51
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Hanson MR, Folkerts O. Structure and Function of the Higher Plant Mitochondrial Genome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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52
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53
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Comparison of Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genome Evolution in Plants. PLANT GENE RESEARCH 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9138-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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54
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Dewey RE, Timothy DH, Levings CS. Chimeric mitochondrial genes expressed in the C male-sterile cytoplasm of maize. Curr Genet 1991; 20:475-82. [PMID: 1664299 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant recombinations involving the mitochondrial atp9, atp6 and coxII genes have created unique chimeric sequences in the C male-sterile cytoplasm (cms-C) of maize. An apparent consequence of the rearrangements is the interchanging of transcriptional and/or translational regulatory signals for these genes, and alterations in the reading frames encoding the atp6 and coxII genes in the C cytoplasm. Particularly unusual is the organization of the atp6 gene in cms-C mitochondria, designated atp6-C. The atp6-C sequence is a triple gene fusion product comprised of DNAs derived from atp9, atp6 and an open reading frame of unknown origin. Although there is no direct evidence indicating that these chimeric genes are responsible for the cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) trait, their novel arrangements and the strong correlation between these genes and the C type of male sterility suggest such a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Dewey
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-7614
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55
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Sakamoto W, Kadowaki K, Kishimoto N, Yano M, Saito A, Tano S. RFLP analysis of nuclear DNAs homologous with mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs in cultivated rice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1991; 82:179-184. [PMID: 24213063 DOI: 10.1007/bf00226210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/1990] [Accepted: 12/05/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
B1 and B2 are small, circular, mitochondrial plasmid-like DNAs found in male-sterile cytoplasm (cms-Bo) of rice. In this study, nuclear sequences homologous to these DNAs were investigated among a number of rice cultivars. Several copies of nuclear B1-and B2-homologous sequences were detected in all examined cultivars, regardless of the presence or absence of the B1 and B2 DNAs in mitochondria, indicating that the existence of the B1- and B2-homologous sequences in the rice nuclear genome was widespread. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was detected for both sequences, and we propose that these DNAs could be useful RFLP markers for the rice nuclear genome. To analyze these nuclear homologues genetically, segregation analysis of the RFLP was carried out in the F2 progenies of an Indica-Japonica rice hybrid. Of the B1 homologues, there were two nonallelic fragments, one specific to the Indica parent and the other to the Japonica. These results indicate that the B1 and B2 homologues were dispersed in the nuclear genome. The integration of B1-homologous DNA into the nuclear DNA may have occurred independently after sexual isolation of the Indica and Japonica rice varietal groups, or a intranuclear transposition of these sequences took place during the process of rice differentiation into the varietal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sakamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113, Tokyo, Japan
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56
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Wagner DB, Dong J, Carlson MR, Yanchuk AD. Paternal leakage of mitochondrial DNA inPinus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1991; 82:510-514. [PMID: 24213270 DOI: 10.1007/bf00588607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1991] [Accepted: 03/07/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism in 11 parents and 125 seedlings of 23 controlled matings within and between jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and lodgepole pine (P. contorta Dougl.). A potential mitochondrial distinction between these two conifers was evident in the parental samples. Only maternal mitochondrial restriction fragments were observed in a majority of the seedlings, which is consistent with results from angiosperms and other members of the genusPinus L. However, we detected exclusively paternal mitochondrial DNA in six of the seedlings. These unusual seedlings were not attributable to heteroplasmy or contamination of the experimental material, indicating that mitochondrial inheritance was not strictly maternal. Paternal mitochondrial leakage inPinus may permit novel insights into the transmission genetics and evolution of organellar polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Wagner
- Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, 40546-0073, Lexington, KY, USA
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57
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Harada T, Sato T, Asaka D, Matsukawa I. Large-scale deletions of rice plastid DNA in anther culture. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1991; 81:157-161. [PMID: 24221197 DOI: 10.1007/bf00215717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1990] [Accepted: 08/07/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastid DNA (ptDNA) in albino rice plants regenerated from pollen by anther culture was investigated by Southern blotting. Of the 20 albino plants investigated, 7 contained ptDNA that had suffered large-scale deletion. The size and location of the deletions differed among the plants. In all cases about 30 kbp of the region containing the PstI-2 fragment (15.7 kbp) had been retained. The deleted ptDNA molecules were retained in calluses derived from the roots of each albino plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Harada
- Hokkaido Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Naganuma, 069, Hokkaido, Japan
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58
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Jubier MF, Lucas H, Delcher E, Hartmann C, Quétier F, Lejeune B. An internal part of the chloroplast atpA gene sequence is present in the mitochondrial genome of Triticum aestivum: molecular organisation and evolutionary aspects. Curr Genet 1990; 17:523-8. [PMID: 2143966 DOI: 10.1007/bf00313082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An internal part of the chloroplast atpA gene has been identified in the mitochondrial DNA of Triticum aestivum. It is located near the 18S-5S ribosomal genes and partially contained within a repeated sequence. Comparison of the transferred sequence with the original ct sequence reveals several nucleotide changes and shows that neither 5' nor 3' ends are present in the mt genome. No transcript of this region could be detected by Northern analysis. This sequence is present in mitochondrial genomes of other tetraploid and diploid species of Triticum, also in the vicinity of the 18S-5S ribosomal genes, suggesting a unique transfer event. The date of this event is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Jubier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale associé au CNRS (URA 1128), Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
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59
