51
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He D, Ma Z, Fang C, Ding J, Yang W, Chen P, Huang L, Wang C, Yu Y, Yang L, Li Y, Zhou Z. Pseudophosphatase STYX promotes tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting FBXW7 function in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:53-65. [PMID: 30981757 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine/tyrosine interacting protein (STYX), a member of protein tyrosine phosphatases, has recently been reported as a potential oncogene. However, the role of STYX in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. In this study, we found that STYX was highly expressed in CRC tissues and closely correlated with tumor development and survival of CRC patients. In vitro studies showed that overexpression of STYX promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inhibited apoptosis in CRC cells, while STYX knockdown had the opposite effects. Consistently, in vivo experiments showed that overexpression of STYX promoted tumor growth and lung metastasis. Mechanically, STYX bound to the F-box and WD repeat domain-containing7 (FBXW7) protein and inhibited its function. Co-regulation of STYX and FBXW7 expression reversed the biological changes mediated by regulation of STYX expression alone in CRC cells. Additionally, FBXW7 expression was negatively associated with STYX expression in CRC tissues, and low STYX levels accompanying high FBXW7 levels predicted favorable prognosis of CRC patients. In conclusion, our results suggest that STYX plays an oncogenic role by inhibiting FBXW7 and represents a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diao He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zida Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenming Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Libin Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Cun Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongyang Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lie Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zongguang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Xu M, Liu H, Liu Y, Ma X, Qiu H, Fu C, Tang X, Han Y, Chen S, Wu D, Sun A. Gene mutations and pretransplant minimal residual disease predict risk of relapse in adult patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:2744-2753. [PMID: 30950667 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1597270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiying Qiu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Fu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Han
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Suning Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
| | - Aining Sun
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China
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53
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Zia S, Shahid R. Mutagenic players in ALL progression and their associated signaling pathways. Cancer Genet 2019; 233-234:7-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cheng W, Zheng T, Wang Y, Cai K, Wu W, Zhao T, Xu R. Activation of Notch1 signaling by HTLV-1 Tax promotes proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:598-603. [PMID: 30914196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1), an oncogenic retrovirus, and Notch1 signaling, implicated in tumor formation and progression, are both associated with the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Here we explored the possibility of a mechanistic link between the two. We observed that the expression of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) was elevated in HTLV-1 infected cell lines. Knocking down of Notch1 in ATL cells repressed cellular proliferation and tumor formation both in vitro and in vivo. As a mechanism for these actions, we found that Tax activated Notch1 signaling by prolonging the half-life of NICD. We then showed that Tax, NICD, and RBP-jκ formed a ternary complex, that Tax enhanced the association of NICD with RBP-jκ, and that Tax, NICD, and RBP-jκ were bound to RBP-jκ-responsive elements. Hence, our results suggest that HTLV-1 promotes cellular proliferation and tumor formation of ATL cells by modulating Notch signaling via a posttranslational mechanism that involves interactions between Tax, NICD, and RBP-jκ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Tingjin Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China
| | - Wencai Wu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China.
| | - Ruian Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, China. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021, China.
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55
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FBXW7 in Cancer: What Has Been Unraveled Thus Far? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020246. [PMID: 30791487 PMCID: PMC6406609 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
: The FBXW7 (F-box with 7 tandem WD40) protein encoded by the gene FBXW7 is one of the crucial components of ubiquitin ligase called Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) complex that aids in the degradation of many oncoproteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) thus regulating cellular growth. FBXW7 is considered as a potent tumor suppressor as most of its target substrates can function as potential growth promoters, including c-Myc, Notch, cyclin E, c-JUN, and KLF5. Its regulators include p53, C/EBP-δ, Numb, microRNAs, Pin 1, Hes-5, BMI1, Ebp2. Mounting evidence has indicated the involvement of aberrant expression of FBXW7 for tumorigenesis. Moreover, numerous studies have also shown its role in cancer cell chemosensitization, thereby demonstrating the importance of FBXW7 in the development of curative cancer therapy. This comprehensive review emphasizes on the targets, functions, regulators and expression of FBXW7 in different cancers and its involvement in sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.
