms similar to ketamine, this study evaluated the involvement of GABAA and GABAB receptors in the antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid, comparing the results with those obtained with ketamine. METHODS To investigate the involvement of GABAA in the antidepressant-like effect of ascorbic acid and ketamine in the tail suspension test (TST), mice were treated with a sub-effective dose of ascorbic acid (0.1mg/kg, po), ketamine (0.1mg/kg, ip) or vehicle and 30minutes later, a sub-effective dose of muscimol (0.1mg/kg, ip, GABAA receptor agonist) or vehicle was administered. In another set of experiments, mice were treated with ascorbic acid (1mg/kg, po, active dose in the TST) or vehicle and 30minutes later, baclofen (1mg/kg, ip, GABAB receptor agonist) was administered. A similar experimental protocol was performed with ketamine (1mg/kg, ip). RESULTS The administration of muscimol combined with ascorbic acid or ketamine produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect in the TST. Moreover, the antidepressant-like effects of ascorbic acid and ketamine were abolished by baclofen. There was no alteration in spontaneous locomotion in any experimental group. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that the anti-immobility effect of ascorbic acid and ketamine in TST may involve an activation of GABAA receptors and a possible inhibition of GABAB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila B Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Vivian B Neis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Camille M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Post-Graduate Nutrition Program, Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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57
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Crowley T, Cryan JF, Downer EJ, O'Leary OF. Inhibiting neuroinflammation: The role and therapeutic potential of GABA in neuro-immune interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 54:260-277. [PMID: 26851553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system, once thought to be a site of immunological privilege, has since been found to harbour immunocompetent cells and to communicate with the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells display immunological responses to pathological and physiological stimuli through pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine signalling, antigen presentation and the clearing of cellular debris through phagocytosis. While this neuroinflammatory signalling can act to reduce neuronal damage and comprises a key facet of CNS homeostasis, persistent inflammation or auto-antigen-mediated immunoreactivity can induce a positive feedback cycle of neuroinflammation that ultimately results in necrosis of glia and neurons. Persistent neuroinflammation has been recognised as a major pathological component of virtually all neurodegenerative diseases and has also been a focus of research into the pathology underlying psychiatric disorders. Thus, pharmacological strategies to curb the pathological effects of persistent neuroinflammation are of interest for many disorders of the CNS. Accumulating evidence suggests that GABAergic activities are closely bound to immune processes and signals, and thus the GABAergic neurotransmitter system might represent an important therapeutic target in modulating neuroinflammation. Here, we review evidence that inflammation induces changes in the GABA neurotransmitter system in the CNS and that GABAergic signalling exerts a reciprocal influence over neuroinflammatory processes. Together, the data support the hypothesis that the GABA system is a potential therapeutic target in the modulation of central inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadhg Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- School of Medicine, Discipline of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
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58
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Leclercq S, Forsythe P, Bienenstock J. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Does the Gut Microbiome Hold the Key? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:204-13. [PMID: 27254412 PMCID: PMC4794957 DOI: 10.1177/0706743716635535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gut bacteria strongly influence our metabolic, endocrine, immune, and both peripheral and central nervous systems. Microbiota do this directly and indirectly through their components, shed and secreted, ranging from fermented and digested dietary and host products to functionally active neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid. Depression has been associated with enhanced levels of proinflammatory biomarkers and abnormal responses to stress. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appears to be marked in addition by low cortisol responses, and these factors seem to predict and predispose individuals to develop PTSD after a traumatic event. Dysregulation of the immune system and of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis observed in PTSD may reflect prior trauma exposure, especially early in life. Early life, including the prenatal period, is a critical time in rodents, and may well be for humans, for the functional and structural development of the immune and nervous systems. These, in turn, are likely shaped and programmed by gut and possibly other bacteria. Recent experimental and clinical data converge on the hypothesis that imbalanced gut microbiota in early life may have long-lasting immune and other physiologic effects that make individuals more susceptible to develop PTSD after a traumatic event and contribute to the disorder. This suggests that it may be possible to target abnormalities in these systems by manipulation of certain gut bacterial communities directly through supplementation or indirectly by dietary and other novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Leclercq
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Paul Forsythe
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - John Bienenstock
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
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59
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Jung S, Son H, Lee DH, Roh GS, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS, Kim HJ. Decreased levels of RGS4 in the paraventricular nucleus facilitate GABAergic inhibition during the acute stress response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:276-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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60
