51
|
Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:231-280. [PMID: 33052414 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates have great potential to improve human health in a multitude of different ways and fields. Prominent examples are human milk oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. The typical choice for the production of homogeneous glycoconjugates is enzymatic synthesis. Through the availability of expression and purification protocols, recombinant Leloir glycosyltransferases are widely applied as catalysts for the synthesis of a wide range of glycoconjugates. Extensive utilization of these enzymes also depends on the availability of activated sugars as building blocks. Multi-enzyme cascades have proven a versatile technique to synthesize and in situ regenerate nucleotide sugar.In this chapter, the functions and mechanisms of Leloir glycosyltransferases are revisited, and the advantage of prokaryotic sources and production systems is discussed. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro pathways for the synthesis of nucleotide sugar are reviewed. In the second part, recent and prominent examples of the application of Leloir glycosyltransferase are given, i.e., the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, glycoconjugate vaccines, and human milk oligosaccharides as well as the re-glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals, and the status of automated glycan assembly is revisited.
Collapse
|
52
|
Pallister E, Gray CJ, Flitsch SL. Enzyme promiscuity of carbohydrate active enzymes and their applications in biocatalysis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 65:184-192. [PMID: 32942240 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The application of biocatalysis for the synthesis of glycans and glycoconjugates is a well-established and successful strategy, both for small and large scale synthesis. Compared to chemical synthesis, is has the advantage of high selectivity, but biocatalysis had been largely limited to natural glycans both in terms of reactivity and substrates. This review describes recent advances in exploiting enzyme promiscuity to expand the range of substrates and reactions that carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) can catalyse. The main focus is on formation and hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages, including sugar kinases, reactions that are central to glycobiotechnology. In addition, biocatalysts that generate sugar analogues and modify carbohydrates, such as oxidases, transaminases and acylases are reviewed. As carbohydrate active enzymes become more accessible and protein engineering strategies become faster, the application of biocatalysis in the generation of a wide range of glycoconjugates, beyond natural structures is expected to expand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Pallister
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Christopher J Gray
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Sabine L Flitsch
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Jaroentomeechai T, Taw MN, Li M, Aquino A, Agashe N, Chung S, Jewett MC, DeLisa MP. Cell-Free Synthetic Glycobiology: Designing and Engineering Glycomolecules Outside of Living Cells. Front Chem 2020; 8:645. [PMID: 32850660 PMCID: PMC7403607 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans and glycosylated biomolecules are directly involved in almost every biological process as well as the etiology of most major diseases. Hence, glycoscience knowledge is essential to efforts aimed at addressing fundamental challenges in understanding and improving human health, protecting the environment and enhancing energy security, and developing renewable and sustainable resources that can serve as the source of next-generation materials. While much progress has been made, there remains an urgent need for new tools that can overexpress structurally uniform glycans and glycoconjugates in the quantities needed for characterization and that can be used to mechanistically dissect the enzymatic reactions and multi-enzyme assembly lines that promote their construction. To address this technology gap, cell-free synthetic glycobiology has emerged as a simplified and highly modular framework to investigate, prototype, and engineer pathways for glycan biosynthesis and biomolecule glycosylation outside the confines of living cells. From nucleotide sugars to complex glycoproteins, we summarize here recent efforts that harness the power of cell-free approaches to design, build, test, and utilize glyco-enzyme reaction networks that produce desired glycomolecules in a predictable and controllable manner. We also highlight novel cell-free methods for shedding light on poorly understood aspects of diverse glycosylation processes and engineering these processes toward desired outcomes. Taken together, cell-free synthetic glycobiology represents a promising set of tools and techniques for accelerating basic glycoscience research (e.g., deciphering the "glycan code") and its application (e.g., biomanufacturing high-value glycomolecules on demand).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - May N. Taw
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Mingji Li
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Alicia Aquino
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ninad Agashe
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Sean Chung
