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Gillespie JJ, Driscoll TP, Verhoeve VI, Rahman MS, Macaluso KR, Azad AF. A Tangled Web: Origins of Reproductive Parasitism. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2292-2309. [PMID: 30060072 PMCID: PMC6133264 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While typically a flea parasite and opportunistic human pathogen, the presence of Rickettsia felis (strain LSU-Lb) in the non-blood-feeding, parthenogenetically reproducing booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, provides a system to ascertain factors governing not only host transitions but also obligate reproductive parasitism (RP). Analysis of plasmid pLbAR, unique to R. felis str. LSU-Lb, revealed a toxin–antitoxin module with similar features to prophage-encoded toxin–antitoxin modules utilized by parasitic Wolbachia strains to induce another form of RP, cytoplasmic incompatibility, in their arthropod hosts. Curiously, multiple deubiquitinase and nuclease domains of the large (3,841 aa) pLbAR toxin, as well the entire antitoxin, facilitated the detection of an assortment of related proteins from diverse intracellular bacteria, including other reproductive parasites. Our description of these remarkable components of the intracellular mobilome, including their presence in certain arthropod genomes, lends insight on the evolution of RP, while invigorating research on parasite-mediated biocontrol of arthropod-borne viral and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Gillespie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Kevin R Macaluso
- Vector-borne Disease Laboratories, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University
| | - Abdu F Azad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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Badawi M, Moumen B, Giraud I, Grève P, Cordaux R. Investigating the Molecular Genetic Basis of Cytoplasmic Sex Determination Caused by Wolbachia Endosymbionts in Terrestrial Isopods. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9060290. [PMID: 29890648 PMCID: PMC6026926 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, sexual differences between males and females are usually determined by sex chromosomes. Alternatively, sex may also be determined by vertically transmitted intracellular microbial endosymbionts. The best known cytoplasmic sex manipulative endosymbiont is Wolbachia which can, for instance, feminize genetic males into phenotypic females in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. However, the molecular genetic basis of cytoplasmic sex determination is unknown. To identify candidate genes of feminization induced by Wolbachia strain wVulC from A. vulgare, we sequenced the genome of Wolbachia strain wCon from Cylisticus convexus, the most closely related known Wolbachia strain to wVulC that does not induce feminization, and compared it to the wVulC genome. Then, we performed gene expression profiling of the 216 resulting wVulC candidate genes throughout host developmental stages in A. vulgare and the heterologous host C. convexus. We identified a set of 35 feminization candidate genes showing differential expression during host sexual development. Interestingly, 27 of the 35 genes are present in the f element, which is a piece of a feminizing Wolbachia genome horizontally transferred into the nuclear genome of A. vulgare and involved in female sex determination. Assuming that the molecular genetic basis of feminization by Wolbachia and the f element is the same, the 27 genes are candidates for acting as master sex determination genes in A. vulgare females carrying the f element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Badawi
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. B8, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Bouziane Moumen
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. B8, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Isabelle Giraud
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. B8, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Pierre Grève
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. B8, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Richard Cordaux
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. B8, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
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Wallau GL, Vieira C, Loreto ÉLS. Genetic exchange in eukaryotes through horizontal transfer: connected by the mobilome. Mob DNA 2018; 9:6. [PMID: 29422954 PMCID: PMC5791352 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-018-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background All living species contain genetic information that was once shared by their common ancestor. DNA is being inherited through generations by vertical transmission (VT) from parents to offspring and from ancestor to descendant species. This process was considered the sole pathway by which biological entities exchange inheritable information. However, Horizontal Transfer (HT), the exchange of genetic information by other means than parents to offspring, was discovered in prokaryotes along with strong evidence showing that it is a very important process by which prokaryotes acquire new genes. Main body For some time now, it has been a scientific consensus that HT events were rare and non-relevant for evolution of eukaryotic species, but there is growing evidence supporting that HT is an important and frequent phenomenon in eukaryotes as well. Conclusion Here, we will discuss the latest findings regarding HT among eukaryotes, mainly HT of transposons (HTT), establishing HTT once and for all as an important phenomenon that should be taken into consideration to fully understand eukaryotes genome evolution. In addition, we will discuss the latest development methods to detect such events in a broader scale and highlight the new approaches which should be pursued by researchers to fill the knowledge gaps regarding HTT among eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Luz Wallau
