51
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Ilyinskii PO, Kovalev GI, O’Neil CP, Roy CJ, Michaud AM, Drefs NM, Pechenkin MA, Fu FN, Johnston LPM, Ovchinnikov DA, Kishimoto TK. Synthetic vaccine particles for durable cytolytic T lymphocyte responses and anti-tumor immunotherapy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197694. [PMID: 29856772 PMCID: PMC5983463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that synthetic vaccine particles (SVP) encapsulating antigens and TLR agonists resulted in augmentation of immune responses with minimal production of systemic inflammatory cytokines. Here we evaluated two different polymer formulations of SVP-encapsulated antigens and tested their ability to induce cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) in combination with SVP-encapsulated adjuvants. One formulation led to efficient antigen processing and cross-presentation, rapid and sustained CTL activity, and expansion of CD8+ T cell effector memory cells locally and centrally, which persisted for at least 1–2 years after a single immunization. SVP therapeutic dosing resulted in suppression of tumor growth and a substantial delay in mortality in several syngeneic mouse cancer models. Treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and/or cytotoxic drugs, while suboptimal on their own, showed considerable synergy with SVP immunization. SVP encapsulation of endosomal TLR agonists provided superior CTL induction, therapeutic benefit and/or improved safety profile compared to free adjuvants. SVP vaccines encapsulating mutated HPV-16 E7 and E6/E7 recombinant proteins led to induction of broad CTL activity and strong inhibition of TC-1 tumor growth, even when administered therapeutically 13–14 days after tumor inoculation in animals bearing palpable tumors. A pilot study in non-human primates showed that SVP-encapsulated E7/E6 adjuvanted with SVP-encapsulated poly(I:C) led to robust induction of antigen-specific T and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fen-ni Fu
- Selecta Biosciences, Watertown, MA, United States of America
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52
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Tan YS, Sansanaphongpricha K, Xie Y, Donnelly CR, Luo X, Heath BR, Zhao X, Bellile E, Hu H, Chen H, Polverini PJ, Chen Q, Young S, Carey TE, Nör JE, Ferris RL, Wolf GT, Sun D, Lei YL. Mitigating SOX2-potentiated Immune Escape of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma with a STING-inducing Nanosatellite Vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4242-4255. [PMID: 29769207 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The response rates of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) to checkpoint blockade are below 20%. We aim to develop a mechanism-based vaccine to prevent HNSCC immune escape.Experimental Design: We performed RNA-Seq of sensitive and resistant HNSCC cells to discover central pathways promoting resistance to immune killing. Using biochemistry, animal models, HNSCC microarray, and immune cell deconvolution, we assessed the role of SOX2 in inhibiting STING-type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling-mediated antitumor immunity. To bypass SOX2-potentiated STING suppression, we engineered a novel tumor antigen-targeted nanosatellite vehicle to enhance the efficacy of STING agonist and sensitize SOX2-expressing HNSCC to checkpoint blockade.Results: The DNA-sensing defense response is the most suppressed pathway in immune-resistant HNSCC cells. We identified SOX2 as a novel inhibitor of STING. SOX2 facilitates autophagy-dependent degradation of STING and inhibits IFN-I signaling. SOX2 potentiates an immunosuppressive microenvironment and promotes HNSCC growth in vivo in an IFN-I-dependent fashion. Our unique nanosatellite vehicle significantly enhances the efficacy of STING agonist. We show that the E6/E7-targeted nanosatellite vaccine expands the tumor-specific CD8+ T cells by over 12-fold in the tumor microenvironment and reduces tumor burden. A combination of nanosatellite vaccine with anti-PD-L1 significantly expands tumor-specific CTLs and limits the populations expressing markers for exhaustion, resulting in more effective tumor control and improved survival.Conclusions: SOX2 dampens the immunogenicity of HNSCC by targeting the STING pathway for degradation. The nanosatellite vaccine offers a novel and effective approach to enhance the adjuvant potential of STING agonist and break cancer tolerance to immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4242-55. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Sun Tan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kanokwan Sansanaphongpricha
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yuying Xie
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Christopher R Donnelly
- Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiaobo Luo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Blake R Heath
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily Bellile
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hongxiang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Peter J Polverini
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Simon Young
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas E Carey
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jacques E Nör
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, the University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory T Wolf
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Duxin Sun
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yu L Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, The University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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53