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Ma B, Guan X, Li Y, Shang S, Li J, Tan Z. Protein Glycoengineering: An Approach for Improving Protein Properties. Front Chem 2020; 8:622. [PMID: 32793559 PMCID: PMC7390894 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural proteins are an important source of therapeutic agents and industrial enzymes. While many of them have the potential to be used as highly effective medical treatments for a wide range of diseases or as catalysts for conversion of a range of molecules into important product types required by modern society, problems associated with poor biophysical and biological properties have limited their applications. Engineering proteins with reduced side-effects and/or improved biophysical and biological properties is therefore of great importance. As a common protein modification, glycosylation has the capacity to greatly influence these properties. Over the past three decades, research from many disciplines has established the importance of glycoengineering in overcoming the limitations of proteins. In this review, we will summarize the methods that have been used to glycoengineer proteins and briefly discuss some representative examples of these methods, with the goal of providing a general overview of this research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Yaohao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Shiying Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Kightlinger W, Warfel KF, DeLisa MP, Jewett MC. Synthetic Glycobiology: Parts, Systems, and Applications. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1534-1562. [PMID: 32526139 PMCID: PMC7372563 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the attachment of sugars to amino acid side chains, can endow proteins with a wide variety of properties of great interest to the engineering biology community. However, natural glycosylation systems are limited in the diversity of glycoproteins they can synthesize, the scale at which they can be harnessed for biotechnology, and the homogeneity of glycoprotein structures they can produce. Here we provide an overview of the emerging field of synthetic glycobiology, the application of synthetic biology tools and design principles to better understand and engineer glycosylation. Specifically, we focus on how the biosynthetic and analytical tools of synthetic biology have been used to redesign glycosylation systems to obtain defined glycosylation structures on proteins for diverse applications in medicine, materials, and diagnostics. We review the key biological parts available to synthetic biologists interested in engineering glycoproteins to solve compelling problems in glycoscience, describe recent efforts to construct synthetic glycoprotein synthesis systems, and outline exemplary applications as well as new opportunities in this emerging space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weston Kightlinger
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine F. Warfel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Department
of Microbiology, Cornell University, 123 Wing Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert
Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy
E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E136, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B486, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Conner KP, Devanaboyina SC, Thomas VA, Rock DA. The biodistribution of therapeutic proteins: Mechanism, implications for pharmacokinetics, and methods of evaluation. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107574. [PMID: 32433985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are a diverse drug class that include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), recombinantly expressed enzymes, hormones and growth factors, cytokines (e.g. chemokines, interleukins, interferons), as well as a wide range of engineered fusion scaffolds containing IgG1 Fc domain for half-life extension. As the pharmaceutical industry advances more potent and selective protein-based medicines through discovery and into the clinical stages of development, it has become widely appreciated that a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of TP biodistribution can aid this endeavor. This review aims to highlight the literature that has advanced our understanding of the determinants of TP biodistribution. A particular emphasis is placed on the multi-faceted role of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in mAb and Fc-fusion protein disposition. In addition, characterization of the TP-target interaction at the cell-level is discussed as an essential strategy to establish pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships that may lead to more informed human dose projections during clinical development. Methods for incorporation of tissue and cell-level parameters defining these characteristics into higher-order mechanistic and semi-mechanistic PK models will also be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kip P Conner
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Siva Charan Devanaboyina
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Veena A Thomas
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Dan A Rock