- 1Entomology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - Cristina Vieira
- 2Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Élgion Lúcio Silva Loreto
- 3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS Brazil
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Ritchie SA, van den Hurk AF, Smout MJ, Staunton KM, Hoffmann AA. Mission Accomplished? We Need a Guide to the 'Post Release' World of Wolbachia for Aedes-borne Disease Control. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:217-226. [PMID: 29396201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Historically, sustained control of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, has been largely ineffective. Subsequently, two novel 'rear and release' control strategies utilizing mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia are currently being developed and deployed widely. In the incompatible insect technique, male Aedes mosquitoes, infected with Wolbachia, suppress populations through unproductive mating. In the transinfection strategy, both male and female Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes rapidly infect the wild population with Wolbachia, blocking virus transmission. It is critical to monitor the long-term stability of Wolbachia in host populations, and also the ability of this bacterium to continually inhibit virus transmission. Ongoing release and monitoring programs must be future-proofed should political support weaken when these vectors are successfully controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Michael J Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Kyran M Staunton
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Duplouy A, Brattström O. Wolbachia in the Genus Bicyclus: a Forgotten Player. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 75:255-263. [PMID: 28702705 PMCID: PMC5742604 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclus butterflies are key species for studies of wing pattern development, phenotypic plasticity, speciation and the genetics of Lepidoptera. One of the key endosymbionts in butterflies, the alpha-Proteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis, is affecting many of these biological processes; however, Bicyclus butterflies have not been investigated systematically as hosts to Wolbachia. In this study, we screen for Wolbachia infection in several Bicyclus species from natural populations across Africa as well as two laboratory populations. Out of the 24 species tested, 19 were found to be infected, and no double infection was found, but both A- and B-supergroup strains colonise this butterfly group. We also show that many of the Wolbachia strains identified in Bicyclus butterflies belong to the ST19 clonal complex. We discuss the importance of our results in regard to routinely screening for Wolbachia when using Bicyclus butterflies as the study organism of research in eco-evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, The University of Helsinki, PL65 Viikinkaari 1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oskar Brattström
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
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Roughgarden J, Gilbert SF, Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I, Lloyd EA. Holobionts as Units of Selection and a Model of Their Population Dynamics and Evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13752-017-0287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Fraïsse C, Picard MAL, Vicoso B. The deep conservation of the Lepidoptera Z chromosome suggests a non-canonical origin of the W. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1486. [PMID: 29133797 PMCID: PMC5684275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) usually have a pair of differentiated WZ sex chromosomes. However, in most lineages outside of the division Ditrysia, as well as in the sister order Trichoptera, females lack a W chromosome. The W is therefore thought to have been acquired secondarily. Here we compare the genomes of three Lepidoptera species (one Dytrisia and two non-Dytrisia) to test three models accounting for the origin of the W: (1) a Z-autosome fusion; (2) a sex chromosome turnover; and (3) a non-canonical mechanism (e.g., through the recruitment of a B chromosome). We show that the gene content of the Z is highly conserved across Lepidoptera (rejecting a sex chromosome turnover) and that very few genes moved onto the Z in the common ancestor of the Ditrysia (arguing against a Z-autosome fusion). Our comparative genomics analysis therefore supports the secondary acquisition of the Lepidoptera W by a non-canonical mechanism, and it confirms the extreme stability of well-differentiated sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Fraïsse
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Marion A L Picard
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria.