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Cheng MA, Farmer E, Huang C, Lin J, Hung CF, Wu TC. Therapeutic DNA Vaccines for Human Papillomavirus and Associated Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:971-996. [PMID: 29316817 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has long been recognized as the causative agent of cervical cancer. High-risk HPV types 16 and 18 alone are responsible for over 70% of all cases of cervical cancers. More recently, HPV has been identified as an etiological factor for several other forms of cancers, including oropharyngeal, anogenital, and skin. Thus, the association of HPV with these malignancies creates an opportunity to control these HPV lesions and HPV-associated malignancies through immunization. Strategies to prevent or to therapeutically treat HPV infections have been developed and are still pushing innovative boundaries. Currently, commercial prophylactic HPV vaccines are widely available, but they are not able to control established infections or lesions. As a result, there is an urgent need for the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines, to treat existing infections, and to prevent the development of HPV-associated cancers. In particular, DNA vaccination has emerged as a promising form of therapeutic HPV vaccine. DNA vaccines have great potential for the treatment of HPV infections and HPV-associated cancers due to their safety, stability, simplicity of manufacturability, and ability to induce antigen-specific immunity. This review focuses on the current state of therapeutic HPV DNA vaccines, including results from recent and ongoing clinical trials, and outlines different strategies that have been employed to improve their potencies. The continued progress and improvements made in therapeutic HPV DNA vaccine development holds great potential for innovative ways to effectively treat HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Cheng
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Farmer
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Claire Huang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Lin
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T-C Wu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
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HLA class I loss in metachronous metastases prevents continuous T cell recognition of mutated neoantigens in a human melanoma model. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28312-28327. [PMID: 28423700 PMCID: PMC5438652 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes against tumor-specific mutated neoantigens can induce tumor regression. Also, the size of the immunogenic cancer mutanome is supposed to correlate with the clinical efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. Herein, we studied the susceptibility of tumor cell lines from lymph node metastases occurring in a melanoma patient over several years towards blood-derived, neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells. In contrast to a cell line established during early stage III disease, all cell lines generated at later time points from stage IV metastases exhibited partial or complete loss of HLA class I expression. Whole exome and transcriptome sequencing of the four tumor lines and a germline control were applied to identify expressed somatic single nucleotide substitutions (SNS), insertions and deletions (indels). Candidate peptides encoded by these variants and predicted to bind to the patient's HLA class I alleles were synthesized and tested for recognition by autologous mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell cultures (MLTCs). Peptides from four mutated proteins, HERPUD1G161S, INSIG1S238F, MMS22LS437F and PRDM10S1050F, were recognized by MLTC responders and MLTC-derived T cell clones restricted by HLA-A*24:02 or HLA-B*15:01. Intracellular peptide processing was verified with transfectants. All four neoantigens could only be targeted on the cell line generated during early stage III disease. HLA loss variants of any kind were uniformly resistant. These findings corroborate that, although neoantigens represent attractive therapeutic targets, they also contribute to the process of cancer immunoediting as a serious limitation to specific T cell immunotherapy.
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55
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Scutti JAB. Importance of immune monitoring approaches and the use of immune checkpoints for the treatment of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: From bench to clinic and vice versa (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1041-1056. [PMID: 29484440 PMCID: PMC5843403 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of immunological results, it is not in doubt that the immune system is able to recognize and eliminate transformed cells. A plethora of studies have investigated the immune system of patients with cancer and how it is prone to immunosuppression, due in part to the decrease in lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic activity. The series of experiments published following the demonstration by Dr Allison's group of the potential effect of anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) paved the way for a new perception in cancer immunotherapy: Immune checkpoints. Several T cell-co-stimulatory molecules including cluster of differentiation (CD)28, inducible T cell co-stimulatory, 4-1BB, OX40, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related gene and CD27, and inhibitory molecules including T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing-3, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cells activation, T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain, and B and T lymphocyte attenuator have been described in regulating T cell functions, and have been demonstrated to be essential targets in immunotherapy. In preclinical studies, glioblastoma multiforme, a high-grade glioma, the monotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 resulted in increased survival times. An improved understanding of the pharmacodynamics and immune monitoring on glioma cancers, particularly in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), an orphan type of cancer, is expected to have a major contribution to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. On the basis of the recent preclinical and clinical studies of glioma, but not of DIPG, the present review makes a claim for the importance of investigating the tumor microenvironment, the immune response and the use of immune checkpoints (agonists or antagonists) in preclinical/clinical DIPG samples by immune monitoring approaches and high-dimensional analysis. Evaluating the potential predictive and correlative biomarkers in preclinical and clinical studies may assist in answering certain crucial questions that may be useful to improve the clinical response in patients with DIPG.