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du Jardin P. Homologies to plastid DNA in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of potato. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1990; 79:807-812. [PMID: 24226743 DOI: 10.1007/bf00224249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/1990] [Accepted: 02/09/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Potato plastid DNA clones, representing onefourth of the potato plastome complexity and containing sequences of the 16SrRNA, rps16, atpA, atpE, psaA, psaB, trnK, trnV, and trnG genes, were used as hybridization probes on nuclear- and mitochondrial-enriched DNAs. Each probe hybridized to multiple nuclear restriction fragments distinct from the plastid cleavage products generated by the same endonucleases. The nuclear hybridizable fragments are highly methylated at their Hpall target sequences (C/CGG). In some instances, the transfer seemed to involve plastid regions of several kilobase pairs, as reflected by the co-integration in the nucleus of restriction sites that are distant in the plastome. Three clones hybridized additionally to distinct mitochondrial fragments. These results indicate that extensive DNA transfers did occur between plastids and other organelles in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- P du Jardin
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Unit of Genetics and Plant Improvement, B-5800, Gembloux, Belgium
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60
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White EE. Chloroplast DNA in Pinus monticola : 2. Survey of within-species variability and detection of heteroplasmic individuals. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1990; 79:251-255. [PMID: 24226226 DOI: 10.1007/bf00225959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/1989] [Accepted: 07/31/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Within-species variability of a restriction site in the chloroplast (cp) DNA in Pinus monticola has been surveyed. Frequencies of two variants of the cp genome are significantly different in interior versus coastal populations. Paternal inheritance of the cp genome predominates, though some individuals have both variants of the genome. The presence of heteroplasmic individuals indicates occasional biparental inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E White
- Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, V8Z 1M5, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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61
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Wahleithner JA, MacFarlane JL, Wolstenholme DR. A sequence encoding a maturase-related protein in a group II intron of a plant mitochondrial nad1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:548-52. [PMID: 2300546 PMCID: PMC53302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.2.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined from nucleotide sequence analysis that the subterminal and terminal exons of a respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase subunit I gene in broad bean mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are separated by a group II intron. Within this intron is a 687-codon open reading frame that, from considerations of similarity between amino acid sequences predicted from this open reading frame and maturase-coding sequences in group II introns of certain fungal mitochondrial genes, appears to encode a maturase-related protein. Transcripts complementary to this broad bean sequence (designated a mat-r gene) were detected among RNAs isolated from broad bean mitochondria. Data obtained from DNA-DNA hybridizations indicated that soybean and corn mtDNAs also contain a mat-r gene and suggested that only one copy of this gene occurs in each plant mtDNA. The putative protein specified by the broad bean mat-r gene contains amino acid sequences characteristic of reverse transcriptases. Because of this, consideration is given to the possibility that the maturase-related protein may be functional in the mechanisms by which plant mtDNA sequences are rearranged and foreign sequences are incorporated into plant mtDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Wahleithner
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112
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62
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Joyce PB, Gray MW. Aspartate and asparagine tRNA genes in wheat mitochondrial DNA: a cautionary note on the isolation of tRNA genes from plants. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:7865-78. [PMID: 2798132 PMCID: PMC334893 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.19.7865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified genes encoding a "native" tRNA(Asp) (trnD-GTC) and a "chloroplast-like" tRNA(Asn) (trnN-GTT) on opposite strands and 633 bp apart within a sequenced 1640 bp RsaI restriction fragment of wheat mtDNA. The trnD gene has been found previously at a different location in wheat mtDNA (P.B.M. Joyce et al. (1988) Piant Mol. Biol. 11, 833-843); the duplicate copies of this gene are identical within the coding and immediate flanking regions (9 bp downstream and at least 68 bp upstream), after which obvious sequence similarity abruptly disappears. The trnN gene is identical to its homolog in maize ctDNA; continuation of sequence similarity beyond the coding region suggests that this gene originated as promiscuous ctDNA that is now part of the wheat mitochondrial genome. In the course of this work, we have encountered some unexpected similarities between tRNA gene regions from wheat mitochondria and other sources. Detailed analysis of these similarities leads us to suggest that trnN genes reportedly from petunia nuclear DNA (N. Bawnik et al. (1983) Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 1117-1122) and lupine mtDNA (B. Karpińska and H. Augustyniak (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 6239) are, in fact, from petunia mtDNA and lupine ctDNA, respectively, whereas a putative wheat nuclear tRNA(Ser) (trnS-TGA) gene (Z. Szwekowska-Kulińska et al. (1989) Gene 77, 163-167) is actually from wheat mtDNA. In these instances, it seems probable that the DNA samples used for cloning contained trace amounts of DNA from another sub-cellular compartment, leading to the inadvertent selection of spurious clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Joyce
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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63
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Schnabel A, Asmussen MA. Definition and properties of disequilibria within nuclear-mitochondrial-chloroplast and other nuclear-dicytoplasmic systems. Genetics 1989; 123:199-215. [PMID: 2806883 PMCID: PMC1203784 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/123.1.