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Drezen JM, Josse T, Bézier A, Gauthier J, Huguet E, Herniou EA. Impact of Lateral Transfers on the Genomes of Lepidoptera. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E315. [PMID: 29120392 PMCID: PMC5704228 DOI: 10.3390/genes8110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfer of DNA sequences between species regardless of their evolutionary distance is very common in bacteria, but evidence that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) also occurs in multicellular organisms has been accumulating in the past few years. The actual extent of this phenomenon is underestimated due to frequent sequence filtering of "alien" DNA before genome assembly. However, recent studies based on genome sequencing have revealed, and experimentally verified, the presence of foreign DNA sequences in the genetic material of several species of Lepidoptera. Large DNA viruses, such as baculoviruses and the symbiotic viruses of parasitic wasps (bracoviruses), have the potential to mediate these transfers in Lepidoptera. In particular, using ultra-deep sequencing, newly integrated transposons have been identified within baculovirus genomes. Bacterial genes have also been acquired by genomes of Lepidoptera, as in other insects and nematodes. In addition, insertions of bracovirus sequences were present in the genomes of certain moth and butterfly lineages, that were likely corresponding to rearrangements of ancient integrations. The viral genes present in these sequences, sometimes of hymenopteran origin, have been co-opted by lepidopteran species to confer some protection against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Thibaut Josse
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Jérémy Gauthier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Elisabeth Anne Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Tours-François Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
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Kageyama D, Ohno M, Sasaki T, Yoshido A, Konagaya T, Jouraku A, Kuwazaki S, Kanamori H, Katayose Y, Narita S, Miyata M, Riegler M, Sahara K. Feminizing Wolbachia endosymbiont disrupts maternal sex chromosome inheritance in a butterfly species. Evol Lett 2017; 1:232-244. [PMID: 30283652 PMCID: PMC6121850 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is a maternally inherited ubiquitous endosymbiotic bacterium of arthropods that displays a diverse repertoire of host reproductive manipulations. For the first time, we demonstrate that Wolbachia manipulates sex chromosome inheritance in a sexually reproducing insect. Eurema mandarina butterfly females on Tanegashima Island, Japan, are infected with the wFem Wolbachia strain and produce all‐female offspring, while antibiotic treatment results in male offspring. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that wFem‐positive and wFem‐negative females have Z0 and WZ sex chromosome sets, respectively, demonstrating the predicted absence of the W chromosome in wFem‐infected lineages. Genomic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that wFem‐positive females lay only Z0 eggs that carry a paternal Z, whereas females from lineages that are naturally wFem‐negative lay both WZ and ZZ eggs. In contrast, antibiotic treatment of adult wFem females resulted in the production of Z0 and ZZ eggs, suggesting that this Wolbachia strain can disrupt the maternal inheritance of Z chromosomes. Moreover, most male offspring produced by antibiotic‐treated wFem females had a ZZ karyotype, implying reduced survival of Z0 individuals in the absence of feminizing effects of Wolbachia. Antibiotic treatment of wFem‐infected larvae induced male‐specific splicing of the doublesex (dsx) gene transcript, causing an intersex phenotype. Thus, the absence of the female‐determining W chromosome in Z0 individuals is functionally compensated by Wolbachia‐mediated conversion of sex determination. We discuss how Wolbachia may manipulate the host chromosome inheritance and that Wolbachia may have acquired this coordinated dual mode of reproductive manipulation first by the evolution of female‐determining function and then cytoplasmically induced disruption of sex chromosome inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kageyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0854 Japan
| | - Mizuki Ohno
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture Iwate University Morioka 020-8550 Japan
| | - Tatsushi Sasaki
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture Iwate University Morioka 020-8550 Japan
| | - Atsuo Yoshido
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture Iwate University Morioka 020-8550 Japan
| | - Tatsuro Konagaya
- Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Akiya Jouraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0854 Japan
| | - Seigo Kuwazaki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0854 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- Institute of Crop Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0854 Japan
| | - Yuichi Katayose
- Institute of Crop Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0854 Japan
| | - Satoko Narita
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0854 Japan.,Tsukuba Primate Research Center National Institute of Biomedical Innovation Hachimandai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0843 Japan
| | - Mai Miyata
- Graduate School of Horticulture Chiba University Matsudo Chiba 271-8510 Japan
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Ken Sahara
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture Iwate University Morioka 020-8550 Japan
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López-Madrigal S, Gil R. Et tu, Brute? Not Even Intracellular Mutualistic Symbionts Escape Horizontal Gene Transfer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100247. [PMID: 28961177 PMCID: PMC5664097 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insect species maintain mutualistic relationships with endosymbiotic bacteria. In contrast to their free-living relatives, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has traditionally been considered rare in long-term endosymbionts. Nevertheless, meta-omics exploration of certain symbiotic models has unveiled an increasing number of bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host genetic transfers. The abundance and function of transferred loci suggest that HGT might play a major role in the evolution of the corresponding consortia, enhancing their adaptive value or buffering detrimental effects derived from the reductive evolution of endosymbionts’ genomes. Here, we comprehensively review the HGT cases recorded to date in insect-bacteria mutualistic consortia, and discuss their impact on the evolutionary success of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio López-Madrigal
- Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, UMR203 BF2I, INRA, INSA-Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Rosario Gil
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València/CSIC, 46980 Paterna (València), Spain.