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Patterson E, Ryan PM, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C. Gut microbiota, obesity and diabetes. Postgrad Med J 2016; 92:286-300. [PMID: 26912499 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The central role of the intestinal microbiota in the progression and, equally, prevention of metabolic dysfunction is becoming abundantly apparent. The symbiotic relationship between intestinal microbiota and host ensures appropriate development of the metabolic system in humans. However, disturbances in composition and, in turn, functionality of the intestinal microbiota can disrupt gut barrier function, a trip switch for metabolic endotoxemia. This low-grade chronic inflammation, brought about by the influx of inflammatory bacterial fragments into circulation through a malfunctioning gut barrier, has considerable knock-on effects for host adiposity and insulin resistance. Conversely, recent evidence suggests that there are certain bacterial species that may interact with host metabolism through metabolite-mediated stimulation of enteric hormones and other systems outside of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the endocannabinoid system. When the abundance of these keystone species begins to decline, we see a collapse of the symbiosis, reflected in a deterioration of host metabolic health. This review will investigate the intricate axis between the microbiota and host metabolism, while also addressing the promising and novel field of probiotics as metabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Patterson
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul M Ryan
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald F Fitzgerald
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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61
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Epigenetic regulation of dorsal raphe GABA B1a associated with isolation-induced abnormal responses to social stimulation in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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62
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Jacobson LH, Sweeney FF, Kaupmann K, O’Leary OF, Gassmann M, Bettler B, Cryan JF. Differential roles of GABAB1 subunit isoforms on locomotor responses to acute and repeated administration of cocaine. Behav Brain Res 2016; 298:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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63
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Ogbonnaya ES, Clarke G, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, O'Leary OF. Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Is Regulated by the Microbiome. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:e7-9. [PMID: 25700599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebere S Ogbonnaya
- Departments of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Departments of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Departments of Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- Departments of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Departments of Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Departments of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Departments of Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Departments of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Departments of Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Departments of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Departments of Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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64
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Kasten CR, Boehm SL. Identifying the role of pre-and postsynaptic GABA(B) receptors in behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:70-87. [PMID: 26283074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although many reviews exist characterizing the molecular differences of GABAB receptor isoforms, there is no current review of the in vivo effects of these isoforms. The current review focuses on whether the GABAB1a and GABAB1b isoforms contribute differentially to behaviors in isoform knockout mice. The roles of these receptors have primarily been characterized in cognitive, anxiety, and depressive phenotypes. Currently, the field supports a role of GABAB1a in memory maintenance and protection against an anhedonic phenotype, whereas GABAB1b appears to be involved in memory formation and a susceptibility to developing an anhedonic phenotype. Although GABAB receptors have been strongly implicated in drug abuse phenotypes, no isoform-specific work has been done in this field. Future directions include developing site-specific isoform knockdown to identify the role of different brain regions in behavior, as well as identifying how these isoforms are involved in development of behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea R Kasten
- Department of Psychology, Indianapolis University Purdue University-Indianapolis, 402N Blackford St LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Stephen L Boehm
- Department of Psychology, Indianapolis University Purdue University-Indianapolis, 402N Blackford St LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Indiana Alcohol Research Center, 545 Barnhill Drive EH 317, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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65
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Kumalo HM, Bhakat S, Soliman ME. Heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) as anticancer target for drug discovery: an ample computational perspective. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1131-60. [PMID: 25958815 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are over 100 different types of cancer, and each is classified based on the type of cell that is initially affected. If left untreated, cancer can result in serious health problems and eventually death. Recently, the paradigm of cancer chemotherapy has evolved to use a combination approach, which involves the use of multiple drugs each of which targets an individual protein. Inhibition of heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is one of the novel key cancer targets. Because of its ability to target several signaling pathways, Hsp90 inhibition emerged as a useful strategy to treat a wide variety of cancers. Molecular modeling approaches and methodologies have become 'close counterparts' to experiments in drug design and discovery workflows. A wide range of molecular modeling approaches have been developed, each of which has different objectives and outcomes. In this review, we provide an up-to-date systematic overview on the different computational models implemented toward the design of Hsp90 inhibitors as anticancer agents. Although this is the main emphasis of this review, different topics such as background and current statistics of cancer, different anticancer targets including Hsp90, and the structure and function of Hsp90 from an experimental perspective, for example, X-ray and NMR, are also addressed in this report. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first account, which comprehensively outlines various molecular modeling efforts directed toward identification of anticancer drugs targeting Hsp90. We believe that the information, methods, and perspectives highlighted in this report would assist researchers in the discovery of potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezekiel M Kumalo