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We define and determine the interrelationships among five sets of disequilibrium parameters that measure two- and three-locus nonrandom associations in nuclear-dicytoplasmic systems. These assume a diploid nuclear locus and two haploid cytoplasmic loci, with special reference to nuclear-mitochondrial-chloroplast systems. Three sets of two-locus disequilibria measure the association between haplotypes at the two cytoplasmic loci (DMC) and associations between each cytoplasmic locus and nuclear alleles or genotypes (DM, D1M, D2M, D3M; DC, D1C, D2C, D3C). In addition, we present two classes of higher-order disequilibria that measure nonrandom allelic or genotypic associations involving all three loci. The first class quantifies associations between the nuclear locus and the two cytoplasmic loci taken jointly (DA/MC, DAA/MC, DAa/MC, Daa/MC, etc.), whereas the second measures only those associations remaining after all two-locus associations have been taken into account (DA/M/C, DAA/M/C, DAa/M/C, Daa/M/C). Based on combinations of these five sets of measures, we suggest a variety of parameterizations of three-locus, nuclear-dicytoplasmic systems. The dynamics of these disequilibria are then investigated under models of random and mixed mating, either with both cytoplasmic genomes inherited through the same parent or through opposite parents. Except for associations between the cytoplasmic haplotypes, which are constant when the two cytoplasmic genomes are inherited through the same parent, all disequilibria ultimately decay to zero. These randomizations do not necessarily occur monotonically, however, and in some cases are preceded by an initial increase in magnitude or sign change. For both inheritance patterns, the asymptotic decay rates are steadily retarded by increasing levels of self-fertilization. This behavior contrasts with that in the extreme case of complete selfing, for which only the heterozygote disequilibria always decay to zero. For all models considered, the dynamics of the two-locus cytonuclear subsystems are solely a function of the mating system, whereas the dynamical behavior and sign patterns of the cytoplasmic and three-locus disequilibria also depend strongly on the mode of cytoplasmic inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schnabel
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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64
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Joyce PB, Gray MW. Chloroplast-like transfer RNA genes expressed in wheat mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:5461-76. [PMID: 2762145 PMCID: PMC318170 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.14.5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of a systematic survey of wheat mitochondrial tRNA genes, we have sequenced chloroplast-like serine (trnS-GGA), phenylalanine (trnF-GAA) and cysteine (trnC-GCA) tRNA genes and their flanking regions. These genes are remnants of 'promiscuous' chloroplast DNA that has been incorporated into wheat mtDNA in the course of its evolution. Each gene differs by one or a few nucleotides from the authentic chloroplast homolog previously characterized in wheat or other plants, and each could potentially encode a functional tRNA whose secondary structure shows no deviations from the generalized model. To determine whether these chloroplast-like tRNA genes are actually expressed, wheat mitochondrial tRNAs were resolved by a series of polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses, after being specifically end-labeled in vitro by 3'-CCA addition mediated by wheat tRNA nucleotidyltransferase. Subsequent direct RNA sequence analysis identified prominent tRNA species corresponding to the mitochondrial and not the chloroplast trnS, trnF and trnC genes. This analysis also revealed chloroplast-like elongator methionine, asparagine and tryptophan tRNAs. Our results suggest that at least some chloroplast-like tRNA genes in wheat mtDNA are transcribed, with transcripts undergoing processing, post-transcriptional modification and 3'-CCA addition, to produce mature tRNAs that may participate in mitochondrial protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Joyce
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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65
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Cheung WY, Scott NS. A contiguous sequence in spinach nuclear DNA is homologous to three separated sequences in chloroplast DNA. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1989; 77:625-633. [PMID: 24232793 DOI: 10.1007/bf00261234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/1988] [Accepted: 12/30/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 3.4-kbp nuclear (n) DNA sequence has greater than 99% sequence homology to three segments of the chloroplast (cp) genes rps2, psbD/C, and psaA respectively. Each of these cpDNA segments is less than 3 kbp in length and appears to be integrated, at least in part, into several (>5) different sites flanked by unique sequences in the nuclear genome. Some of these sites contain longer homologies to the particular genes, while others are only homologous to smaller parts of the cp genes. Both the cpDNA fragments found in the nuclear genome and their flanking nDNA sequences are invested with short repeated A-T rich sequences but, apart from a hexanucleotide sequence and a palindromic sequence identified near each recombination point, there is no obvious structure that can suggest a mechanism of DNA transfer from the chloroplast to the nucleus in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Cheung
- Division of Horticulture, CSIRO, P.O. Box 350, 5001, Adelaide, S.A., Australia
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66
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Mitochondrial genome organization of the maize cytoplasmic male sterile type T. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00334381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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67
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Bernatzky R, Mau SL, Clarke AE. A nuclear sequence associated with self-incompatibility in Nicotiana alata has homology with mitochondrial DNA. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1989; 77:320-324. [PMID: 24232607 DOI: 10.1007/bf00305822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/1988] [Accepted: 10/06/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 1.0-kb nuclear fragment located 5' to a coding sequence associated with self-incompatibility in N. alata shows homology with mitochondrial chromosomal DNA on Southern blots. This sequence is also present in the mitochondrial DNA of two species of tomato, L. esculentum and L. pennellii, but shows no homology to mtDNA of Zea mays. The homologous mitochondrial fragment from N. alata was cloned and sequenced. A short region of 56 bp matches the nuclear sequence in 53/56 bp. Other matched but misaligned segments flank the 3' end. The nuclear sequence is marked at the 5' end by two 8 bp direct repeats. The function of the nuclear sequence is not known although, it is located 397 bp upstream from the site of transcription of the self-incompatibility gene. The mitochondrial sequence contains only limited open reading frames and the nuclear sequence has none. There is evidence that additional segments of the mitochondrial clone hybridize to other nuclear sequences. The exchange of sequences between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of plants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bernatzky
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
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68
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Cornelissen M, Vandewiele M. Nuclear transcriptional activity of the tobacco plastid psbA promoter. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:19-29. [PMID: 2563150 PMCID: PMC331532 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plastid psbA promoter of tobacco was used with the aim to construct plastid specific marker genes. Upon transfer to the tobacco nuclear genome the plastid promoter fragment appeared to specify a messenger RNA. Placed 5' to the bar or nptII coding sequences the level of expression is sufficient to obtain a selectable phenotype. The transcription start site in the nucleus is site specific and is located 4 nucleotides downstream relative to the start site used in plastids. Translational fusions of the psbA coding sequence with the nptII and bar coding sequences revealed that the psbA leader sequence and the psbA translation start codon, being the second ATG codon, are recognized by the plant cytoplasmic translation apparatus. A promoter cassette utilisable in both E. coli and tobacco, was obtained by placing the CaMV 35S enhancer 5' to the psbA promoter.