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain.
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63
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Cordaux R, Gilbert C. Evolutionary Significance of Wolbachia-to-Animal Horizontal Gene Transfer: Female Sex Determination and the f Element in the Isopod Armadillidium vulgare. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8070186. [PMID: 28753988 PMCID: PMC5541319 DOI: 10.3390/genes8070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events from bacteria to animals have been reported in the past years, many of which involve Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts and their invertebrate hosts. Most transferred Wolbachia genes are neutrally-evolving fossils embedded in host genomes. A remarkable case of Wolbachia HGT for which a clear evolutionary significance has been demonstrated is the “f element”, a nuclear Wolbachia insert involved in female sex determination in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. The f element represents an instance of bacteria-to-animal HGT that has occurred so recently that it was possible to infer the donor (feminizing Wolbachia closely related to the wVulC Wolbachia strain of A. vulgare) and the mechanism of integration (a nearly complete genome inserted by micro-homology-mediated recombination). In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the f element and discuss arising perspectives regarding female sex determination, unstable inheritance, population dynamics and the molecular evolution of the f element. Overall, the f element unifies three major areas in evolutionary biology: symbiosis, HGT and sex determination. Its characterization highlights the tremendous impact sex ratio distorters can have on the evolution of sex determination mechanisms and sex chromosomes in animals and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cordaux
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. B8, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Clément Gilbert
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. B8, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
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Untangling Heteroplasmy, Structure, and Evolution of an Atypical Mitochondrial Genome by PacBio Sequencing. Genetics 2017; 207:269-280. [PMID: 28679546 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.203380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly compact mitochondrial (mt) genome of terrestrial isopods (Oniscidae) presents two unusual features. First, several loci can individually encode two tRNAs, thanks to single nucleotide polymorphisms at anticodon sites. Within-individual variation (heteroplasmy) at these loci is thought to have been maintained for millions of years because individuals that do not carry all tRNA genes die, resulting in strong balancing selection. Second, the oniscid mtDNA genome comes in two conformations: a ∼14 kb linear monomer and a ∼28 kb circular dimer comprising two monomer units fused in palindrome. We hypothesized that heteroplasmy actually results from two genome units of the same dimeric molecule carrying different tRNA genes at mirrored loci. This hypothesis, however, contradicts the earlier proposition that dimeric molecules result from the replication of linear monomers-a process that should yield totally identical genome units within a dimer. To solve this contradiction, we used the SMRT (PacBio) technology to sequence mirrored tRNA loci in single dimeric molecules. We show that dimers do present different tRNA genes at mirrored loci; thus covalent linkage, rather than balancing selection, maintains vital variation at anticodons. We also leveraged unique features of the SMRT technology to detect linear monomers closed by hairpins and carrying noncomplementary bases at anticodons. These molecules contain the necessary information to encode two tRNAs at the same locus, and suggest new mechanisms of transition between linear and circular mtDNA. Overall, our analyses clarify the evolution of an atypical mt genome where dimerization counterintuitively enabled further mtDNA compaction.