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Huda R. New Approaches to Targeting B Cells for Myasthenia Gravis Therapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:240. [PMID: 32153573 PMCID: PMC7047318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for myasthenia gravis (MG) are limited, and many investigations have recently focused on target-specific therapies. B cell-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies for MG are increasingly attractive due to their specificity and efficacy. The targeted B cell biomarkers are mainly the cluster of differentiation (CD) proteins that mediate maturation, differentiation, or survival of pathogenic B cells. Additional B cell-directed therapies include non-specific peptide inhibitors that preferentially target specific B cell subsets. The primary goals of such therapies are to intercept autoantibodies and prevent the generation of an inflammatory response that contributes to the pathogenesis of MG. Treatment of patients with MG using B cell-directed mAbs, antibody fragments, or selective inhibitors have exhibited moderate to high efficacy in early studies, and some of these therapies appear to be highly promising for further drug development. Numerous other biologics targeting various B cell surface molecules have been approved for the treatment of other conditions or are either in clinical trials or preclinical development stages. These approaches remain to be tested in patients with MG or animal models of the disease. This review article provides an overview of B cell-targeted treatments for MG, including those already available and those still in preclinical and clinical development. We also discuss the potential benefits as well as the shortcomings of these approaches to development of new therapies for MG and future directions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Huda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ashida H, Fujimoto T, Kurihara S, Nakamura M, Komeno M, Huang Y, Katayama T, Kinoshita T, Takegawa K. 1,6-α-L-Fucosidases from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 Involved in the Degradation of Core-fucosylated N -Glycan. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2020; 67:23-29. [PMID: 34429696 PMCID: PMC8367633 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2019_0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 possesses five α-L-fucosidases, which have been previously characterized toward fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides containing α1,2/3/4-linked fucose [Sela et al.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 78, 795-803 (2012)]. In this study, two glycoside hydrolase family 29 α-L-fucosidases out of five (Blon_0426 and Blon_0248) were found to be 1,6-α-L-fucosidases acting on core α1,6-fucose on the N-glycan of glycoproteins. These enzymes readily hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucoside and Fucα1-6GlcNAc, but hardly hydrolyzed Fucα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-4)GlcNAc, suggesting that they de-fucosylate Fucα1-6GlcNAcβ1-Asn-peptides/proteins generated by the action of endo-β- N-acetylglucosaminidase. We demonstrated that Blon_0426 can de-fucosylate Fucα1-6GlcNAc-IgG prepared from Rituximab using Endo-CoM from Cordyceps militaris. To generate homogenous non-fucosylated N-glycan-containing IgG with high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, the resulting GlcNAc-IgG has a potential to be a good acceptor substrate for the glycosynthase mutant of Endo-M from Mucor hiemalis. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that Blon_0426 and Blon_0248 are useful for glycoprotein glycan remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ashida
- 1 Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University
| | | | - Shin Kurihara
- 1 Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- 1 Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University
| | - Masahiro Komeno
- 1 Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University
| | - Yibo Huang
- 3 Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Qi T, Shi Y, Huang Y, Fu X, Qiu S, Sun Q, Lin G. The role of antibody delivery formation in cancer therapy. J Drug Target 2020; 28:574-584. [PMID: 32037905 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1728537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the major threats to human survival. Because of antibodies specificity and low toxicity, it is the primary choice to diagnose and treat cancer. It is easy to be cleared from the blood circulation or distributing throughout the body and causes unnecessary side effects. It is necessary to delivery antibodies to the tumour region in a stable, safe and effective manner. In this review, we discuss the latest studies that aimed to delivery antibodies to tumour sites via several vector forms, such as liposomes, carbon nanomaterials, and gold nanomaterials. How to deliver antibodies to the target site is a difficulty for antibody therapy. This review summarises the antibody's therapeutic forms and carrier materials in recent years, and to explore how antibodies can be safely and stably delivered to the target site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xianglei Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shengnan Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Qifeng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Guimei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Unique Microbial Catabolic Pathway for the Human Core N-Glycan Constituent Fucosyl-α-1,6- N-Acetylglucosamine-Asparagine. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02804-19. [PMID: 31937642 PMCID: PMC6960285 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02804-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract accommodates more than 1014 microorganisms that have an enormous impact on human health. The mechanisms enabling commensal bacteria and administered probiotics to colonize the gut remain largely unknown. The ability to utilize host-derived carbon and energy resources available at the mucosal surfaces may provide these bacteria with a competitive advantage in the gut. Here, we have identified in the commensal species Lactobacillus casei a novel metabolic pathway for the utilization of the glycoamino acid fucosyl-α-1,6-N-GlcNAc-Asn, which is present in the core-fucosylated N-glycoproteins from mammalians. These results give insight into the molecular interactions between the host and commensal/probiotic bacteria and may help to devise new strategies to restore gut microbiota homeostasis in diseases