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56
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Duperret EK, Wise MC, Trautz A, Villarreal DO, Ferraro B, Walters J, Yan J, Khan A, Masteller E, Humeau L, Weiner DB. Synergy of Immune Checkpoint Blockade with a Novel Synthetic Consensus DNA Vaccine Targeting TERT. Mol Ther 2018; 26:435-445. [PMID: 29249395 PMCID: PMC5835021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade antibodies are setting a new standard of care for cancer patients. It is therefore important to assess any new immune-based therapies in the context of immune checkpoint blockade. Here, we evaluate the impact of combining a synthetic consensus TERT DNA vaccine that has improved capacity to break tolerance with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We observed that blockade of CTLA-4 or, to a lesser extent, PD-1 synergized with TERT vaccine, generating more robust anti-tumor activity compared to checkpoint alone or vaccine alone. Despite this anti-tumor synergy, none of these immune checkpoint therapies showed improvement in TERT antigen-specific immune responses in tumor-bearing mice. αCTLA-4 therapy enhanced the frequency of T-bet+/CD44+ effector CD8+ T cells within the tumor and decreased the frequency of regulatory T cells within the tumor, but not in peripheral blood. CTLA-4 blockade synergized more than Treg depletion with TERT DNA vaccine, suggesting that the effect of CTLA-4 blockade is more likely due to the expansion of effector T cells in the tumor rather than a reduction in the frequency of Tregs. These results suggest that immune checkpoint inhibitors function to alter the immune regulatory environment to synergize with DNA vaccines, rather than boosting antigen-specific responses at the site of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan C Wise
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aspen Trautz
- Vaccine Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Jewell Walters
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Jian Yan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Amir Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Emma Masteller
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Laurent Humeau
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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57
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Bartkowiak T, Jaiswal AR, Ager CR, Chin R, Chen CH, Budhani P, Ai M, Reilley MJ, Sebastian MM, Hong DS, Curran MA. Activation of 4-1BB on Liver Myeloid Cells Triggers Hepatitis via an Interleukin-27-Dependent Pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:1138-1151. [PMID: 29301830 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Agonist antibodies targeting the T-cell costimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137) are among the most effective immunotherapeutic agents across preclinical cancer models. In the clinic, however, development of these agents has been hampered by dose-limiting liver toxicity. Lack of knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this toxicity has limited the potential to separate 4-1BB agonist-driven tumor immunity from hepatotoxicity.Experimental Design: The capacity of 4-1BB agonist antibodies to induce liver toxicity was investigated in immunocompetent mice, with or without coadministration of checkpoint blockade, via (i) measurement of serum transaminase levels, (ii) imaging of liver immune infiltrates, and (iii) qualitative and quantitative assessment of liver myeloid and T cells via flow cytometry. Knockout mice were used to clarify the contribution of specific cell subsets, cytokines, and chemokines.Results: We find that activation of 4-1BB on liver myeloid cells is essential to initiate hepatitis. Once activated, these cells produce interleukin-27 that is required for liver toxicity. CD8 T cells infiltrate the liver in response to this myeloid activation and mediate tissue damage, triggering transaminase elevation. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells limit liver damage, and their removal dramatically exacerbates 4-1BB agonist-induced hepatitis. Coadministration of CTLA-4 blockade ameliorates transaminase elevation, whereas PD-1 blockade exacerbates it. Loss of the chemokine receptor CCR2 blocks 4-1BB agonist hepatitis without diminishing tumor-specific immunity against B16 melanoma.Conclusions: 4-1BB agonist antibodies trigger hepatitis via activation and expansion of interleukin-27-producing liver Kupffer cells and monocytes. Coadministration of CTLA-4 and/or CCR2 blockade may minimize hepatitis, but yield equal or greater antitumor immunity. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1138-51. ©2018 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/immunology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR2/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/agonists
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bartkowiak
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Ashvin R Jaiswal
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Casey R Ager
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Renee Chin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chao-Hsien Chen
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Pratha Budhani
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Midan Ai
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew J Reilley
- Department of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Manu M Sebastian
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
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59