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69
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Johnson LB, Palmer JD. Heteroplasmy of chloroplast DNA in Medicago. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1989; 12:3-11. [PMID: 24272712 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1988] [Accepted: 09/27/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions exhibiting a high frequency of intra- or inter-species variation were identified in 12 accessions of the genus Medicago. Restriction maps of both regions were prepared for alfalfa, and the probable nature of the events causing the DNA differences was identified. Specific DNA fragments were then cloned for use in identification of variants in each region. Two each of M. sativa ssp. varia and ssp. caerulea and one of six M. sativa ssp. sativa single plants examined possessed cpDNA heterogeneity as identified by screening extracts for fragments generated by the presence and absence of a specific Xba I restriction site. Three plants of M. sativa ssp. sativa, two of each of sspp. varia and caerulea, and three M. scutellata were also examined for single-plant cpDNA heterogeneity at a hypervariable region where differences resulted from small insertion-deletion events. A single M. scutellata plant with mixed cpDNAs was identified. Sorting out was seen when one spp. sativa plant with mixed plastid types identifiable by the Xba I restriction site difference was vegetatively propagated. This indicated that the initial stock plant was heteroplastidic. Controlled crosses will be required in order to test whether heteroplasmy results from chloroplast transmission in the pollen and to examine the dynamic of sorting out. However, heteroplasmy is apparently not a rare situation in Medicago.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Throckmorton Hall, 66506, Manhattan, KS, USA
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70
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The sugar beet mitochondrial genome: A complex organisation generated by homologous recombination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00330489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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71
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Nugent JM, Palmer JD. Location, identity, amount and serial entry of chloroplast DNA sequences in crucifer mitochondrial DNAs. Curr Genet 1988; 14:501-9. [PMID: 3224389 DOI: 10.1007/bf00521276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Southern blot hybridization techniques were used to examine the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences present in the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of two Brassica species (B. campestris and B. hirta), two closely related species belonging to the same tribe as Brassica (Raphanus sativa, Crambe abyssinica), and two more distantly related species of crucifers (Arabidopsis thaliana, Capsella bursa-pastoris). The two Brassica species and R. sativa contain roughly equal amounts (12-14 kb) of cpDNA sequences integrated within their 208-242 kb mtDNAs. Furthermore, the 11 identified regions of transferred DNA, which include the 5' end of the chloroplast psaA gene and the central segment of rpoB, have the same mtDNA locations in these three species. Crambe abyssinica mtDNA has the same complement of cpDNA sequences, plus an additional major region of cpDNA sequence similarity which includes the 16S rRNA gene. Therefore, except for the more recently arrived 16S rRNA gene, all of these cpDNA sequences appear to have entered the mitochondrial genome in the common ancestor of these three genera. The mitochondrial genomes of A. thaliana and Capsella bursa-pastoris contain significantly less cpDNA (5-7 kb) than the four other mtDNAs. However, certain cpDNA sequences, including the central portion of the rbcL gene and the 3' end of the psaA gene, are shared by all six crucifer mtDNAs and appear to have been transferred in a common ancestor of the crucifer family over 30 million years ago. In conclusion, DNA has been transferred sequentially from the chloroplast to the mitochondrion during crucifer evolution and there cpDNA sequences can persist in the mitochondrial genome over long periods of evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Nugent
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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72
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Joyce PB, Spencer DF, Gray MW. Multiple sequence rearrangements accompanying the duplication of a tRNA(Pro) gene in wheat mitochondrial DNA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1988; 11:833-843. [PMID: 24272633 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/1988] [Accepted: 09/21/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the course of isolating tRNA genes from wheat mtDNA, we have found the same tRNA(Pro) gene in two different Hind III restriction fragments, H-P1 (0.7 kbp) and H-P2 (1.7 kbp). Sequences immediately flanking these duplicate genes are closely related, although not identical; sequence comparisons suggest that multiple rearrangements have occurred in the vicinity of the H-P2 tRNA(Pro) gene, relative to the H-P1 version. The chimeric nature of H-P2 is emphasized by the presence of sequences that are also found upstream of the wheat mitochondrial 26S rRNA gene, as well as sequences derived from chloroplast DNA. Comparison of H-P2 with H-P1 plus upstream sequences provides some insight into possible molecular events that might have generated H-P2. In particular, such comparisons suggest a model in which the homologous sequences in H-P2 are seen to be derived from H-P1 plus upstream sequences as a result of an intragenomic, site-specific rearrangement event, followed by amplification of the product, its fixation in the mitochondrial genome, and subsequent sequence divergence (single base changes as well as insertions/deletions of up to 50 nucleotides). The results reported here implicate particular primary sequence motifs in certain of the rearrangements that characterize H-P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Joyce
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, B3H 4H7, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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73
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Moon E, Kao TH, Wu R. Rice mitochondrial genome contains a rearranged chloroplast gene cluster. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1988; 213:247-53. [PMID: 3185503 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported the isolation and partial sequence analysis of a rice mitochondrial DNA fragment (6.9 kb) which contains a transferred copy of a chloroplast gene cluster coding for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), beta and epsilon subunits of ATPase (atpB and atpE), methionine tRNA (trnM) and valine tRNA (trnV). We have now completely sequenced this 6.9 kb fragment and found it to also contain a sequence homologous to the chloroplast gene coding for the ribosomal protein L2 (rpl2), beginning at a site 430 bp downstream from the termination codon of rbcL. In the chloroplast genome, two copies of rpl2 are located at distances of 20 kb and 40 kb, respectively, from rbcL. We have sequenced these two copies of rice chloroplast rpl2 and found their sequences to be identical. In addition, a 151 bp sequence located upstream of the chloroplast rpl2 coding region is also found in the 3' noncoding region of chloroplast rbcL and other as yet undefined locations in the rice chloroplast genome. Hybridization analysis revealed that this 151 bp repeat sequence identified in rice is also present in several copies in 11 other plant species we have examined. Findings from these studies suggest that the translocation of rpl2 to the rbcL gene cluster found in the rice mitochondrial genome might have occurred through homologous recombination between the 151 bp repeat sequence present in both rpl2 and rbcL.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Moon
- Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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74
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Fejes E, Masters BS, McCarty DM, Hauswirth WW. Sequence and transcriptional analysis of a chloroplast insert in the mitochondrial genome of Zea mays. Curr Genet 1988; 13:509-15. [PMID: 2841036 DOI: 10.1007/bf02427757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The complete sequence of a mitochondrial DNA insertional event containing the 3' portion of the chloroplast 23S-4.5S rRNA gene, the entire 5S rRNA gene and intervening sequence and all but the 3' 6 nucleotides of the arginine tRNA gene is reported. Also reported are both chloroplast/mitochondrial DNA junction sequences, 551 nucleotides of flanking mitochondrial sequences and the genomic location of this insert in Zea mays mitochondria. Utilizing the distinctive transcriptional pattern seen for mitochondrial RNA derived from root tissue relative to shoot tissue, we also reported a general experimental test for whether chloroplast sequences transposed to the mitochondrion are transcribed. Although results for the insert reported suggest it is transcriptionally inactive, the technique should be generally applicable to any transposed sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fejes
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
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75