associated with dysbiotic microbiota. The survival of commensal bacteria in the human gut partially depends on their ability to metabolize host-derived molecules. The use of the glycosidic moiety of N-glycoproteins by bacteria has been reported, but the role of N-glycopeptides or glycoamino acids as the substrates for bacterial growth has not been evaluated. We have identified in Lactobacillus casei strain BL23 a gene cluster (alf-2) involved in the catabolism of the glycoamino acid fucosyl-α-1,6-N-GlcNAc-Asn (6′FN-Asn), a constituent of the core-fucosylated structures of mammalian N-glycoproteins. The cluster consists of the genes alfHC, encoding a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) permease and the α-l-fucosidase AlfC, and the divergently oriented asdA (aspartate 4-decarboxylase), alfR2 (transcriptional regulator), pepV (peptidase), asnA2 (glycosyl-asparaginase), and sugK (sugar kinase) genes. Knockout mutants showed that alfH, alfC, asdA, asnA2, and sugK are necessary for efficient 6′FN-Asn utilization. The alf-2 genes are induced by 6′FN-Asn, but not by its glycan moiety, via the AlfR2 regulator. The constitutive expression of alf-2 genes in an alfR2 strain allowed the metabolism of a variety of 6′-fucosyl-glycans. However, GlcNAc-Asn did not support growth in this mutant background, indicating that the presence of a 6′-fucose moiety is crucial for substrate transport via AlfH. Within bacteria, 6′FN-Asn is defucosylated by AlfC, generating GlcNAc-Asn. This glycoamino acid is processed by the glycosylasparaginase AsnA2. GlcNAc-Asn hydrolysis generates aspartate and GlcNAc, which is used as a fermentable source by L.casei. These data establish the existence in a commensal bacterial species of an exclusive metabolic pathway likely to scavenge human milk and mucosal fucosylated N-glycopeptides in the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications of proteins and can exert profound effects on the inherent properties and biological functions of a given protein. Structurally well-defined homogeneous glycopeptides are highly demanded for functional studies and biomedical applications. Various chemical and chemoenzymatic methods have been reported so far for synthesizing different N- and O-glycopeptides. Among them, the chemoenzymatic method based on an endoglycosidase-catalyzed ligation of free N-glycans and GlcNAc-tagged peptides is emerging as a highly efficient method for constructing large complex N-glycopeptides. This chemoenzymatic approach consists of two key steps. The first step is to prepare the GlcNAc peptide through automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) by incorporating an Asn-linked GlcNAc moiety at a predetermined glycosylation site; and the second step is to transfer an N-glycan from the corresponding N-glycan oxazoline en bloc to the GlcNAc peptide by an endoglycosidase or its efficient glycosynthase mutant. In this chapter, we provide detailed procedures of this chemoenzymatic method by demonstrating the synthesis of two HIV-1 V3 glycopeptide antigens carrying a high-mannose-type and a complex-type N-glycan, respectively. The described procedures should be generally applicable for the synthesis of other biologically important N-glycopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Fairbanks AJ. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycoproteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
63
|
Yang L, Sun Z, Zhang L, Cai Y, Peng Y, Cao T, Zhang Y, Lu H. Chemical labeling for fine mapping of IgG N-glycosylation by ETD-MS. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9302-9307. [PMID: 32110292 PMCID: PMC7006626 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02491c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), which contains four subclasses (IgG1-4), is one of the most important classes of glycoproteins in the immune system. Because of its importance in the immune system, a steady increase of interest in developing IgG as the biomarker or biotherapeutic agent for the treatment of diseases has been seen, as most therapeutic mAbs were IgG-based. N-Glycosylation of IgG is crucial for its effector function and makes IgG highly heterogeneous both in structure and function, although all four subclasses of IgG contain only a single N-glycosylation site in the Fc region with a highly similar amino acid sequence. Therefore, fine mapping of IgG glycosylation is necessary for understanding the IgG function and avoiding aberrant glycosylation in mAbs. However, site-specific and comprehensive N-glycosylation analysis of IgG subclasses still cannot be achieved by MS alone due to the partial sequence coverage and loss of connections among glycosylation of the protein sequence. We report here a chemical labeling strategy to improve the electron transfer dissociation efficiency in mass spectrometry analysis, which enables a 100% peptide sequence coverage of N-glycopeptides in all subclasses of IgG. Combined with high-energy collisional dissociation for the fragmentation of glycans, fine mapping of the N-glycosylation profile of IgG is achieved. This comprehensive glycosylation analysis strategy for the first time allows the discrimination of IgG3 and IgG4 intact N-glycopeptides with high similarity in sequence without the antibody-based pre-separation. Using this strategy, aberrant serum IgG N-glycosylation for four IgG subclasses associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma was revealed. Moreover, this method identifies 5 times more intact glycopeptides from human serum than the native-ETD method, implying that the approach can also accommodate large-scale site-specific profiling of glycoproteomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yang
- Shanghai Cancer Center , Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China . ;