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Sanborn RE, Ross HJ, Aung S, Acheson A, Moudgil T, Puri S, Hilton T, Fisher B, Coffey T, Paustian C, Neuberger M, Walker E, Hu HM, Urba WJ, Fox BA. A pilot study of an autologous tumor-derived autophagosome vaccine with docetaxel in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:103. [PMID: 29258618 PMCID: PMC5735525 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-derived autophagosome vaccines (DRibbles) have the potential to broaden immune response to poorly immunogenic tumors. METHODS Autologous vaccine generated from tumor cells harvested from pleural effusions was administered to patients with advanced NSCLC with the objectives of assessing safety and immune response. Four patients were vaccinated and evaluable for immune response; each received two to four doses of vaccine. Study therapy included two cycles of docetaxel 75 mg/m2 on days 1 and 29 to treat the tumor, release hidden antigens and produce lymphopenia. DRibbles were to be administered intradermally on days 14, 43, 57, 71, and 85, together with GM-CSF (50 μg/d x 6d, administered via SQ mini pump). Peripheral blood was tested for immune parameters at baseline and at each vaccination. RESULTS Three of four patients had tumor cells available for testing. Autologous tumor-specific immune response was seen in two of the three, manifested by IL-5 (1 patient after 3 doses), and IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-10 (after 4 doses in one patient). All 4 patients had evidence of specific antibody responses against potential tumor antigens. All patients came off study after 4 or fewer vaccine treatments due to progression of disease. No significant immune toxicities were seen during the course of the study. CONCLUSIONS DRibble vaccine given with GM-CSF appeared safe and capable of inducing an immune response against tumor cells in this small, pilot study. There was no evidence of efficacy in this small poor-prognosis patient population, with treatment not feasible. Trial registration NCT00850785, initial registration date February 23, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Sanborn
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, N.E. Glisan Street, 2N35, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| | | | - Sandra Aung
- UbiVac, Portland, OR USA
- Present address: Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, USA
| | - Anupama Acheson
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Tarsem Moudgil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Sachin Puri
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | | | - Brenda Fisher
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Todd Coffey
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Christopher Paustian
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Michael Neuberger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
- Present address: Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Edwin Walker
- Immunological Monitoring Laboratory, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- UbiVac, Portland, OR USA
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Walter J. Urba
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR USA
| | - Bernard A. Fox
- UbiVac, Portland, OR USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Tumor Immunology, Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA
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60
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Atherton MJ, Stephenson KB, Pol J, Wang F, Lefebvre C, Stojdl DF, Nikota JK, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Nguyen A, Chen L, Johnson-Obaseki S, Villeneuve PJ, Diallo JS, Dimitroulakos J, Wan Y, Lichty BD. Customized Viral Immunotherapy for HPV-Associated Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:847-859. [PMID: 28912369 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The viral-transforming proteins E6 and E7 make human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) malignancies an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. However, therapeutic vaccination exerts limited efficacy in the setting of advanced disease. We designed a strategy to induce substantial specific immune responses against multiple epitopes of E6 and E7 proteins based on an attenuated transgene from HPV serotypes 16 and 18 that is incorporated into MG1-Maraba virotherapy (MG1-E6E7). Mutations introduced to the transgene abrogate the ability of E6 and E7 to perturb p53 and retinoblastoma, respectively, while maintaining the ability to invoke tumor-specific, multifunctional CD8+ T-cell responses. Boosting with MG1-E6E7 significantly increased the magnitude of T-cell responses compared with mice treated with a priming vaccine alone (greater than 50 × 106 E7-specific CD8+ T cells per mouse was observed, representing a 39-fold mean increase in boosted animals). MG1-E6E7 vaccination in the HPV+ murine model TC1 clears large tumors in a CD8+-dependent manner and results in durable immunologic memory. MG1-Maraba can acutely alter the tumor microenvironment in vivo and exploit molecular hallmarks of HPV+ cancer, as demonstrated by marked infection of HPV+ patient tumor biopsies and is, therefore, ideally suited as an oncolytic treatment against clinical HPV+ cancer. This approach has the potential to be directly translatable to human clinical oncology to tackle a variety of HPV-associated neoplasms that cause significant morbidity and mortality globally. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(10); 847-59. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Atherton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Pol
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Fuan Wang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Charles Lefebvre
- Stojdl Lab, CHEO Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, Canada.,Stojdl Lab, CHEO Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lan Chen
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | | | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, and Faculty of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jim Dimitroulakos
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, and Faculty of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. .,Turnstone Biologics, Ottawa, Canada
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61