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Abstract
Several lineages of endoparasitoid wasps, which develop inside the body of other insects, have domesticated viruses, used as delivery tools of essential virulence factors for the successful development of their progeny. Virus domestications are major evolutionary transitions in highly diverse parasitoid wasps. Much progress has recently been made to characterize the nature of these ancestrally captured endogenous viruses that have evolved within the wasp genomes. Virus domestication from different viral families occurred at least three times in parasitoid wasps. This evolutionary convergence led to different strategies. Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are viral gene transfer agents and virus-like particles of the wasp Venturia canescens deliver proteins. Here, we take the standpoint of parasitoid wasps to review current knowledge on virus domestications by different parasitoid lineages. Then, based on genomic data from parasitoid wasps, PDVs and exogenous viruses, we discuss the different evolutionary steps required to transform viruses into vehicles for the delivery of the virulence molecules that we observe today. Finally, we discuss how endoparasitoid wasps manipulate host physiology and ensure parasitism success, to highlight the possible advantages of viral domestication as compared with other virulence strategies.
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Becking T, Giraud I, Raimond M, Moumen B, Chandler C, Cordaux R, Gilbert C. Diversity and evolution of sex determination systems in terrestrial isopods. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1084. [PMID: 28439127 PMCID: PMC5430756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination systems are highly variable in many taxa, sometimes even between closely related species. Yet the number and direction of transitions between these systems have seldom been characterized, and the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we generated transcriptomes for 19 species of terrestrial isopod crustaceans, many of which are infected by Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts. Using 88 single-copy orthologous genes, we reconstructed a fully resolved and dated phylogeny of terrestrial isopods. An original approach involving crossings of sex-reversed individuals allowed us to characterize the heterogametic systems of five species (one XY/XX and four ZW/ZZ). Mapping of these and previously known heterogametic systems onto the terrestrial isopod phylogeny revealed between 3 and 13 transitions of sex determination systems during the evolution of these taxa, most frequently from female to male heterogamety. Our results support that WW individuals are viable in many species, suggesting sex chromosomes are at an incipient stage of their evolution. Together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that nucleo-cytoplasmic conflicts generated by Wolbachia endosymbionts triggered recurrent turnovers of sex determination systems in terrestrial isopods. They further establish terrestrial isopods as a model to study evolutionary transitions in sex determination systems and pave the way to molecularly characterize these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becking
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Giraud
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Maryline Raimond
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Bouziane Moumen
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Richard Cordaux
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| | - Clément Gilbert
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
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López-García P, Eme L, Moreira D. Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution. J Theor Biol 2017; 434:20-33. [PMID: 28254477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, Lynn Margulis, inspiring in early twentieth-century ideas that put forward a symbiotic origin for some eukaryotic organelles, proposed a unified theory for the origin of the eukaryotic cell based on symbiosis as evolutionary mechanism. Margulis was profoundly aware of the importance of symbiosis in the natural microbial world and anticipated the evolutionary significance that integrated cooperative interactions might have as mechanism to increase cellular complexity. Today, we have started fully appreciating the vast extent of microbial diversity and the importance of syntrophic metabolic cooperation in natural ecosystems, especially in sediments and microbial mats. Also, not only the symbiogenetic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts has been clearly demonstrated, but improvement in phylogenomic methods combined with recent discoveries of archaeal lineages more closely related to eukaryotes further support the symbiogenetic origin of the eukaryotic cell. Margulis left us in legacy the idea of 'eukaryogenesis by symbiogenesis'. Although this has been largely verified, when, where, and specifically how eukaryotic cells evolved are yet unclear. Here, we shortly review current knowledge about symbiotic interactions in the microbial world and their evolutionary impact, the status of eukaryogenetic models and the current challenges and perspectives ahead to reconstruct the evolutionary path to eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación López-García
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Laura Eme
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada NS B3H 4R2
| | - David Moreira
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France
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