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56
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Wang X, Fang H, Cheng Y, Li L, Sun X, Fu T, Huang P, Zhang A, Feng Z, Li C, Huang X, Li G, Du P, Yang H, Fang X, Li F, Gao Q, Liu B. The molecular landscape of synchronous colorectal cancer reveals genetic heterogeneity. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:708-718. [PMID: 29546405 PMCID: PMC5932564 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronous colorectal cancers (syCRCs), which present two or more lesions at diagnosis, are rare and pose a great challenge for clinical management. Although some predisposing factors associated with syCRCs have been studied with limited accession, the full repertoire of genomic events among the lesions within an individual and the causes of syCRCs remain unclear. We performed whole-exome sequencing of 40 surgical tumour samples of paired lesions from 20 patients to characterize the genetic alterations. Lesions from same patient showed distinct landscapes of somatic aberrations and shared few mutations, which suggests that they originate and develop independently, although they shared the similar genetic background. Canonical genes, such as APC, KRAS, TP53 and PIK3CA, were frequently mutated in the syCRCs, and most of them show different mutation profile compared with solitary colorectal cancer. We identified a recurrent somatic alteration (K15fs) in RPL22 in 25% of the syCRCs. Functional analysis indicated that mutated RPL22 may suppress cell apoptosis and promote the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Potential drug targets were identified in several signalling pathways, and they present great discrepancy between lesions from the same patient. Our data show that the syCRCs within the same patient present great genetic heterogeneity, and they may be driven by distinct molecular events and develop independently. The discrepancy of potential drug targets and mutation burden in lesions from one patient provides valuable information in clinical management for patients with syCRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hu Fang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the 1st affiliated hospital of CQMU, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Li
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Tao Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Anping Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Chunxue Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Guangyan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peina Du
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Fan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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57
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Yeh CH, Bellon M, Nicot C. FBXW7: a critical tumor suppressor of human cancers. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:115. [PMID: 30086763 PMCID: PMC6081812 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is involved in multiple aspects of cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, cellular differentiation, and survival (Davis RJ et al., Cancer Cell 26:455-64, 2014; Skaar JR et al., Nat Rev Drug Discov 13:889-903, 2014; Nakayama KI and Nakayama K, Nat Rev Cancer 6:369-81, 2006). F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7), also known as Sel10, hCDC4 or hAgo, is a member of the F-box protein family, which functions as the substrate recognition component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. FBXW7 is a critical tumor suppressor and one of the most commonly deregulated ubiquitin-proteasome system proteins in human cancer. FBXW7 controls proteasome-mediated degradation of oncoproteins such as cyclin E, c-Myc, Mcl-1, mTOR, Jun, Notch and AURKA. Consistent with the tumor suppressor role of FBXW7, it is located at chromosome 4q32, a genomic region deleted in more than 30% of all human cancers (Spruck CH et al., Cancer Res 62:4535-9, 2002). Genetic profiles of human cancers based on high-throughput sequencing have revealed that FBXW7 is frequently mutated in human cancers. In addition to genetic mutations, other mechanisms involving microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and specific oncogenic signaling pathways can inactivate FBXW7 functions in cancer cells. In the following sections, we will discuss the regulation of FBXW7, its role in oncogenesis, and the clinical implications and prognostic value of loss of function of FBXW7 in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Yeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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58
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Li Y, Chu J, Li J, Feng W, Yang F, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Sun C, Yang M, Vasilatos SN, Huang Y, Fu Z, Yin Y. Cancer/testis antigen-Plac1 promotes invasion and metastasis of breast cancer through Furin/NICD/PTEN signaling pathway. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1233-1248. [PMID: 29704427 PMCID: PMC6068355 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Placenta‐specific protein 1 (Plac1) is a cancer/testis antigen that plays a critical role in promoting cancer initiation and progression. However, the clinical significance and mechanism of Plac1 in cancer progression remain elusive. Here, we report that Plac1 is an important oncogenic and prognostic factor, which physically interacts with Furin to drive breast cancer invasion and metastasis. We have shown that Plac1 expression positively correlates with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, hormone receptor status, and overall patient survival. Overexpression of Plac1 promoted invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Co‐immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence cell staining assays revealed that interaction of Plac1 and Furin degraded Notch1 and generated Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) that could inhibit PTEN activity. These findings are consistent with the results of microarray study in MDA‐MB‐231 cells overexpressing Plac1. A rescue study showed that inhibition of Furin and overexpression of PTEN in Plac1 overexpression cells blocked Plac1‐induced tumor cell progression. Taken together, our findings suggest that functional interaction between Plac1 and Furin enhances breast cancer invasion and metastasis and the Furin/NICD/PTEN axis may act as an important therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiahui Chu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Wanting Feng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Chunxiao Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Mengzhu Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Shauna N Vasilatos