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Banister CE, Liu C, Pirisi L, Creek KE, Buckhaults PJ. Identification and characterization of HPV-independent cervical cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13375-13386. [PMID: 28077784 PMCID: PMC5355105 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) initiates cervical cancer, and continuous expression of HPV oncogenes E6 and E7 is thought to be necessary to maintain malignant growth. Current therapies target proliferating cells, rather than specific pathways, and most experimental therapies specifically target E6/E7. We investigated the presence and expression of HPV in cervical cancer, to correlate HPV oncogene expression with clinical and molecular features of these tumors that may be relevant to new targeted therapies. RESULTS While virtually all cervical cancers contained HPV DNA, and most expressed E6/E7 (HPV-active), a subset (8%) of HPV DNA-positive cervical cancers did not express HPV transcripts (HPV-inactive). HPV-inactive tumors occurred in older women (median 54 vs. 45 years, p = 0.02) and were associated with poorer survival (median 715 vs 3046 days, p = 0.0003). Gene expression profiles of HPV-active and -inactive tumors were distinct. HPV-active tumors expressed E2F target genes and increased AKT/MTOR signaling. HPV-inactive tumors had increased WNT/β-catenin and Sonic Hedgehog signaling. Substantial genome-wide differences in DNA methylation were observed. HPV-inactive tumors had a global decrease in DNA methylation; however, many promoter-associated CpGs were hypermethylated. Many inflammatory response genes showed promoter methylation and decreased expression. The somatic mutation landscapes were significantly different. HPV-active tumors carried few somatic mutations in driver genes, whereas HPV-inactive tumors were enriched for non-synonymous somatic mutations (p-value < 0.0000001) specifically targeting TP53, ARID, WNT, and PI3K pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cervical cancer data were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Many of the gene expression changes and somatic mutations found in HPV-inactive tumors alter pathways for which targeted therapeutics are available. Treatment strategies focused on WNT, PI3K, or TP53 mutations may be effective against HPV-inactive tumors and could improve survival for these cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changlong Liu
- University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lucia Pirisi
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kim E Creek
- University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, SC, USA
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62
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Ohtake J, Sasada T. Are peptide vaccines viable in combination with other cancer immunotherapies? Future Oncol 2017; 13:1577-1580. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Ohtake
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
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63
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Bullock TN. TNF-receptor superfamily agonists as molecular adjuvants for cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:70-77. [PMID: 28750279 PMCID: PMC5626616 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have offered unrequited hope as a mechanism for rapidly and potently eliciting a patient's immune system to counter tumors. Initial results from preclinical mouse models have not translated to substantial benefit to patients, suggesting that either the targets or the vaccination approach were inadequate. Recent innovations in antigen identification have spiked renewed interest vaccination technologies. This has coincided with a detailed molecular understanding of the coordinated steps in postactivation support of T cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, leading to the development of novel targets and combinations that are substantially more effective than first and second generation cancer vaccines in preclinical models. Within this cluster of developments, the TNF-receptor superfamily members have emerged as attractive candidates for clinical implementation. Here we review recent developments in the mechanisms of action of TNFRSF agonists, and how their activity is potentiated by integration co-targeting pattern recognition receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Nj Bullock
- Department of Pathology and Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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64
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De Santis S, Spinosi M, Cambi J, Bengala C, Boccuzzi S. Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and HPV. Systematic review on overall management. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2017; 118:103-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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65
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Lohmueller J, Finn OJ. Current modalities in cancer immunotherapy: Immunomodulatory antibodies, CARs and vaccines. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:31-47. [PMID: 28322974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Successes of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in curing patients with otherwise lethal cancers have validated immunotherapy as a treatment for cancer and have inspired excitement for its broader potential. Most promising is the ability of each approach to eliminate bulky and advanced-stage cancers and to achieve durable cures. Despite this success, to date only a subset of cancer patients and a limited number of cancer types respond to these therapies. A major goal now is to expand the types of cancer and number of patients who can be successfully treated. To this end a multitude of immunotherapies are being tested clinically in new combinations, and many new immunomodulatory antibodies and CARs are in development. A third major immunotherapeutic approach with renewed interest is cancer vaccines. While over 20years of therapeutic cancer vaccine trials have met with limited success, these studies have laid the groundwork for the use of therapeutic vaccines in combination with other immunotherapies or alone as prophylactic cancer vaccines. Prophylactic vaccines are now poised to revolutionize cancer prevention as they have done for the prevention of infectious diseases. In this review we examine three major cancer immunotherapy modalities: immunomodulatory antibodies, CAR T cell therapy and vaccines. For each we describe the current state of the art and outline major challenges and research directions forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lohmueller
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivera J Finn
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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66