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Soumendranath Bhakat
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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66
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Raveh A, Turecek R, Bettler B. Mechanisms of fast desensitization of GABA(B) receptor-gated currents. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2015; 73:145-65. [PMID: 25637440 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GABA(B) receptors (GABA(B)Rs) regulate the excitability of most neurons in the central nervous system by modulating the activity of enzymes and ion channels. In the sustained presence of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA(B)Rs exhibit a time-dependent decrease in the receptor response-a phenomenon referred to as homologous desensitization. Desensitization prevents excessive receptor influences on neuronal activity. Much work focused on the mechanisms of GABA(B)R desensitization that operate at the receptor and control receptor expression at the plasma membrane. Over the past few years, it became apparent that GABA(B)Rs additionally evolved mechanisms for faster desensitization. These mechanisms operate at the G protein rather than at the receptor and inhibit G protein signaling within seconds of agonist exposure. The mechanisms for fast desensitization are ideally suited to regulate receptor-activated ion channel responses, which influence neuronal activity on a faster timescale than effector enzymes. Here, we provide an update on the mechanisms for fast desensitization of GABA(B)R responses and discuss physiological and pathophysiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Raveh
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rostislav Turecek
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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67
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Levone BR, Cryan JF, O'Leary OF. Role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in stress resilience. Neurobiol Stress 2014; 1:147-55. [PMID: 27589664 PMCID: PMC4721321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a role in emotional and cognitive processes related to psychiatric disorders. Although many studies have investigated the effects of stress on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, most have not focused on whether stress-induced changes in neurogenesis occur specifically in animals that are more resilient or more susceptible to the behavioural and neuroendocrine effects of stress. Thus, in the present review we explore whether there is a clear relationship between stress-induced changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, stress resilience and antidepressant-induced recovery from stress-induced changes in behaviour. Exposure to different stressors is known to reduce adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but some stressors have also been shown to exert opposite effects. Ablation of neurogenesis does not lead to a depressive phenotype, but it can enhance responsiveness to stress and affect stress susceptibility. Monoaminergic-targeted antidepressants, environmental enrichment and adrenalectomy are beneficial for reversing stress-induced changes in behaviour and have been shown to do so in a neurogenesis-dependant manner. In addition, stress and antidepressants can affect hippocampal neurogenesis, preferentially in the ventral hippocampus. Together, these data show that adult hippocampal neurogenesis may play a role in the neuroendocrine and behavioural responses to stress, although it is not yet fully clear under which circumstances neurogenesis promotes resilience or susceptibility to stress. It will be important that future studies carefully examine how adult hippocampal neurogenesis can contribute to stress resilience/susceptibility so that it may be appropriately exploited for the development of new and more effective treatments for stress-related psychiatric disorders. Ablation of adult hippocampal NG can affect stress susceptibility. Increased hippocampal NG is associated with both susceptibility and resilience. Adult hippocampal NG can influence stress-induced alterations in HPA-axis activity. Behavioural effects of some but not all antidepressants are neurogenesis-dependent. Stress and antidepressants can affect NG preferentially in the ventral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunno R Levone
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
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68
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O'Leary OF, Cryan JF. A ventral view on antidepressant action: roles for adult hippocampal neurogenesis along the dorsoventral axis. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:675-87. [PMID: 25455365 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is implicated in antidepressant action, stress responses, and cognitive functioning. The hippocampus is functionally segregated along its longitudinal axis into dorsal (dHi) and ventral (vHi) regions in rodents, and analogous posterior and anterior regions in primates, whereby the vHi preferentially regulates stress and anxiety, while the dHi preferentially regulates spatial learning and memory. Given the role of neurogenesis in functions preferentially regulated by the dHi or vHi, it is plausible that neurogenesis is preferentially regulated in either the dHi or vHi depending upon the stimulus. We appraise here the literature on the effects of stress and antidepressants on neurogenesis along the hippocampal longitudinal axis and explore whether preferential regulation of neurogenesis in the vHi/anterior hippocampus contributes to stress resilience and antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia F O'Leary
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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