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yan Cai
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Ye Peng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Ting Cao
- Shanghai Cancer Center , Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China . ;
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center , Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China . ;
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center , Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China . ;
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences , NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Wei M, McKitrick TR, Mehta AY, Gao C, Jia N, McQuillan AM, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Sun L, Cummings RD. Novel Reversible Fluorescent Glycan Linker for Functional Glycomics. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2897-2908. [PMID: 31600064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To aid in generating complex and diverse natural glycan libraries for functional glycomics, more efficient and reliable methods are needed to derivatize glycans. Here we present our development of a reversible, cleavable bifunctional linker 3-(methoxyamino)propylamine (MAPA). As the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonate (Fmoc) version (F-MAPA), it is highly fluorescent and efficiently derivatizes free reducing glycans to generate closed-ring derivatives that preserve the structural integrity of glycans. A library of glycans were derivatized and used to generate a covalent glycan microarray using N-hydroxysuccinimide derivatization. The array was successfully interrogated by a variety of lectins and antibodies, demonstrating the importance of closed-ring chemistry. The glycan derivatization was also performed at large scale using milligram quantities of glycans and excess F-MAPA, and the reaction system was successfully recycled up to five times, without an apparent decrease in conjugation efficiency. The MAPA-glycan is also easy to link to protein to generate neoglycoproteins with equivalent glycan densities. Importantly, the MAPA linker can be reversibly cleaved to regenerate free reducing glycans for detailed structural analysis (catch-and-release), often critical for functional studies of undefined glycans from natural sources. The high conjugation efficiency, bright fluorescence, and reversible cleavage of the linker enable access to natural glycans for functional glycomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohui Wei
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Tanya R McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Alyssa M McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Chang MM, Gaidukov L, Jung G, Tseng WA, Scarcelli JJ, Cornell R, Marshall JK, Lyles JL, Sakorafas P, Chu AHA, Cote K, Tzvetkova B, Dolatshahi S, Sumit M, Mulukutla BC, Lauffenburger DA, Figueroa B, Summers NM, Lu TK, Weiss R. Small-molecule control of antibody N-glycosylation in engineered mammalian cells. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:730-736. [PMID: 31110306 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is crucial for structural and functional properties of mAb therapeutics, including stability, pharmacokinetics, safety and clinical efficacy. The biopharmaceutical industry currently lacks tools to precisely control N-glycosylation levels during mAb production. In this study, we engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells with synthetic genetic circuits to tune N-glycosylation of a stably expressed IgG. We knocked out two key glycosyltransferase genes, α-1,6-fucosyltransferase (FUT8) and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4GALT1), genomically integrated circuits expressing synthetic glycosyltransferase genes under constitutive or inducible promoters and generated antibodies with concurrently desired fucosylation (0-97%) and galactosylation (0-87%) levels. Simultaneous and independent control of FUT8 and β4GALT1 expression was achieved using orthogonal small molecule inducers. Effector function studies confirmed that glycosylation profile changes affected antibody binding to a cell surface receptor. Precise and rational modification of N-glycosylation will allow new recombinant protein therapeutics with tailored in vitro and in vivo effects for various biotechnological and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Chang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leonid Gaidukov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giyoung Jung
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wen Allen Tseng
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John J Scarcelli
- Cell Line Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Richard Cornell
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Marshall
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan L Lyles
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Sakorafas
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - An-Hsiang Adam Chu
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Kaffa Cote
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Boriana Tzvetkova
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Sepideh Dolatshahi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Madhuresh Sumit
- Culture Process Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Bhanu Chandra Mulukutla
- Culture Process Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruno Figueroa
- Culture Process Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Nevin M Summers
- Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Timothy K Lu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ron Weiss