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Herrera FG, Bourhis J, Coukos G. Radiotherapy combination opportunities leveraging immunity for the next oncology practice. CA Cancer J Clin 2017; 67:65-85. [PMID: 27570942 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-half of patients with newly diagnosed cancer and many patients with persistent or recurrent tumors receive radiotherapy (RT), with the explicit goal of eliminating tumors through direct killing. The current RT dose and schedule regimens have been empirically developed. Although early clinical studies revealed that RT could provoke important responses not only at the site of treatment but also on remote, nonirradiated tumor deposits-the so-called "abscopal effect"- the underlying mechanisms were poorly understood and were not therapeutically exploited. Recent work has elucidated the immune mechanisms underlying these effects and has paved the way for developing combinations of RT with immune therapy. In the wake of recent therapeutic breakthroughs in the field of immunotherapy, rational combinations of immunotherapy with RT could profoundly change the standard of care for many tumor types in the next decade. Thus, a deep understanding of the immunologic effects of RT is urgently needed to design the next generation of therapeutic combinations. Here, the authors review the immune mechanisms of tumor radiation and summarize the preclinical and clinical evidence on immunotherapy-RT combinations. Furthermore, a framework is provided for the practicing clinician and the clinician investigator to guide the development of novel combinations to more rapidly advance this important field. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:65-85. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G Herrera
- Radiation Oncologist, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Instructor, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Professor, Chief of Radiation Oncology Service, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Professor, Director, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Director, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
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67
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Li X, Huang J, Kaneko I, Zhang M, Iwanaga S, Yuda M, Tsuji M. A potent adjuvant effect of a CD1d-binding NKT cell ligand in human immune system mice. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:73-80. [PMID: 27801602 PMCID: PMC5526659 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1256208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A CD1d-binding invariant natural killer T (iNKT)-cell stimulatory glycolipid, namely 7DW8-5, is shown to enhance the efficacy of radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS)-based malaria vaccine in mice. In the current study, we aim to determine whether 7DW8-5 can display a potent adjuvant effect in human immune system (HIS) mice. METHODS HIS-A2/hCD1d mice, which possess both functional human iNKT cells and CD8+ T cells, were generated by the transduction of NSG mice with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 expressing genes that encode human CD1d molecules and HLA-A*0201, followed by the engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells. The magnitudes of human iNKT-cell response against 7DW8-5 and HLA-A*0201-restricted human CD8+ T-cell response against a human malaria antigen in HIS-A2/hCD1d mice were determined by using human CD1d tetramer and human HLA-A*0201 tetramer, respectively. RESULTS We found that 7DW8-5 stimulates human iNKT cells in HIS-A2/hCD1d mice, as well as those derived from HIS-A2/hCD1d mice in vitro. We also found that 7DW8-5 significantly increases the level of a human malarial antigen-specific HLA-A*0201-restricted human CD8+ T-cell response in HIS-A2/hCD1d mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that 7DW8-5 can display a potent adjuvant effect on RAS vaccine-induced anti-malarial immunity by augmenting malaria-specific human CD8+ T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Li
- a HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center , Affiliate of The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Jing Huang
- a HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center , Affiliate of The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Izumi Kaneko
- b Department of Medical Zoology , Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu , Mie , Japan
| | - Min Zhang
- a HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center , Affiliate of The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA
- c Department of Pathology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- b Department of Medical Zoology , Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu , Mie , Japan
| | - Masao Yuda
- b Department of Medical Zoology , Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu , Mie , Japan
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- a HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center , Affiliate of The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA
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68
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Is There Still Room for Cancer Vaccines at the Era of Checkpoint Inhibitors. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040037. [PMID: 27827885 PMCID: PMC5192357 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) blockade is considered to be a revolution in cancer therapy, although most patients (70%–80%) remain resistant to this therapy. It has been hypothesized that only tumors with high mutation rates generate a natural antitumor T cell response, which could be revigorated by this therapy. In patients with no pre-existing antitumor T cells, a vaccine-induced T cell response is a rational option to counteract clinical resistance. This hypothesis has been validated in preclinical models using various cancer vaccines combined with inhibitory pathway blockade (PD-1-PDL1-2, CTLA-4-CD80-CD86). Enhanced T cell infiltration of various tumors has been demonstrated following this combination therapy. The timing of this combination appears to be critical to the success of this therapy and multiple combinations of immunomodulating antibodies (CPI antagonists or costimulatory pathway agonists) have reinforced the synergy with cancer vaccines. Only limited results are available in humans and this combined approach has yet to be validated. Comprehensive monitoring of the regulation of CPI and costimulatory molecules after administration of immunomodulatory antibodies (anti-PD1/PD-L1, anti-CTLA-4, anti-OX40, etc.) and cancer vaccines should help to guide the selection of the best combination and timing of this therapy.