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Siculella L, Palmer JD. Physical and gene organization of mitochondrial DNA in fertile and male sterile sunflower. CMS-associated alterations in structure and transcription of the atpA gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1988; 16:3787-99. [PMID: 2836801 PMCID: PMC336556 DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.9.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in sunflower (Helianthus annuus), we compared the physical organization and transcriptional properties of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) from isonuclear fertile and CMS lines. Mapping studies revealed much greater similarity between the two mtDNAs than in previous comparisons of fertile and CMS lines from other plant species. The two sunflower mtDNAs 1) are nearly identical in size (300 kb and 305 kb); 2) contain the same 12 kb recombination repeat and associated tripartite structure; 3) have the same dispersed distribution of mitochondrial genes and chloroplast DNA-homologous sequences; 4) are greater than 99.9% identical in primary sequence; and 5) are colinear over a contiguous region encompassing 94% of the genome. Detectable alterations are limited to a 17 kb region of the genome and reflect as few as two mutations--a 12 kb inversion and a 5 kb insertion/deletion. One endpoint of both rearrangements is located within or near atpA, which is also the only mitochondrial gene whose transcripts differ between the fertile and CMS lines. Furthermore, a nuclear gene that restores fertility to CMS plants specifically influences the pattern of atpA transcripts. Rearrangements at the atpA locus may, therefore, be responsible for CMS in sunflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Siculella
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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76
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Joyce PB, Spencer DF, Bonen L, Gray MW. Genes for tRNA(Asp), tRNA (Pro), tRNA (Tyr) and two tRNAs (Ser) in wheat mitochondrial DNA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1988; 10:251-262. [PMID: 24277519 DOI: 10.1007/bf00027402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/1987] [Accepted: 11/13/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have begun a systematic search for potential tRNA genes in wheat mtDNA, and present here the sequences of regions of the wheat mitochondrial genome that encode genes for tRNA(Asp) (anticodon GUC), tRNA(Pro) (UGG), tRNA(Tyr) (GUA), and two tRNAs(Ser) (UGA and GCU). These genes are all solitary, not immediately adjacent to other tRNA or known protein coding genes. Each of the encoded tRNAs can assume a secondary structure that conforms to the standard cloverleaf model, and that displays none of the structural aberrations peculiar to some of the corresponding mitochondrial tRNAs from other eukaryotes. The wheat mitochondrial tRNA sequences are, on average, substantially more similar to their eubacterial and chloroplast counterparts than to their homologues in fungal and animal mitochondria. However, an analysis of regions ∼ 150 nucleotides upstream and ∼ 100 nucleotides downstream of the tRNA coding regions has revealed no obvious conserved sequences that resemble the promoter and terminator motifs that regulate the expression of eubacterial and some chloroplast tRNA genes. When restriction digests of wheat mtDNA are probed with (32)P-labelled wheat mitochondrial tRNAs, <20 hybridizing bands are detected, whether enzymes with 4 bp or 6 bp recognition sites are used. This suggests that the wheat mitochondrial genome, despite its large size, may carry a relatively small number of tRNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Joyce
- Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, B3H 4H7, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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77
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Wintz H, Chen HC, Pillay DT. Presence of a chloroplast-like elongator tRNAMet gene in the mitochondrial genomes of soybean and Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Genet 1988; 13:255-60. [PMID: 2838185 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of elongator tRNA(Met) genes from soybean chloroplast and mitochondria and Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondria have been determined. The mitochondrial tRNA(Met) genes from soybean and A. thaliana are identical, and they differ from the soybean chloroplast tRNA(Met) gene by only four nucleotides. Analysis of the flanking regions indicates that the mitochondrial tRNA(Met) gene is not present on a large chloroplast DNA insertion in the mitochondrial genome, but it suggests that they have a common origin. Comparison of the three genes and the evolutionary implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wintz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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78
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Wintz H, Grienenberger JM, Weil JH, Lonsdale DM. Location and nucleotide sequence of two tRNA genes and a tRNA pseudo-gene in the maize mitochondrial genome: evidence for the transcription of a chloroplast gene in mitochondria. Curr Genet 1988; 13:247-54. [PMID: 3383270 DOI: 10.1007/bf00387771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the nucleotide sequence of three tRNA genes from maize mitochondria. The genes are located in two BamHI fragments, 3.55 and 5.7 kb long, adjacent to the S2 sequence in the maize mitochondrial genome. On the 3.55 kb BamHI fragment, we have characterized a tRNA(Cys)(GCA) gene. A strong sequence homology of this tRNA(Cys)(GCA) gene with its chloroplast counterpart in wheat suggests that it may be part of a chloroplast DNA insertion into the mitochondrial genome. This gene has been found to be transcribed in the mitochondrion. Two tRNA genes are located on the 5.7 kb BamHI fragment, separated from each other by 250 bp. One is a mitochondrial tRNA(Ser)(GCU) gene. The other, a non-transcribed tRNA(Phe)-like gene, is interrupted by a 49 base-pair inserted DNA sequence in the variable loop and has a Leu (UAA) anticodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Strasbourg, France
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79
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Ngernprasirtsiri J, Macherel D, Kobayashi H, Akazawa T. Expression of Amyloplast and Chloroplast DNA in Suspension-Cultured Cells of Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1988; 86:137-42. [PMID: 16665855 PMCID: PMC1054443 DOI: 10.1104/pp.86.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Green mutant cells of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), which had been selected by mutagenic treatment of the white wild type, grow photoheterotrophically in auxin-depleted culture medium. In contrast to the wild-type cells, mutant cells exhibit photosynthetic O(2)-evolution activity during their growth coincident with increases of (a) chlorophyll, (b) protein, and (c) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase activity. Functionally competent chloroplasts were isolated from the green cells. Mechanism(s) governing gene expression of amyloplast DNA in the heterotrophically grown white cells were compared with those of the chloroplast DNA isolated from the mutant cells. We have demonstrated in both amyloplast and chloroplast DNAs the presence of sequences homologous to the maize chloroplast genes for photosynthesis, including the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)(rbcL), the 32 kDa Q(B) protein (PG32) (psbA), the apoprotein of P700 (psaA) and subunits of CF(1) (atpA, atpB, and atpE). However, employing either enzyme assays or immunological techniques, RuBisCO and CF(1) cannot be detected in the white wild type cells. Northern blot hybridization of the RNA from the white cells showed high levels of transcripts for the 16S rRNA gene and low level of transcripts for psbA; based on comparison with results obtained using the green mutant cells, we propose that the amyloplast genome is mostly inactive except for the 16S rRNA gene and psbA which is presumably regulated at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ngernprasirtsiri
- Research Institute for Biochemical Regulation, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464, Japan
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80
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Matsubayashi T, Wakasugi T, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Zaita N, Hidaka T, Meng BY, Ohto C, Tanaka M, Kato A. Six chloroplast genes (ndhA-F) homologous to human mitochondrial genes encoding components of the respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase are actively expressed: determination of the splice sites in ndhA and ndhB pre-mRNAs. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1987; 210:385-93. [PMID: 3481022 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sequences (ndhA-F) homologous to human mitochondrial genes for components of the respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase have been found in the chloroplast DNA of tobacco. The ndhA, D, E and F sequences corresponding to the mitochondrial URF1, 4, 4L and 5 are located in the small single copy region, the ndhB sequence corresponding to URF2 in the inverted repeat and the ndhC sequence corresponding to URF3 in the large single copy region of the chloroplast DNA. Northern blot hybridization revealed that all six ndh sequences are actively expressed in the chloroplasts. The ndhA and ndhB sequences contain single introns and the splice sites of their pre-mRNAs were determined by reverse transcription analysis. These findings suggest that potential components of an NADH dehydrogenase are synthesized in the chloroplasts.