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ziyi Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China.,Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yongmei Yin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
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59
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Pizzi M, Margolskee E, Inghirami G. Pathogenesis of Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 13:293-320. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pizzi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Margolskee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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60
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Ramamurthy M, Sankar S, Kannangai R, Nandagopal B, Sridharan G. Application of viromics: a new approach to the understanding of viral infections in humans. Virusdisease 2017; 28:349-359. [PMID: 29291225 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused at exploring the strengths of modern technology driven data compiled in the areas of virus gene sequencing, virus protein structures and their implication to viral diagnosis and therapy. The information for virome analysis (viromics) is generated by the study of viral genomes (entire nucleotide sequence) and viral genes (coding for protein). Presently, the study of viral infectious diseases in terms of etiopathogenesis and development of newer therapeutics is undergoing rapid changes. Currently, viromics relies on deep sequencing, next generation sequencing (NGS) data and public domain databases like GenBank and unique virus specific databases. Two commonly used NGS platforms: Illumina and Ion Torrent, recommend maximum fragment lengths of about 300 and 400 nucleotides for analysis respectively. Direct detection of viruses in clinical samples is now evolving using these methods. Presently, there are a considerable number of good treatment options for HBV/HIV/HCV. These viruses however show development of drug resistance. The drug susceptibility regions of the genomes are sequenced and the prediction of drug resistance is now possible from 3 public domains available on the web. This has been made possible through advances in the technology with the advent of high throughput sequencing and meta-analysis through sophisticated and easy to use software and the use of high speed computers for bioinformatics. More recently NGS technology has been improved with single-molecule real-time sequencing. Here complete long reads can be obtained with less error overcoming a limitation of the NGS which is inherently prone to software anomalies that arise in the hands of personnel without adequate training. The development in understanding the viruses in terms of their genome, pathobiology, transcriptomics and molecular epidemiology constitutes viromics. It could be stated that these developments will bring about radical changes and advancement especially in the field of antiviral therapy and diagnostic virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mageshbabu Ramamurthy
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 055 India
| | - Sathish Sankar
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 055 India
| | - Rajesh Kannangai
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 004 India
| | - Balaji Nandagopal
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 055 India
| | - Gopalan Sridharan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 055 India
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Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T lymphotropic virus type 1, was the first exogenous human retrovirus discovered. Unlike the distantly related lentivirus HIV-1, HTLV-1 causes disease in only 5-10% of infected people, depending on their ethnic origin. But whereas HIV-1 infection and the consequent diseases can be efficiently contained in most cases by antiretroviral drug treatment, there is no satisfactory treatment for the malignant or inflammatory diseases caused by HTLV-1. The purpose of the present article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus persists in vivo and causes disabling or fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
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62
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Moharram SA, Shah K, Kazi JU. T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells Display Activation of Different Survival Pathways. J Cancer 2017; 8:4124. [PMID: 29187889 PMCID: PMC5706016 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a disease of the blood affecting T-lymphocytes. Although notable improvements have been achieved in T-ALL treatment, half of the adult T-ALL patients still experience treatment failure. In order to develop a targeted therapy, we need a better understanding of T-ALL pathogenesis. In this study, we used patient-derived cell lines which display resistance to glucocorticoids. We observed that different cell lines are dependent on different survival signaling pathways. Aberrant activation of AKT, p38, S6K or ERK signaling was not found to the same degree in all cell lines studied. To understand the molecular differences in T-ALL cells, we compared gene expression and somatic mutations. Gene set enrichment analysis showed enrichment of the mTORC1, MAPK or TGF-beta signaling pathways. Loss-of-function mutations in the TP53 and FBXW7 genes were identified in all cell lines investigated. Thus, we suggest that T-ALL cells from different patients are addicted to different mutations and thereby to different signaling pathways. Therefore, understanding the enrichment of molecular pathways for each individual patient will provide us with a more precise and specific treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sausan A Moharram