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69
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Aggarwal C. DNA-based immunotherapy for HPV-associated head and neck cancer. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:1187-92. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) accounts for 3% of all cancers. Most patients present with locally advanced disease, where multimodality therapies are used with curative intent. Despite favorable early local treatment results, about one third of the patients will eventually develop metastatic disease. Immunotherapy offers a novel therapeutic strategy beyond cytotoxic chemotherapy, with initial approvals in melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer. HPV-associated SCCHN is a distinct subset, with unique epidemiology and treatment outcomes. Both subsets of SCCHN (HPV-related or not) are particularly favorable for immunotherapy, as immune evasion and dysregulation have been shown to play a key role in the initiation and progression of disease. This review focuses on the latest developments in immunotherapy in SCCHN, with a particular focus on DNA-based approaches including vaccine and adoptive cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Aggarwal
- Assistant Professor, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine, Hematology–Oncology Division, 624 South Pavilion, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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70
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CD137-CRDI is not necessary in the role of contacting its natural ligand. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:24-32. [PMID: 27430526 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors result in impressive clinical responses and are expanding to treat a wide variety of tumors. One common problem is low responses from current clinical trials that only benefit a fraction of patients. One key promising direction is combination therapy to increase clinical benefit. CD137, a well-defined antitumor target, can cause strong co-stimulating activity and break immune tolerance. In this study, the role of CD137-CRDI (cysteine rich domain I) in the binding of CD137-CD137L was further investigated based on our previous work. The results revealed that CRDI-mediated limited CD137 assembly without relying on CD137L. Furthermore, CRDI was not involved in direct contact with CD137L in either mice or humans. Isolated mouse CRDII and human CRDII+CRDIII were proven to be the minimum unit for interface with their respective ligands. Fine-tuning of this signaling may improve CD137-targeting strategy.
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71
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Vici P, Pizzuti L, Mariani L, Zampa G, Santini D, Di Lauro L, Gamucci T, Natoli C, Marchetti P, Barba M, Maugeri-Saccà M, Sergi D, Tomao F, Vizza E, Di Filippo S, Paolini F, Curzio G, Corrado G, Michelotti A, Sanguineti G, Giordano A, De Maria R, Venuti A. Targeting immune response with therapeutic vaccines in premalignant lesions and cervical cancer: hope or reality from clinical studies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1327-36. [PMID: 27063030 PMCID: PMC5152541 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1176533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is widely known as a cause of cervical cancer (CC) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). HPVs related to cancer express two main oncogenes, i.e. E6 and E7, considered as tumorigenic genes; their integration into the host genome results in the abnormal regulation of cell cycle control. Due to their peculiarities, these oncogenes represent an excellent target for cancer immunotherapy. In this work the authors highlight the potential use of therapeutic vaccines as safe and effective pharmacological tools in cervical disease, focusing on vaccines that have reached the clinical trial phase. Many therapeutic HPV vaccines have been tested in clinical trials with promising results. Adoptive T-cell therapy showed clinical activity in a phase II trial involving advanced CC patients. A phase II randomized trial showed clinical activity of a nucleic acid-based vaccine in HPV16 or HPV18 positive CIN. Several trials involving peptide-protein-based vaccines and live-vector based vaccines demonstrated that these approaches are effective in CIN as well as in advanced CC patients. HPV therapeutic vaccines must be regarded as a therapeutic option in cervical disease. The synergic combination of HPV therapeutic vaccines with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunomodulators or immune checkpoint inhibitors opens a new and interesting scenario in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vici
- a Division of Medical Oncology 2 , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - L Pizzuti
- a Division of Medical Oncology 2 , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - L Mariani
- b HPV-UNIT Laboratory of Virology , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy.,c Department of Gynecologic Oncology , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - G Zampa
- d Oncology Unit , Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - D Santini
- e Department of Medical Oncology , University Campus Bio-Medico , Rome , Italy
| | - L Di Lauro
- a Division of Medical Oncology 2 , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - T Gamucci
- f Medical Oncology Unit, ASL Frosinone , Frosinone , Italy
| | - C Natoli
- g Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Experimental and Clinical Sciences , University 'G. d'Annunzio' , Chieti , Italy
| | - P Marchetti
- h Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital , 'Sapienza' University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Barba
- a Division of Medical Oncology 2 , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy.,i Scientific Direction , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - M Maugeri-Saccà
- a Division of Medical Oncology 2 , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy.,i Scientific Direction , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - D Sergi
- a Division of Medical Oncology 2 , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - F Tomao
- j Department of Gynecologic and Obstetric Sciences , La Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - E Vizza
- b HPV-UNIT Laboratory of Virology , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - S Di Filippo
- k Emergency Department , Santa Maria Goretti Hospital , Latina , Italy
| | - F Paolini
- b HPV-UNIT Laboratory of Virology , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - G Curzio
- b HPV-UNIT Laboratory of Virology , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - G Corrado
- c Department of Gynecologic Oncology , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - A Michelotti
- l Oncology Unit I , Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana , Pisa , Italy
| | - G Sanguineti