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81
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Plastid DNA in the mitochondrial genome of Oenothera: Intra- and interorganellar rearrangements involving part of the plastid ribosomal cistron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00337757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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82
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Makaroff CA, Palmer JD. Extensive mitochondrial specific transcription of the Brassica campestris mitochondrial genome. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:5141-56. [PMID: 3601669 PMCID: PMC305952 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.13.5141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed a complete transcriptional map of the 218 kb Brassica campestris (turnip) mitochondrial genome. Twenty-four abundant and positionally distinct transcripts larger than 500 nucleotides were identified by Northern analyses. Approximately 30% (61 kb) of the genome is highly transcribed. In addition, a number of less abundant transcripts, many of which overlap with each other and with the major transcripts, were also detected. If each abundant transcript represents a distinct rRNA or protein species, then plant mitochondria would appear to encode a significantly larger number of proteins than do animal mitochondria. Although B. campestris mitochondrial DNA contains a number of chloroplast DNA-derived sequences, none of these chloroplast sequences appear to be transcribed within the mitochondrion. We determined the positions of 12 genes in the B. campestris mitochondrial genome. The order of these genes in B. campestris is completely different than in maize (1) and spinach (2).
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83
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84
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Marechal L, Runeberg-Roos P, Grienenberger JM, Colin J, Weil JH, Lejeune B, Quetier F, Lonsdale DM. Homology in the region containing a tRNA(Trp) gene and a (complete or partial) tRNA(Pro) gene in wheat mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. Curr Genet 1987; 12:91-8. [PMID: 2835178 DOI: 10.1007/bf00434662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have used bean mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) tRNA(Trp) as probes to locate the corresponding genes on the mt and cp genomes of wheat and we have determined the nucleotide sequences of the wheat mt and cp tRNA(Trp) genes and of the flanking regions. Sequence comparisons show that the wheat mt and cp tRNA(Trp) genes are 97% homologous. On the wheat cp DNA, a tRNA(UGGPro) gene was found 139 bp upstream of the cp tRNA(Trp) gene. On the wheat mt DNA, a sequence of 23 nucleotides completely homologous with the 3' end of this cp tRNA(Pro) gene was found 136 bp upstream of the mt tRNA(Trp) gene, but there is only 38% homology between cp and mt wheat genomes in the intergenic regions. The overall organization of this region in the chloroplast genome (a tRNA(Trp) gene separated by about 140 bp from a tRNA(Pro) gene) is also found in the mitochondrial genome, suggesting that this mitochondrial fragment might have originated from a chloroplast DNA insertion. A comparison of the genes and of the intergenic regions located between the tRNA(Trp) gene and the tRNA(Pro) (or partial tRNA(Pro)) gene shows that there is an almost complete conservation of these sequences in the mitochondrial DNA of wheat and maize, whereas wheat mt and cp intergenic regions show more sequence divergence. Wheat mt tRNA(Trp) gene is encoded by the main mt genome (accounted for by the master chromosome) but, in the case of maize mitochondria, this gene was found to be encoded by the 2.3 kb linear plasmid, indicating that this plasmid is not dispensable in maize mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marechal
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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85
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Wagner DB, Furnier GR, Saghai-Maroof MA, Williams SM, Dancik BP, Allard RW. Chloroplast DNA polymorphisms in lodgepole and jack pines and their hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:2097-100. [PMID: 3470779 PMCID: PMC304592 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.7.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Samples taken from throughout the ranges of distribution of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were assayed for Sal I and Sst I chloroplast DNA restriction fragment variation. Although the chloroplast genome is often regarded as highly conserved, at least 2 distinct Sal I and 13 distinct Sst I restriction fragment banding patterns occur in these closely related species. None of the chloroplast DNA restriction fragment banding patterns observed in allopatric lodgepole pine was observed in allopatric populations of jack pine, and vice versa, even though the two species share an extensive zone of sympatry, and gene flow between the species has been reported for nuclear genes. However, several atypical Sst I restriction fragment banding patterns occur only in or near the zone of sympatry. Chloroplasts have been reported to be inherited maternally in the great majority of species studied; however, restriction fragment analyses indicated that chloroplasts are inherited paternally in controlled matings between lodgepole pine (female) and jack pine (male).