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kinjal Shah
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julhash U Kazi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Stem Cell Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Bai XT, Yeh CH, Nicot C. NOTCH1 Activation Depletes the Pool of Side Population Stem Cells in ATL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4. [PMID: 28920078 PMCID: PMC5596512 DOI: 10.13188/2377-9292.1000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-I infection is associated with the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a malignancy characterized by a high rate of disease relapse and poor survival. Previous studies reported the existence of side population (SP) cells in HTLV-I Tax transgenic mouse models. These studies showed that these ATL-like derived SP cells have both self-renewal and leukemia renewal capacity and represent Cancer Stem Cells (CSC)/Leukemia-Initiating Cells (LIC). Since CSC/LIC are resistant to conventional therapies, a better characterization is needed. METHODS We isolated, sorted and characterized SP cells from uncultured PBMCs from ATL patients and from ATL patient-derived cell lines. We then identified several specific signaling pathways activated or suppressed in these cells. Expression of viral gene HBZ and Tax transcriptional activity was also investigated. Using gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI, Calbiochem) and stably transduced ATL cell lines expressing TET-inducible NOTCH 1 intracellular domain (NICD), we characterized the role of activated NOTCH 1 in the maintenance of the SP cells in ATL. RESULTS Our studies confirm the existence of SP cells in ATL samples. These cells demonstrate lower activation of NOTCH1 and Tax, and reduced expression of STAT3, β-catenin/Wnt3 and viral HBZ. We further show that PI3K and the NOTCH1 signaling pathway have opposite functions, and constitutive activation of NOTCH1 signaling depletes the pool of SP cells in ATL-derived cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that in ATL, a balance between activation of the NOTCH1 and PI3K signaling pathway is the key in the control of SP cells maintenance and may offer therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tao Bai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, USA
| | - Chien-Hung Yeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, USA
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, USA
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C-MYC and Its Main Ubiquitin Ligase, FBXW7, Influence Cell Proliferation and Prognosis in Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:1139-1149. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Watanabe T. Adult T-cell leukemia: molecular basis for clonal expansion and transformation of HTLV-1-infected T cells. Blood 2017; 129:1071-1081. [PMID: 28115366 PMCID: PMC5374731 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-09-692574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) that develops through a multistep carcinogenesis process involving 5 or more genetic events. We provide a comprehensive overview of recently uncovered information on the molecular basis of leukemogenesis in ATL. Broadly, the landscape of genetic abnormalities in ATL that include alterations highly enriched in genes for T-cell receptor-NF-κB signaling such as PLCG1, PRKCB, and CARD11 and gain-of function mutations in CCR4 and CCR7 Conversely, the epigenetic landscape of ATL can be summarized as polycomb repressive complex 2 hyperactivation with genome-wide H3K27 me3 accumulation as the basis of the unique transcriptome of ATL cells. Expression of H3K27 methyltransferase enhancer of zeste 2 was shown to be induced by HTLV-1 Tax and NF-κB. Furthermore, provirus integration site analysis with high-throughput sequencing enabled the analysis of clonal composition and cell number of each clone in vivo, whereas multicolor flow cytometric analysis with CD7 and cell adhesion molecule 1 enabled the identification of HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T cells in vivo. Sorted immortalized but untransformed cells displayed epigenetic changes closely overlapping those observed in terminally transformed ATL cells, suggesting that epigenetic abnormalities are likely earlier events in leukemogenesis. These new findings broaden the scope of conceptualization of the molecular mechanisms of leukemogenesis, dissecting them into immortalization and clonal progression. These recent findings also open a new direction of drug development for ATL prevention and treatment because epigenetic marks can be reprogrammed. Mechanisms underlying initial immortalization and progressive accumulation of these abnormalities remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Advanced Medical Innovation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan; and Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Chan CP, Kok KH, Jin DY. Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Infection and Adult T-Cell Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:147-166. [PMID: 29052136 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the first retrovirus discovered to cause adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a highly aggressive blood cancer. HTLV-1 research in the past 35 years has been most revealing in the mechanisms of viral oncogenesis. HTLV-1 establishes a lifelong persistent infection in CD4+ T lymphocytes. The infection outcome is governed by host immunity. ATL develops in 2-5% of infected individuals 30-50 years after initial exposure. HTLV-1 encodes two oncoproteins Tax and HBZ, which are required for initiation of cellular transformation and maintenance of cell proliferation, respectively. HTLV-1 oncogenesis is driven by a clonal selection and expansion process during which both host and viral factors cooperate to impair genome stability, immune surveillance, and other mechanisms of tumor suppression. A better understanding of HTLV-1 biology and leukemogenesis will reveal new strategies and modalities for ATL prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, 145 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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