- m Radiotherapy , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - A Giordano
- n Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,o Department of Human Pathology and Oncology , University of Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - R De Maria
- i Scientific Direction , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - A Venuti
- b HPV-UNIT Laboratory of Virology , 'Regina Elena' National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
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Karaki S, Pere H, Badoual C, Tartour E. Hope in the Long Road Toward the Development of a Therapeutic Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:2317-9. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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73
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Yang A, Jeang J, Cheng K, Cheng T, Yang B, Wu TC, Hung CF. Current state in the development of candidate therapeutic HPV vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:989-1007. [PMID: 26901118 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1157477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) as an etiological factor for HPV-associated malignancies creates the opportunity to control these cancers through vaccination. Currently, available preventive HPV vaccines have not yet demonstrated strong evidences for therapeutic effects against established HPV infections and lesions. Furthermore, HPV infections remain extremely common. Thus, there is urgent need for therapeutic vaccines to treat existing HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases. Therapeutic vaccines differ from preventive vaccines in that they are aimed at generating cell-mediated immunity rather than neutralizing antibodies. The HPV-encoded early proteins, especially oncoproteins E6 and E7, form ideal targets for therapeutic HPV vaccines since they are consistently expressed in HPV-associated malignancies and precancerous lesions, playing crucial roles in the generation and maintenance of HPV-associated disease. Our review will cover various therapeutic vaccines in development for the treatment of HPV-associated lesions and cancers. Furthermore, we review strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy and the latest clinical trials on therapeutic HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Yang
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Jessica Jeang
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Kevin Cheng
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Ting Cheng
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Benjamin Yang
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - T-C Wu
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- a Department of Pathology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Oncology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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74
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Lechner M, Fenton TR. The Genomics, Epigenomics, and Transcriptomics of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer--Understanding the Basis of a Rapidly Evolving Disease. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 93:1-56. [PMID: 26915269 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been shown to represent a major independent risk factor for head and neck squamous cell cancer, in particular for oropharyngeal carcinoma. This type of cancer is rapidly evolving in the Western world, with rising trends particularly in the young, and represents a distinct epidemiological, clinical, and molecular entity. It is the aim of this review to give a detailed description of genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and posttranscriptional changes that underlie the phenotype of this deadly disease. The review will also link these changes and examine what is known about the interactions between the host genome and viral genome, and investigate changes specific for the viral genome. These data are then integrated into an updated model of HPV-induced head and neck carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lechner
- Head and Neck Centre, University College London Hospital, London, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - T R Fenton
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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75
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Sanchez-Paulete AR, Labiano S, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Azpilikueta A, Etxeberria I, Bolaños E, Lang V, Rodriguez M, Aznar MA, Jure-Kunkel M, Melero I. Deciphering CD137 (4-1BB) signaling in T-cell costimulation for translation into successful cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:513-22. [PMID: 26773716 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, TNF-receptor superfamily 9) is a surface glycoprotein of the TNFR family which can be induced on a variety of leukocyte subsets. On T and NK cells, CD137 is expressed following activation and, if ligated by its natural ligand (CD137L), conveys polyubiquitination-mediated signals via TNF receptor associated factor 2 that inhibit apoptosis, while enhancing proliferation and effector functions. CD137 thus behaves as a bona fide inducible costimulatory molecule. These functional properties of CD137 can be exploited in cancer immunotherapy by systemic administration of agonist monoclonal antibodies, which increase anticancer CTLs and enhance NK-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Reportedly, anti-CD137 mAb and adoptive T-cell therapy strongly synergize, since (i) CD137 expression can be used to select the T cells endowed with the best activities against the tumor, (ii) costimulation of the lymphocyte cultures to be used in adoptive T-cell therapy can be done with CD137 agonist antibodies or CD137L, and (iii) synergistic effects upon coadministration of T cells and antibodies are readily observed in mouse models. Furthermore, the signaling cytoplasmic tail of CD137 is a key component of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors that are used to redirect T cells against leukemia and lymphoma in the clinic. Ongoing phase II clinical trials with agonist antibodies and the presence of CD137 sequence in these successful chimeric antigen receptors highlight the importance of CD137 in oncoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso R Sanchez-Paulete
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Labiano
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Valérie Lang
- Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Foundation for Stem Cell Research, Fundación Inbiomed, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Advanced Technology Institute in Life Sciences (ITAV), CNRS-USR3505, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-UMR5089, Toulouse, France
| | - M Angela Aznar
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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