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86
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Abstract
Restriction mapping studies reveal that the mitochondrial genome of white mustard (Brassica hirta) exists in the form of a single circular 208 kb chromosome. The B. hirta genome has only one copy of the two sequences which, in several related Brassica species, are duplicated and undergo intramolecular recombination. This first report of a plant mitochondrial DNA that does not exist in a multipartite structure indicates that high frequency intramolecular recombination is not an obligatory feature of plant mitochondrial genomes. Heterologous filter hybridizations reveal that the mitochondrial genomes of B. hirta and B. campestris have diverged radically in sequence arrangement, as the result of approximately 10 large inversions. At the same time, however, the two genomes are similar in size, sequence content, and primary sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Palmer
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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87
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Aguettaz P, Seyer P, Pesey H, Lescure AM. Relations between the plastid gene dosage and the levels of 16S rRNA and rbcL gene transcripts during amyloplast to chloroplast change in mixotrophic spinach cell suspensions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1987; 8:169-177. [PMID: 24301052 DOI: 10.1007/bf00025328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/1986] [Revised: 09/25/1986] [Accepted: 10/08/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinach cell suspension cultures maintained in photomixotrophic conditions exhibit plastids which undergo cyclic morphological transformations along a growth cycle. Ultrastructural studies show that the green chloroplasts present at the initial stage differentiate into amyloplasts during the subsequent log phase and then return to chloroplasts in stationary phase. The changes of the levels of plastid DNA (pt DNA) per cell have been determined along the growth cycle, as a percentage of total DNA by hybridization of definite amounts of total DNA to a radioactive probe of cloned pt DNA. The number of pt DNA copies have been estimated to 1125 per cell at the maximum of amyloplast development and to 5940 copies per cell at the maximum of chloroplast differentiation. Hybridizations of defined amounts of total cellular RNA to labelled probes of the 16S rDNA and of the rbcL gene allowed estimations of the variations of the corresponding cellular RNA pools. These variations are well correlated with the changes of the ptDNA cellular levels. These results show that the ptDNA gene dosage plays a central role in the regulation of the plastid transcript levels in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aguettaz
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, CNRS UA 1178, Université de Grenoble 1, BP 68, F-38402, Saint Martin d'Hères Cédex, France
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88
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Moon E, Kao TH, Wu R. Rice chloroplast DNA molecules are heterogeneous as revealed by DNA sequences of a cluster of genes. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:611-30. [PMID: 3029686 PMCID: PMC340455 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.2.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the isolation of two rice chloroplast HindIII fragments (9.5 kb and 5.3 kb) each containing a gene cluster coding for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), beta and epsilon subunits of ATPase (atpB and atpE), tRNAmet (trnM) and tRNAval (trnV). All five genes contained in the 9.5 kb fragment are potentially functional, whereas in the 5.3 kb fragment, rbcL is truncated and atpB is frame-shift mutated. The copy number of the 9.5 kb fragment is 10 times that of the 5.3 kb fragment, indicating that the two fragments are probably located on different chloroplast genomes and represent two different (major and minor) genomic populations. Thus, the rice chloroplast genome appears to be heterogeneous, contrary to general belief. We also describe the isolation of a rice mitochondrial HindIII fragment (6.9 kb) which contains an almost complete transferred copy of this chloroplast gene cluster. In this transferred copy, the coding sequences of rbcL, atpE and trnM contain perfectly normal reading frames, whereas atpB has become grossly defective and trnV is truncated.
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89
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Palmer JD, Herbon LA. Tricircular mitochondrial genomes of Brassica and Raphanus: reversal of repeat configurations by inversion. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:9755-64. [PMID: 3027662 PMCID: PMC341333 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.24.9755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed complete physical maps of the tripartite mitochondrial genomes of two Crucifers, Brassica nigra (black mustard) and Raphanus sativa (radish). Both genomes contain two copies of a direct repeat engaged in intragenomic recombination. The outcome of this recombination in black mustard is to interconvert a 231 kb master chromosome with two subgenomic circles of 135 kb and 96 kb. In radish, a 242 kb master chromosome interconverts with subgenomic circles of 139 kb and 103 kb. The recombination repeats are 7 kb in size in black mustard and 10 kb in radish, and are nearly identical except for two insertions in the radish repeat relative to the black mustard one. The two repeat configurations present on the master chromosome of black mustard are located on the subgenomes of radish and vice-versa. To explain this, we postulate the existence of an evolutionarily intermediate mitochondrial genome in which the recombination repeats were (are) present in an inverted orientation. The recombination repeats described for these two species are completely different from those previously found in the closely related species B. campestris, implying that such repeats are created and lost frequently in plant mitochondrial DNAs and making it less than likely that recombination occurs in a site-specific manner.
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90
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Bedinger P, de Hostos EL, Leon P, Walbot V. Cloning and characterization of a linear 2.3 kb mitochondrial plasmid of maize. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1986; 205:206-12. [PMID: 3027500 DOI: 10.1007/bf00430428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A linear 2.3 kb DNA molecule found in maize mitochondria was cloned into pUC8. A natural deletion of this plasmid, found in cmsT and some N (fertile) types of maize plants, was mapped to one end of the plasmid. A minor sequence homology to S-2, another linear mitochondrial plasmid, was detected, as well as more significant sequence homology with chloroplast and maize nuclear DNA. Hybridization to teosinte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) revealed the presence of part of the maize plasmid in the high molecular weight mtDNA of the maize relatives. RNA dot hybridization indicates that the plasmid is transcribed in mitochondria. The termini of the 2.3 kb linear plasmid contain inverted repeated sequences; of the first 17 nucleotides of the termini, 16 are identical to the terminal inverted repeats of the linear S plasmids found in the mitochondria of cmsS maize plants.