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Synthetic Biology Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Manabe S, Yamaguchi Y, Matsumoto K, Fuchigami H, Kawase T, Hirose K, Mitani A, Sumiyoshi W, Kinoshita T, Abe J, Yasunaga M, Matsumura Y, Ito Y. Characterization of Antibody Products Obtained through Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Glycosylation Reactions with a Glycan Oxazoline and Preparation of a Homogeneous Antibody-Drug Conjugate via Fc N-Glycan. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1343-1355. [PMID: 30938513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycan engineering of antibodies has received considerable attention. Although various endo-β- N-acetylglucosaminidase mutants have been developed for glycan remodeling, a side reaction has been reported between glycan oxazoline and amino groups. In this study, we performed a detailed characterization for antibody products obtained through enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions with the aim of maximizing the efficiency of the glycosylation reaction with fewer side products. The reactions were monitored by an ultraperformance liquid chromatography system using an amide-based wide-pore column. The products were characterized by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The side reactions were suppressed by adding glycan oxazoline in a stepwise manner under slightly acidic conditions. Through a combination of an azide-carrying glycan transfer reaction under optimized conditions and a bio-orthogonal reaction, a potent cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E was site-specifically conjugated at N-glycosylated Asn297 with a drug-to-antibody ratio of 4. The prepared antibody-drug conjugate exhibited cytotoxicity against HER2-expressing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama , 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama , 351-0198 Japan.,Structural Glycobiology Team , RIKEN , Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama , 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kana Matsumoto
- Structural Glycobiology Team , RIKEN , Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama , 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hirobumi Fuchigami
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center , National Cancer Center , Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8577 Japan
| | - Taiji Kawase
- Nihon Waters KK, Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa, Tokyo , 140-0001 Japan
| | - Kenji Hirose
- Nihon Waters KK, Kitashinagawa, Shinagawa, Tokyo , 140-0001 Japan
| | - Ai Mitani
- Fushimi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nakatsu, Marugame , Kagawa , 763-8605 Japan
| | - Wataru Sumiyoshi
- Fushimi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nakatsu, Marugame , Kagawa , 763-8605 Japan
| | - Takashi Kinoshita
- Fushimi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nakatsu, Marugame , Kagawa , 763-8605 Japan
| | - Junpei Abe
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama , 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasunaga
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center , National Cancer Center , Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8577 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsumura
- Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center , National Cancer Center , Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa , Chiba 277-8577 Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory , RIKEN , Hirosawa, Wako , Saitama , 351-0198 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Abstract
Antibodies are immunoglobulins that play essential roles in immune systems. All antibodies are glycoproteins that carry at least one or more conserved N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) at the Fc domain. Many studies have demonstrated that both the presence and fine structures of the attached glycans can exert a profound impact on the biological functions and therapeutic efficacy of antibodies. However, antibodies usually exist as mixtures of heterogeneous glycoforms that are difficult to separate in pure glycoforms. Recent progress in glycoengineering has provided useful methods that enable production of glycan-defined and site-selectively modified antibodies for functional studies and for improved therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights major approaches in glycoengineering of antibodies with a focus on recent advances in three areas: glycoengineering through glycan biosynthetic pathway manipulation, glycoengineering through in vitro chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling, and glycoengineering of antibodies for site-specific antibody-drug conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - John P Giddens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| | - Tiezheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; , , , ,
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Abstract
The translation of biological glycosylation in humans to the clinical applications involves systematic studies using homogeneous samples of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, which could be accessed by chemical, enzymatic or other biological methods. However, the structural complexity and wide-range variations of glycans and their conjugates represent a major challenge in the synthesis of this class of biomolecules. To help navigate within many methods of oligosaccharide synthesis, this Perspective offers a critical assessment of the most promising synthetic strategies with an eye on the therapeutically relevant targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Krasnova
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115 , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|