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91
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Cross hybridization between organelle RNAs and mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes in Brassica. Curr Genet 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00378209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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92
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Cannon GC, Heinhorst S, Weissbach A. Organellar DNA synthesis in permeabilized soybean cells. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1986; 7:331-341. [PMID: 24302403 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/1986] [Revised: 07/01/1986] [Accepted: 07/08/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cells of Glycine max (L.) Merr. v. Corsoy were permeabilized by treatment with L-α-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The permeabilized cells were capable of uptake and incorporation of deoxynucleoside triphosphates into DNA. Incorporation of exogenous nucleotides into DNA was linear for at least 90 minutes and the initial rate of incorporation approached 50% of the theoretical in vivo rate of DNA synthesis. However, DNA synthesis in the permeabilized cells was unaffected by the potent DNA polymerase α inhibitor, aphidicolin. Analysis of newly synthesized DNA by molecular hybridization revealed that only organellar DNA was synthesized by the permeabilized cells. The LPC treated cells were also permeable to a protein as large as DNase I. The permeabilized cells were capable of RNA and protein synthesis as indicated by incorporation of radiolabeled UTP and leucine, respectively, into acid-precipitable material.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Cannon
- Department of Cell Biology, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Roche Research Center, 07110, Nutley, NJ, U.S.A
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93
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Stern DB, Palmer JD. Tripartite mitochondrial genome of spinach: physical structure, mitochondrial gene mapping, and locations of transposed chloroplast DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:5651-66. [PMID: 3016660 PMCID: PMC311583 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.14.5651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A complete physical map of the spinach mitochondrial genome has been established. The entire sequence content of 327 kilobase pairs (kb) is postulated to occur as a single circular molecule. Two directly repeated elements of approximately 6 kb, located on this "master chromosome", are proposed to participate in an intragenomic recombination event that reversibly generates two "subgenomic" circles of 93 kb and 234 kb. The positions of protein and ribosomal RNA-encoding genes, determined by heterologous filter hybridizations, are scattered throughout the genome, with duplicate 26S rRNA genes located partially or entirely within the 6 kb repeat elements. Filter hybridizations between spinach mitochondrial DNA and cloned segments of spinach chloroplast DNA reveal at least twelve dispersed regions of inter-organellar sequence homology.
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94
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95
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Ebringer L, Krajčovič J. Are chloroplasts and mitochondria the remnants of prokaryotic endosymbionts? Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02928005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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96
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Sederoff RR, Ronald P, Bedinger P, Rivin C, Walbot V, Bland M, Levings CS. Maize mitochondrial plasmid S-1 sequences share homology with chloroplast gene psbA. Genetics 1986; 113:469-82. [PMID: 3013725 PMCID: PMC1202850 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/113.2.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The linear, 6397-base pair (bp), mitochondrial S-1 DNA molecule from maize contains a 420-bp segment that is homologous with the chloroplast gene (psbA) that codes for the quinone binding protein of photosystem II. This is the first report of a chloroplast sequence in a naturally occurring viral-like or plasmid DNA. The complete sequence of the S-1 chloroplast segment has been compared with homologous regions of six different chloroplast genes. The S-1 segment has diverged from the other genes both by length mutation and base substitution. Several of the length mutations are exact adjacent tandem duplications of 4 and 5 bp similar to "footprints" left after excision of transposable elements in maize nuclear DNA.
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97
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Abstract
We have developed an in organelle DNA synthesis system using isolated mitochondria from maize. The organelles used in this assay are shown to be intact by a number of criteria. Both the high molecular weight components and the smaller plasmid-like components of the mitochondrial genome are used as templates; however, the plasmid-like elements are relatively more active as templates. The termini of the linear plasmids--S-1, S-2 and the 2.3 kbp plasmids--are more highly labelled than internal regions, probably as a result of filling in of gaps at the termini mediated by a DNA polymerase or to exonuclease degradation of the 3' OH termini, with subsequent filling in. Although most of the DNA synthesis observed in this system most likely results from this type of synthesis at DNA nicks or termini, a small amount of specific, potentially replication-associated, synthesis is also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bedinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305
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98
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Green RM, Vardi A, Galun E. The plastome of Citrus. Physical map, variation among Citrus cultivars and species and comparison with related genera. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1986; 72:170-177. [PMID: 24247831 DOI: 10.1007/bf00266989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/1985] [Accepted: 12/30/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A physical plastome map was constructed for Citrus aurantium, and the plastomes of species and cultivars of Citrus and of two Citrus relatives were analysed by Southern blot-hybridisation of labelled total tobacco cpDNA to digests of total Citrus DNA. A resemblance was found between the plastomes of cultivars of C. limon (lemon), C. sinensis (orange), C. aurantium (sour orange), C. paradisii (grapefruit) and C. grandis (pomello). The plastomes of other Citrus types such as mandarin (C. reticulata) and citron (C. medico) differed from each other as well as from the plastomes of the aforementioned group. The plastomes of Poncirus trifoliata and Microcitrus sp. are distinct from each other as well as from the Citrus types.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Green
- Department of Plant Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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99
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Dron M, Hartmann C, Rode A, Sevignac M. Gene conversion as a mechanism for divergence of a chloroplast tRNA gene inserted in the mitochondrial genome of Brassica oleracea. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:8603-10. [PMID: 4080548 PMCID: PMC322155 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.23.8603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a 1.7 kb sequence, containing a tRNA Leu2 gene shared by the ct and mt genomes of Brassica oleracea. The two sequences are completely homologous except in two short regions where two distinct gene conversion events have occurred between two sets of direct repeats leading to the insertion of 5 bp in the T loop of the mt copy of the ct gene. This is the first evidence that gene conversion represents the initial evolutionary step in inactivation of transferred ct genes in the mt genome. We also indicate that organelle DNA transfer by organelle fusion is an ongoing process which could be useful in genetic engineering.
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100
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Braun CJ, Levings CS. Nucleotide Sequence of the F(1)-ATPase alpha Subunit Gene from Maize Mitochondria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1985; 79:571-7. [PMID: 16664454 PMCID: PMC1074929 DOI: 10.1104/pp.79.2.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The alpha subunit of the F(1)-ATPase complex of maize is a mitochondrial translational product, presumably encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Based on nucleotide and amino acid homology, we have identified a mitochondrial gene, designated atpalpha, that appears to code for the F(1)-ATPase alpha subunit of Zea mays. The atpalpha gene is present as a single copy in the maize. Texas cytoplasm and is actively transcribed. The maize alpha polypeptide has a predicted length of 508 amino acids and a molecular mass of 55,187 daltons. Amino acid homologies between the maize mitochondrial alpha subunit and the tobacco chloroplast CF(1) and Escherichia coli alpha subunits are 54 and 51%, respectively. The origin of the atpalpha gene is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Braun
- Department of Genetics, Box 7614, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7614
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